150. Ingersoll, History, 2:282.
151. Adams to Louisa Catherine Adams, September 27, 1814, in Worthington C. Ford, ed., Writings of John Quincy Adams, 7 vols. (New York, 1913–17), 5:149.
152. Resolution of Philadelphia City Council, August 27, 1814, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 16. See also AC, 13–3, 19, 335.
153. Macon to Joseph H. Nicholson, October 7, 1814, in Nicholson Papers (LC).
154. Speech of Jonathan Fisk, September 26, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 312, 314. For similar sentiments, see Charles J. Ingersoll to [Alexander Dallas], September 30, 1814, in Ingersoll Papers (HSP).
155. Speech of Nathaniel Macon, September 26, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 313. See also Washington National Intelligencer, September 2, 1814.
156. AC, 13–3, 311–12, 323, 341–42.
157. Speech of Langdon Cheves, October 3, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 342.
158. AC, 13–3, 387–88, 395–96.
159. AC, 13–3, 396; Ingersoll, History, 2:264.
160. AC, 13–3, 223, 1143, 1911–12.
161. AC, 13–3, 120, 1105–6; Thomas Jefferson to Samuel H. Smith, September 21 and October 29, 1814, in Jefferson Papers (LC), reel 47; Niles’ Register 7 (December 31, 1814), 285.
162. SW to George M. Troup, October 17, 1814, in ASP: MA, 1: 514–17.
163. Ibid., 515.
164. For the New York law, see State of New York, Laws of the State of New-York [1814] (Albany, 1815), 15–20. Pennsylvania rejected a similar plan. See Mathew Carey, The Olive Branch; or Faults on Both Sides, Federal and Democratic, 10th ed. (Philadelphia, 1818), 355n.
165. For Knox’s plan, see Report of the Secretary of War, January 18, 1790, in ASP: MA, 1:6–13.
166. The bill is printed in Niles’ Register 7 (November 26, 1814), 181–83. See also George Bibb to SW, November 1, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 59; Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 459–61.
167. AC, 13–3, 38.
168. Varnum to William Eustis, November 12, 1814, in Eustis Papers (LC), reel 2.
169. Speech of Joseph Varnum, November 16, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 58–70. Quotations from pp. 69–70.
170. Speeches of Robert H. Goldsborough, November 22, 1814, and David Daggett, November 16, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 73, 104.
171. AC, 13–3, 109.
172. Speech of Charles J. Ingersoll, December 9, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 808–19. Quotation from p. 815.
173. AC, 13–3, 713–14, 869–70, 928–29.
174. AC, 13–3, 132, 136, 141, 976, 993–94.
175. Ingersoll, History, 2:297. See also Harrison, Diary of Thomas P. Cope (January 5, 1815), 302.
176. James Hillhouse to Timothy Pitkin, November 7, 1814, in Pitkin Papers (HL).
177. Resolutions of Northampton Convention, November 16, 1814, in Boston New-England Palladium, November 29, 1814.
178. Speech of Daniel Webster, December 9, 1814, in Claude H. Van Tyne, ed., The Letters of Daniel Webster (New York, 1902), 67; Resolution of Connecticut Legislature, October, 1814, in State of Connecticut, Public Records of the State of Connecticut, 19 vols. to date (Hartford, 1894-), 17:193–94. The Maryland House of Delegates also threatened to nullify the law. See Resolution of Maryland House, December 17, 1814, in Boston Columbian Centinel, December 28, 1814.
179. Bibb to SW, November 1, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 59; AC, 13–3, 38; Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 461–62.
180. Speeches of Cyrus King and Thomas P. Grosvenor, December 3, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 725–26, 733–34.
181. Webster’s speech is not printed in the Annals, but his argument is summarized in the speech of Thomas P. Grosvenor, December 3, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 734.
182. AC, 13–3, 45, 753–54, 756, 1837–38.
183. Dwight to Timothy Pitkin, January 9, 1815, in Pitkin Papers (HL).
184. Joseph L. Smith to John R. Bell, October 29, 1814, in Rush Papers (SR), reel 3; Thomas Jesup to SW, January 20, 1815, in Jesup Papers (LC).
