The War of 1812

by Donald R Hickey

  162. John Lovett to Joseph Alexander, May 18, 1813, in Bonney, Legacy of Historical Gleanings, 1:297.

  163. Harrison, Diary of Thomas P. Cope (December 18, 1813), 287.

  164. New York Columbian, reprinted in Richmond Enquirer, December 28, 1813.

  165. Philadelphia Democratic Press, reprinted in Richmond Enquirer, December 28, 1813; Hartford American Mercury, December 21, 1813.

  166. Washington National Intelligencer, December 30, 1813, and January 10, 1814; Hartford American Mercury, December 21, 1813; Philadelphia Democratic Press, reprinted in Richmond Enquirer, December 30, 1813; Manuel Eyre to William Jones, January 5, 1814, in Jones (HSP); Harrison, Diary of Thomas P. Cope (January 5, 1814), 289.

  167. Nettels, Emergence of a National Economy, 385–86.

  168. See James Pack, The Man Who Burned the White House: Admiral Sir George Cockburn, 1772–1853 (Annapolis, 1987); and Roger Morriss, Cockburn and the British Navy in Transition: Admiral Sir George Cockburn, 1772–1853 (Columbia, 1997).

  169. Mahan, Sea Power, 2:155–56.

  170. Quoted in deposition of William T. Killpatrick, June 25, 1813, in ASP: MA, 1:365.

  171. See documents in ASP: MA, 1:358–67; George Cockburn to John Warren, May 3 and 6, 1813, in Naval Chronicle 30 (July-December, 1813), 164–68; Christopher T. George, Terror on the Chesapeake: The War of 1812 on the Bay (Shippensburg, 2000), 27–37; Pack, George Cockburn, 151–55.

  172. Ingersoll, Historical Sketch, 1:198.

  173. Littleton W. Tazewell to SW, June 22, 1813, H. Beatty to Robert Taylor, June 22, 1813, and Taylor to [SW], June 23, 1813, in WD (M221), reel 57; Norfolk Herald and Beatty to Taylor, June 25, 1813, in Washington National Intelligencer, June 28 and July 10, 1813; George, Terror on the Chesapeake, 40–48.

  174. Journal of Charles Napier, August 12, 1813, in William F. P. Napier, The Life and Opinions of General Sir Charles James Napier, 4 vols. (London, 1857), 1:221.

  175. John Sherbrooke to CG, July 20, 1813, in Wood, British Documents, 3:713. See also James Scott, Recollections of a Naval Life, 3 vols. (London, 1834), 3:153; James, Naval History of Great Britain, 6:234–35.

  176. See documents in ASP: MA, 1:375–81. See also S. Crutchfield to James Barbour, June 28, 1813, in Washington National Intelligencer, July 5, 1813; J. Mackay Hitsman and Alice Sorby, “Independent Foreigners or Canadian Chasseurs,” Military Affairs 25 (Spring, 1961), 11–17; Donald E. Graves, “‘Worthless Is the Laurel Steeped in Female Tears’: An Investigation into the Outrages Committed by British Troops at Hampton, Virginia, 1813,” Journal of the War of 1812 7 (Winter, 2002), 4–20; George, Terror on the Chesapeake, 48–51.

  177. James Polkinghorne to Henry Baker, August 10, 1813, in Dudley and Crawford, Naval War, 2:381; George, Terror on the Chesapeake, 61–64, 183–84n54; Norman H. Plummer, “Another Look at the Battle of St. Michaels,” Weather Gauge 31 (Spring, 1995), 10–15.

  178. Niles’ Register 4 (May 15, 1813), 182; ibid. 5 (January 8, 1814), 312; ibid. 6 (June 25, 1814), 279.

  179. Ibid. 5 (October 16, 1813), 119; ibid. 5 (January 8, 1814), 312; ibid. 6 (April 30, 1814), 150; Scott, Recollections of a Naval Life, 3:118–20; Frank A. Cassell, “Slaves of the Chesapeake Bay Area and the War of 1812,” Journal of Negro History 57 (April, 1972), 144–49; Christopher T. George, “Mirage of Freedom: African Americans in the War of 1812,” Maryland Historical Magazine 91 (Winter, 1996), 431–34.

  180. John Lovett to Joseph Alexander, July 17, 1813, in Bonney, Legacy of Historical Gleanings, 1:304.

  181. SN to American navy captains, February 22, 1813, in ND (M149), reel 10. See also Edward K. Eckert, The Navy Department in the War of 1812 (Gainesville, 1973), 21.

