66. Washington Lee to SW, September 2, 1813, in WD (M222), reel 8.
67. Tompkins to New York Legislature, November 3, 1812, in Hastings, Papers of Daniel D. Tompkins, 3:180.
68. Victor S. Clark, History of Manufactures in the United States, 2 vols. (Washington, DC, 1916–28), 1:chs. 9, 18–20.
69. Simon Snyder to Pennsylvania Legislature, December 5, 1811, in Niles’ Register 1 (December 21, 1811), 282. For similar sentiments, see JM to Congress, December 7, 1813, and speech of Charles J. Ingersoll, February 14, 1814, in AC, 13–2, 543, 1431; Washington National Intelligencer, November 25, 1813; Boston Independent Chronicle, August 16, 1813.
70. James Morrison to Henry Clay, December 24, 1812, in WD (M222), reel 6. See also SW to Morrison, October 29, 1812, in WD (M6), reel 6; and Morrison to SW, January 28, 1813, in WD (M221), reel 55.
71. Martin Baum to SW, March 25, 1813, in WD (M221), reel 50.
72. SW to William Duane, April 29, 1813, in William Duane, ed., “Selections from the Duane Papers,” Historical Magazine, 2nd ser., 4 (August, 1868), 62.
73. Clay to SW, June 25, 1813, in Hopkins and Hargreaves, Papers of Henry Clay, 1:806–7.
74. Speech of Joseph Hawkins, January 18, 1815, in AC, 13–3, 1081. See also ST to SW, April 17, 1813, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 15; Lewis Sanders to [Wilson Cary Nicholas], June 2, 1814, in Nicholas Papers (UVA); Thomas P. Abernethy, “Andrew Jackson and the Rise of Southwestern Democracy,” American Historical Review 33 (October, 1927), 65.
75. Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: The Rise of Western Cities, 1790–1830 (Cambridge, 1959), 39–71.
76. Letter from Boston merchant, October 17, 1813, in Boston Patriot, November 10, 1813.
77. See Ebenezer Denny to SW, April 10 and 23, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 52; Thomas P. Abernethy, The South in the New Nation, 1789–1819 ([Baton Rouge], 1961), 456–57.
78. Shelby to Kentucky Legislature, December 6, 1814, in Lexington Reporter, December 17, 1814.
79. State of Georgia, Acts of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia [1812] (Milledgeville, 1812), 3–8; State of Maryland, Laws Made and Passed by the General Assembly of the State of Maryland [1813] (Annapolis, 1813), 15–20; State of North Carolina, Laws of North Carolina [1812] ([Raleigh, 1813]), 8–9; State of North Carolina, Laws of North Carolina [1813] ([Raleigh, 1814]), 6–7; Peter Early to Georgia Senate, November 11, 1814, in Lexington Reporter, February 8, 1815.
80. Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, October 16, 1814, and to William Duane, November 24, 1814, in Jefferson Papers (LC), reel 47.
81. Nathaniel Macon to Joseph H. Nicholson, December 23, 1812, in Nicholson Papers (LC); Jefferson to William Short, November 28, 1814, in Jefferson Papers (LC), reel 47.
82. Randolph to Josiah Quincy, August 30, 1813, in Edmund Quincy, Life of Josiah Quincy of Massachusetts, 4th ed. (Boston, 1868), 336. See also John Hollins to [Wilson Cary Nicholas], June 1, 1814, and Joseph Marx and George Marx to [Wilson Cary Nicholas], August 9 and 23, 1814 in Nicholas Papers (UVA); W. Freeman Galpin, “The Grain Trade of Alexandria, Virginia, 1801–1815,” North Carolina Historical Review 4 (October, 1927), 424–27; Jerome R. Garitee, The Republic’s Private Navy: The American Privateering Business as Practiced by Baltimore during the War of 1812 (Middletown, 1977), 52–54.
83. Lowndes to Elizabeth Lowndes, November 6, 1814, in Lowndes Papers (UNC), reel 1. See also Sarah Lemmon, Frustrated Patriots: North Carolina and the War of 1812 (Chapel Hill, 1973), 192–96.
84. Niles’ Register 7 (December 3, 1814), 193–97. For similar sentiments, see New York National Advocate, reprinted in Philadelphia Aurora, March 1, 1814; Memorandum of [Virgil Maxcy], March 15, 1814, in Galloway-Maxcy-Markoe Papers (LC); William C. Bradley to SW, May 5, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 51; Adams, History, 2:915–16; Edward Channing, A History of the United States, 6 vols. (New York, 1905–25), 4:542–43; Samuel Elliot Morison, The Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis, Federalist, 1765–1848, 2 vols. (Boston, 1913), 2:52–53; Marshall Smelser, The Democratic Republic, 1801–1815 (New York, 1968), 292.
85. W. B. Smith, “Wholesale Commodity Prices in the United States, 1795–1824,” Review of Economic Statistics 9 (October, 1927), 177.