185. George W. Hight to SW, January 12, 1815, in WD (M221), reel 62.
186. State of Connecticut, Public Records, 17: 280–81, 284–85; State of Massachusetts, Laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts [1814–1815], (Boston, [1815]), 640–41; Jesup to SW, January 31 and February 3, 1815, in Jesup Papers (LC).
187. AC, 13–3, 162, 755, 1896–99.
188. Richard Hildreth, The History of the United States, rev. ed., 6 vols. (New York, 1854–55), 6:402, 404.
189. SW to Nathaniel Searle, Jr., July 9, 1814, in ASP: MA, 1:608; Robert Taylor to SW, September 29, 1814, and Daniel Tompkins to SW, December 12, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 66; Hartford Connecticut Courant, September 8 and November 10, 1812; Boston New-England Palladium, October 28, 1814; Hildreth, History of the United States, 6:554–55; Adams, History, 2:1105. Connecticut actually had state troops in federal service as early as 1813. See chapter 10: The Hartford Convention.
190. Report of the Secretary of the Navy, November 15, 1814, in ASP: NA, 1:323–24.
191. AC, 13–3, 223, 1085, 1908.
192. Report of the Secretary of the Navy, November 15, 1814, in ASP: NA, 1:322–23.
193. Speech of James Pleasants, November 8, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 542.
194. AC, 13–3, 35, 548, 1834.
195. ST to Senate, September 23, 1814, in ASP: F, 2:840–43. Quotation from p. 843.
196. Jefferson to Thomas Cooper, September 10, 1814, in Jefferson Papers (LC), reel 47; Jefferson to JM, October 15, 1814, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 16.
197. Nathaniel Macon, quoted in Ingersoll, Historical Sketch, 2:254. See also speech of Nathaniel Macon, January 4, 1812, in AC, 12–1, 663; James Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, September 10, 1814, in Jefferson Papers (LC), reel 47; Monroe to Jefferson, December 21, 1814, in Monroe Papers (LC), reel 5.
198. See JM to James Monroe, October 23, 1814, in Gaillard Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, 9 vols. (New York, 1900–1910), 8:313n-314n; and JM to Thomas Jefferson, October 23, 1814, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 16.
199. Report of House Ways and Means Committee, October 10, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 378–81. Quotation from p. 378.
200. Ingersoll, Historical Sketch, 2:254.
201. ST to John W. Eppes, October 17, 1814, in ASP: F, 2:866–69. Quotation from p. 866.
202. ST to John W. Eppes, December 2, 1814, in ASP: F, 2:877–81
203. Report of the ST, January 17, 1815, in ASP: F, 2:885–89.
204. Ticknor to Edward T. Channing, January 22, 1815, in George S. Hillard et al., Life, Letters, and Journals of George Ticknor, 2 vols. (Boston, 1876), 1:30–31.
205. AC, 13–3, 134, 771, 1855–57.
206. Dutch bankers later told American agents that this loan could probably be filled at 75—a 25 percent discount—but the peace treaty was signed before any action was taken. See American commissioners to ST, December 25, 1814, in Gallatin Papers (SR), reel 27.
207. AC, 13–3, 38, 511–13, 1834–36.
208. ST to Speaker of the House, April 12, 1816, in ASP: F, 3:121; Bolles, Financial History, 233–34.
209. Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, January 17, 1815, in ASP: F, 2:887.
210. AC, 13–3, 258, 291, 1148, 1264, 1921–24, 1939–41.
211. Alexander Hanson to Robert Goodloe Harper, October 9, 1814, in Harper Papers (MdHS), reel 2.
212. These laws can be found in AC, 13–3, 1839–1925.
213. Ingersoll, Historical Sketch, 1:240.
214. As revised in 1792, the tax on whiskey was 7 to 18 cents per gallon, depending on the proof of the product. See AC, 2–1, 1375.
215. Jefferson to William Short, November 28, 1814, in Jefferson Papers (LC), reel 47. For similar sentiments, see Daniel Webster to Moody Kent, December 22, [1814], in Van Tyne, Letters of Daniel Webster, 69.