  182. Samuel Evans to SN, April 20, 1813, and James Lawrence to SN, May 18, 1813, in ND (M125), reel 28.

  183. Roosevelt, Naval War, 1:223–24.

  184. Quoted in Mahan, Sea Power, 2:134. See also Roosevelt, Naval War, 1:225–26.

  185. Broke to captain of the Chesapeake, June [1], 1813, in ND (M125), reel 29.

  186. Philip Broke and Thomas Bladen Capel, An Account of the Chesapeake-Shannon Action, June 6, 1813, and George Budd to SN, June 15, 1813, in Dudley and Crawford, Naval War, 2:129–36; Halifax newspapers, reprinted in London Times, August 16 and 24, 1813; Roosevelt, Naval War, 1:226–43; Maclay, United States Navy, 1:450–68. H. F. Pullen, The “Shannon” and the “Chesapeake” (Toronto, 1970), chs. 5–7; Hickey, Don’t Give Up the Ship, 107–12.

  187. London Morning Chronicle, July 9, 1813.

  188. Naval Chronicle 30 (July-December, 1813), 41; Maclay, United States Navy, 1:461.

  189. Halifax underwriters to Philip Broke, August 25, 1813, FSA to Joseph Warren, July 9, 1813, and “Biographical Memoir of Sir Philip Bowes Vere Broke,” in Naval Chronicle 30 (July-December, 1813), 398–99, 486, and 33 (January-June, 1815), 17–19.

  190. Salem Gazette, September 25, 1813.

  191. Philip Freneau, “In Memory of James Lawrence, Esquire,” in Fred L. Pattee, ed., The Poems of Philip Freneau: Poet of the American Revolution, 3 vols. (Princeton, 1902–7), 3:313–14.

  192. Annapolis Maryland Republican, reprinted in Washington National Intelligencer, July 2, 1813.

  193. SN to Perry, July 3, 1813, in Dudley and Crawford, Naval War, 2:488.

  194. Porter to SN, October 14, 1812, ibid., 1:528.

  195. Porter to SN, July 3, 1814, in ND (M125), reel 37.

  196. Frances Robotti and James Vescovi, The USS “Essex” and the Birth of the American Navy (Holbrook, 1999), 177–78, 245–47.

  197. David Porter to SN, July 3, 1814, in ND (M125), reel 37. See also David Porter, Journal of a Cruise Made to the Pacific Ocean . . . in the Years 1812, 1813, and 1814, 2nd ed., 2 vols. (New York, 1822), 2:144–58.

  198. David Porter to SN, July 3, 1814, in ND (M125), reel 37; Porter, Journal of a Cruise, 2:175; James Hillyar to FSA, March 30, 1814, in Dudley and Crawford, Naval War, 3:727–30; Roosevelt, Naval War, 2:15–37; Hickey, Don’t Give Up the Ship, 114–15.

  199. Edward R. McCall to [Isaac Hull], September 7, 1813, in ND (M125), reel 31; John F. Maples to Edward Thornborough, August 14, 1813, in Dudley and Crawford, Naval War, 2:223; Ira Dye, The Fatal Cruise of the “Argus”: Two Captains in the War of 1812 (Annapolis, 1994), ch. 18; Roosevelt, Naval War, 1:252–65; Mahan, Sea Power, 2:187–92, 216–19.

  200. Quoted in Mahan, Sea Power, 2:20.

  201. Niles’ Register 6 (March 26, 1814), 69. See also London Morning Chronicle, December 1, 1814.

  202. Quoted in Maclay, American Privateers, 275.

  203. Niles’ Register 5 (November 20, 1813), 200; ibid. 6 (June 18, 1814), 269; Coggeshall, American Privateers, 219–25.

  204. John Drayton to SS, August 24, 1813, and Charles R. Simpson to Thomas Barclay, August 24, 1813, in Dudley and Crawford, Naval War, 2: 214–17.

  Chapter 7. The Last Embargo

  1. Speech of William H. Murfree, January 10, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 856; William Hunter to James A. Bayard, January 29, 1814, in Donnan, Papers of James A. Bayard, 266. See also speech of Charles J. Ingersoll, February 14, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 1431.

