The Apollo Chronicles

by Brandon R. Brown

  17Interview with Cynthia Wells, 2016.

  18Interview with Wesley Ratcliff, 2017.

  19Interview with Thomas Moser, 2016.

  20NASA Oral Histories interview with Cathy Osgood.

  21NASA Oral Histories interview with Ken Young; Tsiao, Read You Loud and Clear, pp. 109, 117–127, 141; interview with Ken Young, 2016.

  22NASA Oral Histories interview with Elmer Barton.

  23Kraft, Flight, p. 240; Astronaut Tom Stafford, as quoted in French and Burgess, In the Shadow of the Moon, p. 75.

  24Kraft, Flight, pp. 242–243.

  25NASA Oral Histories interview with Ken Young. This story could also have come from Gemini V, which was also reportedly quite fragrant.

  26Murray and Cox, Apollo, p. 181; Benson and Faherty, Moonport, p. 431; Murray and Cox, Apollo, pp. 94, 247–248; Benson and Faherty, Moonport, pp. 282–283.

  Chapter 9

  1NASA Oral Histories interview with Jack Garman.

  2Mindell, Digital Apollo, pp. 139–140.

  3NASA Oral Histories interview with Jack Garman.

  4Mindell, Digital Apollo, pp. 143, 151–152.

  5Mindell, Digital Apollo, pp. 172, 169.

  6Mindell, Digital Apollo, p. 154; NASA Oral Histories interviews with Jack Garman and Robert Chilton; interview with Frank Hughes, 2017.

  7Oberg, Red Star in Orbit, p. 85; Harford, Korolev, pp. 277–282.

  8Reeves, The Superpower Space Race, pp. 101–103, 105.

  9Brooks, Crimwood, and Swenson, Chariots for Apollo, p. 206; Reeves, The Superpower Space Race, pp. 111, 113–114.

  10Kelly, Moon Lander, p. 104.

  11Interview with Thomas Moser, 2016.

  12NASA Oral Histories interview with Alec Bond.

  13Interview with Frank Hughes, 2016. The incident described may well be one from August of 1966, as discussed in Benson and Faherty, Moonport, p. 344.

  14Benson and Faherty, Moonport, pp. 485–486.

  15NASA Oral Histories interviews with Frank Hughes.

  16NASA Oral Histories interviews with Frank Hughes; de Monchaux, Spacesuit, p. 171.

  17French and Burgess, In the Shadow of the Moon, pp. 83–85; Kraft, Flight, pp. 254–256; interview with Henry Pohl, 2017.

  18Henry Pohl, unpublished written recollections.

  19NASA Oral Histories interview with Henry Pohl; interview with Henry Pohl, 2017; interview with Aldo Bordano, 2016.

  20Kraft, Flight, pp. 258–260; French and Burgess, In the Shadow of the Moon, pp. 98–103.

  21Bilstein, Stages to Saturn, Chapters 3 and 7. The Mississippi test facility later became the Stennis Space Center.

  22Interview with William Sneed, 2017.

  23Dunar and Waring, Power to Explore, pp. 89–90.

  24Murray and Cox, Apollo, p. 237.

  25Ward, Dr. Space, pp. 158–159; Piszkiewicz, Wernher von Braun, p. 181.

  26Farber, The Sixties, p. 30; Compton, Where No Man Has Gone Before, pp. 48–49.

  27Kurlansky, 1968, pp. 96, 114–115.

  28Steigerwald, The Sixties, overall, but pp. 243–244 in particular here.

  29NASA Oral Histories interview with Henry Pohl.

  30Murray and Cox, Apollo, pp. 185–186. The vice president was Hilliard W. Paige of General Electric.

  31Reeves, Superpower Space Race, pp. 120–121.

  Chapter 10

  1NASA Oral Histories interviews with Caldwell Johnson and Max Faget.

  2Oberg, Red Star in Orbit, pp. 112–113, 121–123; Harford, Korolev, 288–293.

  3Murray and Cox, Apollo, pp. 186–187.

  4Brooks, Crimwood, and Swenson, Chariots for Apollo, p. 214; Murray and Cox, Apollo, pp. 186–187; Kraft, Flight, pp. 269–270.