216. Speech of Thomas P. Grosvenor, November 29, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 698.
217. ST to Henry Clay, December 31, 1816, in ASP: F, 3:190, 209.
218. Timothy Pickering to John Pickering, February 11, 1815, in Pickering Papers (MHS), reel 3, part 1.
219. ST to John W. Eppes, October 17, 1814, in ASP: F, 2:867.
220. Ingersoll, Historical Sketch, 2:252–53.
221. AC, 13–3, 534–35.
222. Speech of William Gaston, November 14 and 15, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 564–65, 568–81, esp. 574.
223. AC, 13–3, 587–88, 631–34, 655–56.
224. Joseph Anderson to George W. Campbell, November 23, 1814, in Campbell Papers (LC).
225. ST to William Lowndes, November 27, 1814, in ASP: F, 2:872.
226. Jonathan Roberts to Matthew Roberts, November 20, 1814, in Roberts Papers (HSP).
227. AC, 13–3, 686.
228. AC, 13–3, 119, 126–27, 1025–26.
229. Speech of Langdon Cheves, January 2, 1815, in AC, 13–3, 1025.
230. AC, 13–3, 1039, 1044–45
231. AC, 13–3, 177, 1039, 1044–45.
232. Daniel Webster to Ezekiel Webster, January 22, 1815, in Fletcher Webster, ed., The Private Correspondence of Daniel Webster, 2 vols. (Boston, 1875), 1:250.
233. Alexander Dallas to William Jones, January 29, 1815, in Jones Papers (HSP). See also John Norvell to George W. Campbell, February 10, 1815, in Campbell Papers (LC).
234. JM to Senate, January 30, 1815, in AC, 13–3, 189–91. Quotation from p. 189.
235. Jonathan Roberts to Matthew Roberts, February 2, 1815, in Roberts Papers (HSP); Washington National Intelligencer, February 4, 1815.
236. AC, 13–3, 226, 229, 231–32, 1151–53, 1168.
237. AC, 13–3, 305.
238. ST to John W. Eppes, November 19, 1814, in ASP: F, 2:881–82.
239. AC, 13–3, 757.
240. Georgetown Federal Republican, January 6, 1815.
241. AC, 13–3, 1889–1906.
242. AC, 13–3, 181–88, 1033–38; Washington National Intelligencer, January 6, 1815.
243. AC, 13–3, 188, 1061–62.
244. Robert Patterson to Jonathan Russell, February 20, 1815, in “Letters of Jonathan Russell,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 54 (November, 1920), 80.
245. Peter Du Ponceau to Alexander Dallas, January 5, 1815, in Dallas Papers (HSP); John Norvell to George W. Campbell, February 10, 1815, in Campbell Papers (LC); Jonathan Roberts to Matthew Roberts, November 4, 1814, in Roberts Papers (HSP).
246. Varnum to William Eustis, February 17, 1815, in Eustis Papers (LC), reel 1.
247. Worcester National Aegis, December 21, 1814; Boston Yankee, December 23, 1814.
248. New York National Advocate, December 28, 1814; Philadelphia Aurora, January 14, 1815. See also Georgetown Federal Republican, November 30, 1814.
249. Worcester National Aegis, February 1, 1815.
250. Speech of Charles J. Ingersoll, November 17, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 612.
251. Hartford American Mercury, November 8, 1814.
Chapter 10. The Hartford Convention
1. Salem Gazette, July 4, 1814.
2. A party’s cohesion is measured by dividing the party majority on roll-call votes by the party’s total vote and then converting the result to a percentage. For example, if there were 10 Federalists and they divided 10–0, 9–1, and 8–2 on three roll call votes, the party’s cohesion would be 27/30, or .9, which is 90 percent. See Lee F. Anderson et al., Legislative Roll-Call Analysis (Evanston, 1966), 36. For a fuller analysis of party voting during the war, see Harry Fritz, “The Collapse of Party: President, Congress, and the Decline of Party Action, 1807–1817” (PhD dissertation, Washington University, 1970), 250–308; and Donald R. Hickey, “Federalist Party Unity and the War of 1812,” Journal of American Studies 12 (April, 1978), 26–31.