  2. Richard Rush to Charles J. Ingersoll, October 28, 1813, in Rush Papers (SR), reel 3.

  3. JM to Congress, December 7, 1813, in AC, 13–2, 538–44.

  4. Senate Journal, 2:451–52, 470; Adams, History, 2:875.

  5. Charles Goldsborough to Harmanus Bleecker, February 4, 1814, in Harrier Rice, Harmanus Bleecker: An Albany Dutchman, 1779–1849 (Albany, 1924), 37; William R. Davie to John Steele, February 4, 1814, in Kemp P. Battle, ed., “Letters of William R. Davie, “James Sprunt Historical Monograph 7 (1907), 74. See also John Hoffman to Virgil Maxcy, January 16, 1814, in Galloway-Maxcy-Marcoe Papers (LC); William Hunter to James A. Bayard, January 29, 1814, in Donnan, Papers of James A. Bayard, 266.

  6. Senate Journal, 1:453–54, 471.

  7. AC, 13–2, 1057.

  8. AC, 13–2, 600, 631; Jeremiah Mason to Marsha Mason, February 10, 1814, in George S. Hillard, Memoir
, Autobiography and Correspondence of Jeremiah Mason, ed. G. J. Clark (Boston, 1917), 83.

  9. Jones to Alexander Dallas, December 21, 1813 in Dallas Papers (HSP).

  10. Alexander Dallas to William Jones, February 3, 1814, in Jones Papers (HSP); Senate Journal, 1:471; Adams, History, 2:892–93.

  11. Philip S. Klein, ed., “Memoirs of a Senator from Pennsylvania: Jonathan Roberts, 1771–1854,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 61 (April, 1938), 366; Jones to Alexander Dallas, September 15, 1814, in Dallas Papers (HSP). For similar sentiments, see Nathaniel Macon to Joseph H. Nicholson, February 17, 1814, in Nicholson Papers (LC).

  12. Macon to Joseph H. Nicholson, February 8, 1814, in Nicholson Papers (LC).

  13. AC, 13–2, 766, 852–53, 1114–15, 2023–24; William Pinkney to JM, January 25, 1814, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 15.

  14. Nathaniel Macon to Joseph H. Nicholson, February 17, 1814, in Nicholson Papers (LC).

  15. Senate Journal, 2:472; Adams, History, 2:893–94.

  16. Brant, James Madison, 6:243.

  17. John A. Harper to William Plumer, November 1, 1812, in Plumer Papers (LC), reel 3.

  18. Charles J. Ingersoll to JM, January 5, 1814, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 15.

  19. Dolley Madison to Hannah Gallatin, January 21, [1814], in Gallatin Papers (SR), reel 26; Niles’ Register 7 (January 14, 1815), 320; Brant, James Madison, 6:243–44.

  20. Memorial of Harrisburg merchants, [1814], and John Binns to JM, July 11, 1814, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 16. See also Chandler C. Price to William Jones, February 14, 1814, in Jones Papers (HSP); Sanford W. Higginbotham, The Keystone in the Democratic Arch: Pennsylvania Politics, 1800–1816 (Harrisburg, 1952), 28–86.

  21. AC, 13–2, 1245–47, 1837–38; Senate Journal, 2:511; Brant, James Madison, 6:244–45.

  22. John Smith to Albert Gallatin, March 27, 1814, in Gallatin Papers (SR), reel 26. For similar sentiments, see Lexington Reporter, April 2, 1814.

  23. Roberts to Alexander Dallas, December 12, 1813, in Dallas Papers (HSP).

  24. Speech of William Baylies, February 24, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 1656. See also speeches of Elijah Brigham, January 20, 1814, and Artemas Ward, Jr., March 5, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 1061, 1818.

  25. AC, 13–2, 939, 1054.

  26. Speech of Thomas B. Robertson, January 15, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 982.

  27. AC, 13–2, 939, 1056.

  28. Speech of John C. Calhoun, January 15, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 995. See also speeches of Charles J. Ingersoll, January 15, 1814, and John Bowen, January 20, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 1005, 1071.

  29. Speech of Zebulon R. Shipherd, January 17, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 1030.

  30. Speech of James Fisk, January 13, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 934.

  31. Speech of Felix Grundy, January 15, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 993. See also Baltimore Whig, reprinted in Richmond Enquirer, May 4, 1814.