  5Murray and Cox, Apollo, p. 197.

  6Ibid., p. 220.

  7NASA Oral Histories interview with Larry Bell; “Second Airman Dies from Spaceship [sic] Burns,” Madera Tribune, February 1, 1967. The airmen were William Bartley Jr. and Richard Harmon.

  8Murray and Cox, Apollo, p. 203.

  9Kraft, Flight, p. 275; Kelly, Moon Lander, p. 161.

  10Kraft, Flight, p. 276.

  11Ward, Dr. Space, p. 140; Reeves, The Superpower Space Race, pp. 123–124.

  12NASA Oral Histories interview with Henry Pohl.

  13Ibid.

  14Kelly, Moon Lander, pp. 137, 122.

  15NASA Oral Histories interviews with Marlowe Cassetti and Thomas Moser.

  16Bilstein, Stages to Saturn, Chapter 6.

  17Bilstein, Stages to Saturn, Chapter 12; Murray and Cox, Apollo, pp. 239–240.

  18Rabinowitch and Lewis, Man on the Moon, pp. 57–58.

  19Benson and Faherty, Moonport, pp. 281–282.

  20The quote is from Grady Corn, as in Murray and Cox, Apollo, p. 241.

  21Interview with Gerry Griffin, 2016.

  22Bilstein, Stages to Saturn, Chapter 8.

  23Ibid.

  24Tribbe, No Requiem for the Space Age, pp. 198, 170.

  25Benson and Faherty, Moonport, p. 428.

  26Murray and Cox, Apollo, p. 248; Kraft, Flight, p. 279.

  27Benson and Faherty, Moonport, p. 429; Kraft, Flight, p. 278; Dunar and Waring, Power to Explore, p. 95; Murray and Cox, Apollo, pp. 249–250.

  28Bilstein, Stages to Saturn, Chapter 4; Mindell, Digital Apollo, p. 175.

  29Dunar and Waring, Power to Explore, p. 142.

  Chapter 11

  1Murray and Cox, Apollo, p. 308; interview with Karl Pohl, 2017.

  2Kurlansky, 1968, pp. 114–115; Cleaver, Soul on Ice, cited in Kurlansky, 1968, p. 345.

  3De Monchaux, Spacesuit, p. 11; Scott and Jurek, Marketing the Moon, p. 25.

  4Tribbe, No Requiem for the Space Age, pp. 3–5.

  5Tribbe, No Requiem for the Space Age, pp. 209–210.

  6Farber, The Sixties, p. 32; Harford, Korolev, p. 291.

  7Murray and Cox, Apollo, pp. 309–310; Brooks, Crimwood, and Swenson, Chariots for Apollo, pp. 247–249.

  8Mindell, Digital Apollo, p. 176; NASA Oral Histories interview with Peter Armitage.

  9As quoted in the introduction to Watkins, Apollo Moon Missions.

  10Reeves, The Superpower Space Race, p. 129; Mindell, Digital Apollo, p. 213.

  11Following Murray and Cox, Apollo, pp. 313–314; for the pogo fix, following Dunar and Waring, Power to Explore, p. 97.

  12Ward, Dr. Space, pp. 158–159. Quote originally from October 1968 US News and World Report.

  13Brooks et al., Chariots for Apollo, p. 256.

  14NASA Oral Histories interview with Marlowe Cassetti; interview with Marlowe Cassetti, 2017.

  15Brooks et al., Chariots for Apollo, p. 255.

  16NASA Oral Histories interview with Henry Pohl; interview with Henry Pohl, 2016.

  17Following Kraft’s account in Flight, pp. 284–285.

  18Interview with Mac Henderson, 2016.

  19Brooks et al., Chariots for Apollo, p. 259.

  20Interview with Lee Norbraten, 2016.

  21NASA Oral Histories interview with Frank Hughes.

  22Harford, Korolev, pp. 292–293.

  23French and Burgess, In the Shadow of the Moon, pp. 213–214; burping story from NASA Oral Histories interview with Ken Young; interview with Ken Young, 2016.

  24Kraft, Flight, pp. 294–296.

  25Harford, Korolev, p. 292; DeGroot, Dark Side of the Moon, p. 227.