3. King to Christopher Gore, July 17, 1812, in King, Rufus King, 5:272; Philadelphia United States’ Gazette, June 23, 1812. For similar sentiments, see [William Sullivan], Familiar Letters on Public Characters, and Public Events, 2nd ed. (Boston, 1834), 327, 311–12, 354; Felix Gilbert to David Hillhouse, July 24, 1812, in Alexander-Hillhouse Papers (UNC); Hartford Connecticut Courant, April 26, 1814.
4. Speech of Harmanus Bleecker, January 7, 1813, in AC, 12–2, 619; Wilkes-Barre Gleaner and Luzerne Advertiser, reprinted in Pittsburgh Gazette, May 1, 1812; Richard Peters to Timothy Pickering, April 4, 1814, in Pickering Papers (MHS), reel 30. For similar sentiments, see speech of Daniel Sheffey, January 11, 1813, in AC, 12–2, 698; speech of Alexander Hanson, June 16, 1813, in AC, 13–1, 180–82; speech of Richard Stockton, December 11, 1813, in AC, 13–2, 2040; Rufus King to Sir William Scott, December 11, 1814, in King, Rufus King, 5:443; and Report of Connecticut Legislature, October, 1813, in Niles’ Register 7 (November 19, 1814), 164.
5. Timothy Dwight, A Discourse, in Two Parts, Delivered July 23, 1812 (Utica, 1812), 43; William H. Channing, Memoir of William Ellery Channing, 3 vols. (London, 1848), 1:337. For a sampling of similar sentiments, see A New-England Farmer [John Lowell, Jr.], Mr. Madison’s War (Boston, 1812), 5; Boston New-England Palladium, August 7, 1812; Resolutions of Providence (RI) Meeting, April 7, 1812, in Newport Mercury, April 11, 1812; and Georgetown Federal Republican, September 30, and October 2 and 7, 1812.
6. Speech of Morris Miller, January 14, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 958. For similar sentiments, see speech of Josiah Quincy, November 21, 1812, in AC, 12–2, 170; and speech of John Culpepper, February 12, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 1364.
7. Alexandria Gazette, June 5, 1812.
8. Speech of James A. Bayard, June 16, 1812, in AC, 12–1, 293.
9. Federalist predictions that the war would prove both costly and futile are legion. See, for example, speech of Daniel Sheffey, January 3, 1812, in AC, 12–1, 625; Hartford Connecticut Mirror, January 20 and February 10, 1812; Hartford Connecticut Courant, June 30, 1812; Newport Mercury, March 7, 1812; Boston Columbian Centinel, May 20, 1812; Philadelphia United States’ Gazette, June 24, 1812; Trenton Federalist, June 22, 1812; New York Herald, reprinted in Chillicothe Supporter, May 23, 1812; and Charleston Courier, August 19, 1812.
10. David Osgood, A Solemn Protest against the Late Declaration of War, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 1812), 9. See also William Gribbin, The Churches Militant: The War of 1812 and American Religion (New Haven, 1973), chs. 1–2; and Lawrence D. Cress, ‘“Cool and Serious Reflection’: Federalist Attitudes toward War in 1812,” Journal of the Early Republic 7 (Summer, 1987), 123–45.
11. Joseph Smith to SW, December 26, 1814, and Thomas Jesup to SW, January 23, 1815, in WD (M221), reels 63 and 66; Samuel G. Goodrich, Recollections of a Lifetime, 2 vols. (New York, 1856), 2:51–52. The Connecticut Assembly passed a law explicitly affirming a city’s right to regulate parades and music. See State of Connecticut, Public Records of the State of Connecticut, 19 vols. to date (Hartford, 1894-), 17:175–76.
12. Resolutions of New Bedford Town Meeting, July 21, 1814, in Niles’ Register 6 (August 6, 1814), 386. See also Samuel M. Worcester, The Life and Labors of Samuel Worcester, 2 vols. (Boston, 1852), 2:226.