  32. AC, 13–2, 664, 1807–31.

  33. Macon to Joseph H. Nicholson, January 24, 1814, in Nicholson Papers (LC); Washington National Intelligencer, January 28, 1814. Timothy Pickering delivered one speech (over two days) that lasted six hours. See speech of Timothy Pickering, February 26 and 28, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 1695, 1697–1767.

  34. Macon to Joseph H. Nicholson, February 14, 1814, in Nicholson Papers (LC).

  35. Washington National Intelligencer, December 28, 1813; Henry G. Conner, “William Lewis, 1778–1844,” in William D. Lewis, ed., Great American Lawyers, 8 vols. (Philadelphia, 1907–9), 3:46.

  36. Macon to Joseph H. Nicholson, January 8, 1814, in Nicholson Papers (LC).

  37. Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 366–67.

  38. James Monroe to JM, December 27, 1813, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 26.

  39. AC, 13–2, 597, 979, 2789–90.

  40. Speech of Robert Wright, January 13, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 931. See also speech of Cyrus King, January 13, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 931.

  41. AC, 13–2, 573, 623, 643, 1113–14, 1191, 1866, 2791–92, 2814–16; [SW] to George W. Campbell, January 14, 1814, in NASP: MA, 5:107; SW to William Branch Giles, October 17, 1814, in ASP: MA, 1:514.

  42. AC, 13–2, 764, 1931, 2847–50.

  43. AC, 13–2, 881. See also speeches of George M. Troup, James Fisk, and Daniel Webster, January 10, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 881–83, 885–86.

  44. Speech of Richard Stockton, January 10, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 881. For similar sentiments, see speeches of Thomas P. Grosvenor, Daniel Webster, and Alexander Hanson, January 10, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 883–87.

  45. AC, 13–2, 887–88.

  46. AC, 13–2, 633, 1803–4, 2799–2800.

  47. Speeches of Jotham Post, Jr., Charles Goldsborough, Cyrus King, Alexander McKim, and William S. Smith, March 4, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 1802–3.

  48. AC, 13–2, 614, 1807, 2804.

  49. Speeches of Jotham Post, Jr., Artemas Ward, Jr., Charles Goldsborough, and Alexander McKim, March 5, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 1804–6.

  50. John Mason to William Plumer, January 20, 1814, in Plumer Papers (LC), reel 2. See also JM to SW, November 15, 1813, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 27.

  51. Speech of Alexander McKim, March 5, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 1805.

  52. Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, January 8, 1814, in ASP: F, 2:651–53.

  53. AC, 13–2, 645, 675, 1588–89, 1798, 2811–12, 2795–98.

  54. Speech of Alexander Hanson, February 14, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 1374. See also speeches of Joseph Pearson, February 16, 1814, and Zebulon R. Shipherd, February 18, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 1447–53, 1504–7.

  55. Speech of John C. Calhoun, February 25, 1813, in AC, 13–2, 1689; Washington National Intelligencer, March 12, 1814.

  56. AC, 11–3, 346–47, 826; Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War (Princeton, 1962), 209–22.

  57. Petition of inhabitants of New York City, December 18, 1813, in AC, 13–2, 873–74. See also Alexander Hanson to Robert Goodloe Harper, April 3, 1814, in Harper Papers (MdHS), reel 2.

  58. AC, 13–2, 1578–85, 1949–54, 2023; Raymond Walters, Jr., “The Origins of the Second Bank of the United States,” Journal of Political Economy 53 (June, 1945), 120.

  59. Speeches of Zebulon R. Shipherd, June 18, 1813, and Solomon Sharp, June 19, 1813, in AC, 13–1, 236, 295; Philadelphia United States’ Gazette, May 5, 1812; Charles S. Hall, Benjamin Tallmadge, Revolutionary Soldier and American Businessman (New York, 1943), 332.

  60. Samuel Elliot Morison, The Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis, Federalist, 1765–1848, 2 vols. (Boston, 1913), 2:66–67; John D. Forbes, Israel Thorndike, Federalist Financier (New York, 1953), 112–16.

  61. Memorandum of James Lloyd, [April, 1814], and Charles W. Hare to Harrison Gray Otis, April 13 and 26, 1814, in Morison, Harrison Gray Otis, 2:72–75; Otis to George Cabot, July 2, 1819, and Cabot to Otis, July 3, 1819, in [Harrison Gray Otis], Letters in Defence of the Hartford Convention, and the People of Massachusetts (Boston, 1824), 96–97.