  26French and Burgess, In the Shadow of the Moon, pp. 303–304.

  27NASA Oral Histories interview with Gerry Griffin; interview with Gerry Griffin, 2016.

  28Interview with Frank Hughes, 2016.

  29French and Burgess, In the Shadow of the Moon, pp. 355–357.

  30French and Burgess, In the Shadow of the Moon, p. 308.

  31Interview with Frank Hughes, 2017.

  32NASA Oral Histories interview with Frank Hughes; interview with Frank Hughes, 2017.

  33NASA Oral Histories interview with Jack Garman.

  34Interview with Edward Kowalchuk, 2016.

  35NA
SA Oral Histories interview with Frank Hughes.

  36Tsiao, “Read You Loud and Clear,” pp. 147–148, 172.

  37Brooks et al., Chariots for Apollo, pp. 278–279.

  38NASA Oral Histories interview with Gerry Griffin; Mindell, Digital Apollo, pp. 177–178.

  39Murray and Cox, Apollo, p. 328.

  40Interview with Hal Beck, 2016.

  41Watkins, Apollo Moon Missions, p. 63. Quotes from Simon Bourgin, then a science advisor to the U.S. Information Agency. Joseph Laitin determined the passage with his wife’s input.

  42Murray and Cox, Apollo, p. 331.

  43French and Burgess, In the Shadow of the Moon, p. 315; Mindell, Digital Apollo, pp. 178–179, 160.

  44French and Burgess, In the Shadow of the Moon, p. 316; Brooks et al., Chariots for Apollo, pp. 283–284; NASA Oral Histories interview with Frank Hughes.

  45Ward, Dr. Space, p. 139.

  46Kluger, Apollo 8, p. 287.

  47Tribbe, No Requiem for the Space Age, pp. 130–132.

  Chapter 12

  1Interview with Guy Faget, 2017; interview with Henry Pohl, 2017.

  2Neufeld, Von Braun, pp. 417, 420, 434–436.

  3Neufeld, von Braun, pp. 414–415; interview with Guy Faget, 2017.

  4French and Burgess, In the Shadow of the Moon, p. 339; Kelly, Moon Lander, p. 124.

  5Brooks, Crimwood, and Swenson, Chariots for Apollo, pp. 286–287.

  6French and Burgess, In the Shadow of the Moon, pp. 271–274.

  7Oberg, Red Star in Orbit, pp. 98–99; French and Burgess, In the Shadow of the Moon, pp. 276–277.

  8De Monchaux, Spacesuit, pp. 303, 306–307.

  9Tribbe, No Requiem for the Space Age, pp. 158–159.

  10Kraft, Flight, pp. 303–305; French and Burgess, In the Shadow of the Moon, p. 342.

  11French and Burgess, In the Shadow of the Moon, pp. 372, 377–378.

  12Combining Apollo 10 accounts: Brooks et al., Chariots for Apollo, pp. 303–312; Kraft, Flight, pp. 309–310; Kelly, Moon Lander, p. 206; and French and Burgess, In the Shadow of the Moon, pp. 372–378.

  13Interview with Karl Pohl, 2017.

  14Ward, Dr. Space, Chapter 16.

  15Scott and Jurek, Marketing the Moon, pp. 80, 83; de Monchaux, Spacesuit, pp. 253, 255, 257.

  16NASA Oral Histories interview with Rodney Rose.

  17Murray and Cox, Apollo, p. 346; NASA Oral Histories interview with Jack Garman.

  18NASA Oral Histories interview with Thomas Moser.

  19Murray and Cox, Apollo, p. 355; Tribbe, No Requiem for the Space Age, p. 166.

  20Mindell, Digital Apollo, pp. 190–191.

  21NASA Oral Histories interviews with Jack Garman and Ken Young; Watkins, Apollo Moon Missions, p. 7; interview with Frank Hughes, 2018.

  22Mindell, Digital Apollo, pp. 227–228, 222.

  23Interview with Frank Hughes, 2018; NASA Oral Histories interview with Marlowe Cassetti.

  24Jack Garman, quoted in Murray and Cox, Apollo, p. 352; NASA Oral Histories with Frank Hughes; interview with Frank Hughes, 2017.