13. Report of Massachusetts Legislature, June 10, 1813, in Niles’ Register 4 (June 19, 1813), 252–53. Massachusetts finally got the arms. See Caleb Strong to Massachusetts Legislature, January 13, 1814, in Boston New-England Palladium, January 14, 1814.
14. Resolution of Massachusetts Senate, June 15, 1813, in Niles’ Register 4 (July 3, 1813), 287. For the Republican criticism that prompted this resolution, see Boston Independent Chronicle, March 6 and 15, 1813.
15. Ingersoll, Historical Sketch, 2:23.
16. Decatur to SN, December 20, 1813, in Washington National Intelligencer, December 28, 1813. See also Ingersoll, Historical Sketch, 2:53–54; Adams, History, 2:814–15.
17. Niles’ Register 5 (January 1, 1814), 299.
18. See AC, 13–2, 1123–28.
19. Speech of Jonathan O. Moseley, January 24, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 1126.
20. Some of the material that follows has been taken from Donald R. Hickey, “New England’s Defense Problem and the Genesis of the Hartford Convention,” New England Quarterly 50 (December, 1977), 587–604.
21. See AC, 2–1, 1392–95; Adams,
History, 2:1063; John K. Mahon, The American Militia: Decade of Decision, 1789–1800 (Gainesville, 1960), 65.
22. Dearborn to Caleb Strong, June 22, 1812, in ASP: MA, 1:322; SW to Strong, July 21, 1812, in WD (M6), reel 6; Dearborn to Roger Griswold, June 22, 1812, in Hartford Connecticut Courant, September 1, 1812; William Jones to Rhode Island Legislature, November 6, 1812, in Niles’ Register 3 (November 21, 1812), 179–80.
23. John Cotton Smith to SW, July 2, 1812, Roger Griswold to SW, August 13, 1812, Strong to SW, August 5, 1812 (with enclosure, giving state supreme court advisory opinion), and Jones to SW, August 22, 1812, in ASP: MA, 1:326, 610–12, 615, 621; Hartford Connecticut Mirror, reprinted in Hartford Connecticut Courant, August 11, 1812.
24. Speech of John Holmes, [October 10, 1814], in Synopsis of Debates in the Massachusetts Legislature [Boston, 1814], 8; Hartford Connecticut Courant, November 17, 1812; Theodore Dwight, History of the Hartford Convention (New York, 1833), 255.
25. For the use of militia on the Canadian frontier, see SW to Daniel Tompkins, March 24, 1812, and to Return J. Meigs, March 26, 1812, in WD (M6), reel 5; SW to Joseph Anderson, June 6, 1812, in WD (M222), reel 5.
26. JM to Congress, November 4, 1812, in AC, 12–2, 13. See also Memorandum of [Albert Gallatin?], June, 1812, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 25.
27. SW to [Henry Dearborn], July 1, 1812, in Eustis Papers (LC), reel 1; Dearborn to James Monroe, July 8, 1812, in Monroe Papers (LC), reel 5; Dearborn to Monroe, July 30, 1812, in Monroe Papers (NYPL); Lynn W. Turner, William Plumer of New Hampshire, 1759–1850 (Chapel Hill, 1962), 220. In Martin v. Mott in 1827, the Supreme Court ruled that the president had the authority to determine when to call out the militia. See Henry Cabot Lodge, Life and Letters of George Cabot, 2nd ed. (Boston, 1878), 513.
28. JM to Henry Dearborn, August 9, 1812, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 14.
29. Smith to SW, June 7, 1813, in ASP: MA, 1:615.
30. For documents bearing on this matter—too voluminous to cite in detail—see John Cotton Smith Papers (CHS). Most of the pertinent documents have been published in Thompson R. Harlow et al., eds., John Cotton Smith Papers, 7 vols. (Hartford, 1948–67), vols. 1 and 2. See also Stephen Decatur to SN, July 7, 1813, in ND (M125), reel 29; and Hartford Connecticut Courant, November 10, 1813.
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