  62. Pickering to Rebecca Pickering, January 9, 1814, in Pickering Papers (MHS), reel 3. For similar sentiments, see Nathaniel Saltonstall, Jr., to Nathaniel Saltonstall, May 6, 1814, in Saltonstall Papers (EI).

  63. See Boston Independent Chronicle, April 14, 1814; and Boston Gazette, April 14, 1814.

  64. James Lloyd to Harrison Gray Otis, May 16, 1814, in Otis Papers (MHS); ST to JM, May 4, 1814, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 16; JM to ST, May 7, 1814, in Gaillard Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, 9 vols. (New York, 1900–1910), 8:277.

  65. Georgetown Federal Republican, July 13, 1814; Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, September 23, 1814, in ASP: F, 2:845–46; petition of Jacob Barker, December 22, 1821, in ASP: C, 828.

  66. Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, September 23, 1814, in ASP: F, 2:846–47.

  67. Worcester National Aegis, January 5, 1814.

  68. For pre-war evasions of the non-importation act, see Thomas Coles to ST, October 26 and December 4, 1811, John Barnes to ST, December 27, 1811, and [Joseph Whipp
le] to ST, February 18, 1812, in TD (M178), reels 26, 29, and 34; ST to Thomas Newton, November 26, 1811, in ASP: C & N, 1:873–74; L. Trescott to Henry Dearborn, August 21, 1811, Peter Sailly to ST, September 10, 1811, Samuel Buck to ST, October 18, 1811, Isaac Smith to ST, November 15, 1811, and David Gelston to ST, November 20, 1811, in NASP: C & N, 47: 510–11, 522, 529–30, 533; ST to customs collectors, October 7, 1811, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 13.

  69. Proclamation of John C. Sherbrooke, July 3, 1812, in Wood, British Documents, 1:204–5. See also Order of George Prevost, July 11, 1812, in Niles’ Register 4 (March 20, 1813), 46.

  70. Walter R. Copp, “Nova Scotian Trade during the War of 1812,” Canadian Historical Review 18 (June, 1937), 141–55; John D. Forbes, “Boston Smuggling, 1807–1815,” American Neptune 10 (April, 1950), 152.

  71. Letter from Halifax, November 9, 1812, in Salem Essex Register, December 16, 1812. See also Henry A. S. Dearborn to ST, September 8, 1812, in TD (M178), reel, 11; speech of Robert Wright, January 20, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 1089.

  72. Joseph Whipple to ST, June 20, 1812, in Gallatin Papers (SR), reel 25; J. Clason to JM, December 17, 1813, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 15; Henry A. S. Dearborn to ST, October 22, 1813, in TD (M178), reel 12; George Ulmer to William King, January 10, 1813, in WD (M221), reel 52; Manuel Eyre to Jonathan Roberts, January 24, 1813, in Roberts Papers (HSP).

  73. Quoted in Samuel Eliot Morison, Harrison Gray Otis, 1765–1848: The Urbane Federalist (Boston, 1969), 338. See also R. Kent Newmyer, “Joseph Story and the War of 1812: A Judicial Nationalist,” Historian 26 (August, 1964), 489–98.

  74. Boston Columbian Centinel, September 1, 1813. See also speech of Thomas P. Grosvenor, January 25, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 1138; Thomas Coles to ST, July 27 and 31, 1813, in TD (M178), reel 29; Raymond Walters, Jr., Alexander James Dallas: Lawyer—Politician—Financier, 1759–1817 (Philadelphia, 1943), 171–72.

  75. Henry A.S. Dearborn to ST, September 21 and October 22, 1813, in TD (M178), reel 12; John Lawrence to Jonathan Russell, June 14, in Russell Papers (BU).

  76. Henry A.S. Dearborn to ST, October 30, 1813, in TD (M178), reel 12.

  77. George Ulmer to Henry Dearborn, March 3, 1813, in WD (M222), reel 9; Martin Jennison to SW, March 23, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 54; H.N. Muller III, “A ‘Traitorous and Diabolic Traffic’: The Commerce of the Champlain-Richelieu Corridor during the War of 1812,” Vermont History 44 (Spring, 1976), 95–96; Barry J. Lohnes, “A New Look at the Invasion of Eastern Maine, 1814,” Maine Historical Society Quarterly 15 (Summer, 1975), 8–9.