  25Kelly, Moon Lander, p. 222; Murray and Cox, Apollo, pp. 382–383.

  26Kelly, Moon Lander, pp. 212–213.

  27NASA Oral Histories interviews with Ernst Stuhlinger and Thomas Moser.

  28De Monchaux, Spacesuit, pp. 252–253; Kraft, Flight, pp. 307–308; Brooks et al., Chariots for Apollo, pp. 328–329.

  29De Monchaux, Spacesuit, p. 251; Tribbe, No Requiem for the Space Age, pp. 27–28.

  30Interview with Chip Lord, 2017.

  31Kelly, Moon Lander, p. 216.

  32Delp et al., “Apollo Lunar Astronauts Show Higher Cardiovascular Disease Mortality.”

  33Interview with Henry Pohl, 2017; Neufeld, Von Braun, p. 434; NASA Oral Histories interview with Peter Armitage; Beattie, Taking Science to the Moon, pp. 262–263.

  34Rabinowitch and Lewis, Man on the Moon, p. 166; Scott and Jurek, Marketing the Moon, p. 38.

  35Interview with Mac Henderson, 2016.

  36Interview with Don Woodruff, 2017.

  37Murray and Cox, Apollo, pp. 373–375; interview with Gerry Griffin, 2016. The young engineer who recognized the noise pattern was John Aaron.

  38Mindell, Digital Apollo, pp. 237–238; Kelly, Moon Lander, p. 222. The engineer perfecting the landing routine was Emil Schiesser.

  39Scott and Jurek, Marketing the Moon, p. 69.

  40Interviews with Wesley Ratcliff and Thomas Parnell, 2017.

  41Scott and Jurek, Marketing the Moon, p. 70; Steigerwald, The Sixties, p. 290.

  42Selvin, Joel. Altamont: The Rolling Stones, the Hells Angels, and the Inside Story of Rock’s Darkest Day. Harper Collins, 2016.

  43Tribbe, No Requiem for the Space Age, pp. 134, 175, 207.

  Chapter 13

  1Combining sources: Kraft, Flight, pp. 337–339; Murray and Cox, Apollo, pp. 389, 391; Benson and Faherty, Moonport, p. 487; NASA Oral Histories interviews with Joseph “Guy” Thibodaux, Henry Pohl, and Frank Hughes.

  2NASA Oral Histories interview with Arnold Aldrich.

  3Murray and Cox, Apollo, p. 392, 398.

  4Kraft, Flight, p. 336; Murray and Cox, Apollo, p. 432; interview with Aldo Bordano, 2016.

  5NASA Oral Histories interview with Henry Pohl.

  6Kelly, Moon Lander, p. 76; Murray and Cox, Apollo, pp. 424–425; interview with Cynthia Wells, 2016.

  7NASA Oral Histories interview with Larry Bell.

  8Interviews with Gerry Griffin and Lee Norbraten, 2016.

  9Relying particularly on Murray and Cox, Apollo, pp. 420–425, 440–445; Cortright, Apollo Expeditions to the Moon, Chapter 13.

  10NASA Oral Histories interview with Joseph “Guy” Thibodaux.

  11Interview with Marlowe Cassetti, 2017.

  12NASA Oral Histories interview with Jack Garman; Mindell, Digital Apollo, pp. 243–245; the hack’s author was Don Eyles.

  13Tribbe, No Requiem for the Space Age, pp. 193–194.

  14Brooks, Crimwood, and Swenson, Chariots for Apollo, p. 202; Murray and Cox, Apollo, pp. 449–451; Compton, Where No Man Has Gone Before.

  15NASA Oral Histories interview with John Annexstad.

  16Mindell, Digital Apollo, p. 256; French and Burgess, In the Shadow of the Moon, p. 78.

  17NASA Oral Histories interview with Joseph Allen.

  18Ibid.

  19Scott and Jurek, Marketing the Moon, pp. 73–74.

  20NASA Oral Histories interview with Frank Hughes; interview with Frank Hughes, 2016.

  21De Monchaux, Spacesuit, p. 199.

  22NASA Oral Histories interview with Peter Armitage.

  23Interview with Caleb Fassett, 2018.

  24Beattie, Taking Science to the Moon, pp. 140–141; Janna Levin, “Gravitational Wave Blues,” Aeon, April 21, 2016.

  25Interviews with Dr. Eugene Benton, 2016; Delp et al., “Apollo Lunar Astronauts Show Higher Cardiovascular Disease Mortality”; interview with Dr. Jack Miller, 2017.

  26Astronauts were Eugene Cernan, Ronald Evans, and Harrison Schmitt; Reinert, “The Blue Marble Shot”; de Monchaux, Spacesuit, p. 337. I have most often seen the photo credited to astronaut Eugene Cernan. Sources actually conflict on NASA’s intentionality with this photo opportunity.

  27Tribbe, No Requiem for the Space Age, p. 181, 221; NASA Historical Data Book, Vol. 1, p. 14; interview with Marlowe Cassetti, 2017.

  28Neufeld, Von Braun, pp. 411, 441, 449, 451, and 452.

  29Interviews with Robert Austin and Hal Beck, respectively, 2017.

  30Interview with Wesley Ratcliff, 2017.

  31Tribbe, No Requiem for the Space Age, p. 10; Dunar and Waring, Power to Explore, p. 106.

  32Dick and Launius, Societal Impact of Spaceflight, pp. 58–59; Scott and Jurek, Marketing the Moon, pp. 75–77.

  33Oberg, Red Star in Orbit, pp. 100–105.

  34NASA Oral Histories interviews with Caldwell Johnson and Kenneth Young; interview with Cynthia Wells, 2016.

  35NASA Oral Histories interview with Marlowe Cassetti
.

  Chapter 14

  1NASA Oral Histories interview with Max Faget.

  2Interview with Guy Faget, 2017.

  3Dick and Launius, Societal Impact of Spaceflight, p. 430.

  4Neufeld, Von Braun, pp. 449, 471.

  5Neufeld, Von Braun, pp. 469–472; Ward, Dr. Space, p. 219; Neufeld, Von Braun, pp. 474–475.

  6Harris and USA Today polling data, as discussed in Tribbe, No Requiem for the Space Age, p. 10.

  7Lascala, Marisa. “Why Is the VMA Statue a Moonman?” Bustle, April 24, 2014.

  8Dick and Launius, Societal Impact of Spaceflight, pp. 219, 221, 224, 236.

  9Kraft, Flight, p. 353; NASA Oral Histories interview with Larry Bell.

  10NASA Oral Histories interview with Jack Garman.

  11Combining thoughts and arguments from NASA Oral Histories interview with Jack Garman; Dick and Launius, Societal Impact of Spaceflight; Tomayko, Computers in Spaceflight; and Mindell, Digital Apollo.

  12Interview with Marlowe Cassetti, 2018; NASA Oral Histories interview with Marlowe Cassetti.

  13See, for instance, William J. Broad, “Hunt is On for Scattered Blueprints of Powerful Saturn Moon Rocket,” New York Times (May 26, 1987), p. C3.

  Chapter 15

  1Dick and Launius, Societal Impact of Spaceflight, p. 62.

  2Dick and Launius, Societal Impact of Spaceflight, pp. 605–606; see the work of Dr. Marcelo Vasquez, for instance, for dosage and risk estimation; M. G. Lord, “Are We Trapped on Earth?”

  3See, for instance, Barboni et al., “Early Formation of the Moon 4.51 Billion Years Ago.” Science Advances, 3 (Jan. 11, 2017).

  4Brooks, Crimwood, and Swenson, Chariots for Apollo, p. 365; Rothery, Moons.

  5Michael E. Newman, “To the Moon and Back . . . in 2.5 Seconds,” NIST Time Capsule of March 26, 2018, as posted to https://www.nist.gov. For more information, see, for instance, T. W. Murphy, “Lunar Laser Ranging: The Millimeter Challenge,” Reports on Progress in Physics 76 (June 14, 2013).

  6Rosen, “The Missing Moon Files.”

  7Interviews with Marlowe Cassetti, 2017 and 2018.

  8Interview with Frank Hughes, 2018.

  9Interview with Henry Pohl, 2017.

  Chapter 16

  1French and Burgess, In the Shadow of the Moon, pp. 81–83.