86. John Quincy Adams, An Eulogy on the Life and Character of James Monroe (Boston, 1831), 74. See also Rufus King to Christopher Gore, July 11, 1814, in King, Rufus King, 5:398.
87. For more on the state loans, see chapter 10: The Hartford Convention.
88. Paul Revere & Son to SW, May 4, 1812, and Eli Whitney to SW, March 8, 1813, in WD (M221), reels 56 and 58.
89. The command problem is dealt with in chapter 10: The Hartford Convention.
90. Statement of Third Auditor’s Office, December 12, 1820, in ASP: MA, 2:280–81.
91. Tonnage for the Year 1813, in ASP: C & N, 1:1018.
92. Samuel Eliot Morison, The Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783–1860, rev. ed. (Cambridge, 1961), 205–6; Charles Warren, Jacobin and Junto; or, Early American Politics as Viewed in the Diary of Dr. Nathaniel Ames, 1758–1822 (Cambridge, 1931), 264.
93. Perkins & Co., Boston, to Perkins & Co., Canton, November 17, 1814, in Cary, Thomas Handasyd Perkins, 300.
94. Christopher Gore to Rufus King, July 28, 1814, in King, Rufus King, 5:403; Benjamin W. Labaree, Patriots and Partisans: The Merchants of Newburyport, 1764–1815 (Cambridge, 1962), 200.
95. Christopher Gore to Rufus King, July 28, 1814, in King, Rufus King, 5:403.
96. Speech of Daniel Sargent, [October 11, 1814], in Synopsis of Debates in the Massachusetts Legislature [Boston, 1814], 13. See also Timothy Pitkin, A Statistical View of the Commerce of the United States (Hartford, 1816), 41–42, 45–46; Robert A. East, “Economic Development and New England Federalism, 1803–1814,” New England Quarterly 10 (September, 1937), 442–44; Mahan, Sea Power, 2:179–83.
97. Speech of Richard Stockton, December 10, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 849.
98. Duane to Thomas Jefferson, September 26, 1814, in Jefferson Papers (LC), reel 46.
99. James Ronaldson to Jonathan Russell, February 17, 1814, in Russell Papers (BU); Andrei Dashkov to Nikolai Rumiantsev, January 1, 1815, in Bashkina et al., United States and Russia, 1100.
100. Wirt to Elizabeth Wirt, October 25, 1814, in Wirt Papers (MdHS), reel 2.
101. JM to Wilson Cary Nicholas, November 25, 1814, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 16.
102. See chapter 5: Raising Men and Money.
103. Federalists had little strength in Georgia or the West. For the election results elsewhere in 1813–1814, see Keene Newhampshire Sentinel, October 23 and 30, 1813, and Zadock Thompson, History of Vermont, rev. ed., 3 vols. (Burlington, 1853), 2:94–95, 118 (for VT); Keene Newhampshire Sentinel, June 12 and 19, 1813, and April 2 and June 11, 1814 (for NH); James M. Banner, Jr., To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789–1815 (New York, 1970), 61, 367 (for MA); Hartford Connecticut Courant, October 25, 1814, and Richard J. Purcell, Connecticut in Transition, 1775–1818 (Washington, DC, 1918), 291–92 (for CT); Samuel H. Allen, “The Federal Ascendency of 1812,” Narragansett Historical Register 7 (October, 1889), 390–94 (for RI); DeAlva S. Alexander, A Political History of the State of New York, 3 vols. (New York, 1906–9), 217, 226 (for NY); Higginbotham, Keystone in the Democratic Arch, 284, 299 (for PA); Walter R. Fee, The Transition from Aristocracy to Democracy in New Jersey, 1789–1829 (Sommerville, 1933), 195, 203 (for NJ); John A. Munroe, Federalist Delaware, 1775–1815 (New Brunswick, NJ, 1954), 233–35 (for DE); L. Marx Renzulli, Jr., Maryland: The Federalist Years (Rutherford, NJ, 1972), 307–10 (for MD); James H. Broussard, The Southern Federalists, 1800–1816 (Baton Rouge, 1978), 294–95 (for VA, NC and SC).
104. See Kenneth C. Martis, The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789–1989 (New York, 1989), 83. At the opening session of this Congress, the Republicans controlled 118 of 182 seats in the House and 24 of 36 seats in the Senate. The Republicans picked up a House seat a
nd two Senate seats when Indiana joined the Union in late 1816, but otherwise the party balance remained the same for the duration of the Congress. Martis has the Republicans losing a Kentucky Senate seat when Martin D. Hardin took over after a resignation, but I believe Hardin was a Republican.
105. Hay to James Monroe, March 14, 1814, in Monroe Papers (NYPL); Macon to Joseph H. Nicholson, February 4, 1814, in Nicholson Papers (LC). For similar sentiments, see Thomas Jesup to ———, July 15, 1813, in Jesup Papers (LC); Robert Whitehill to James Hamilton, July 25, 1813, in Hamilton Papers (HSP); William Jones to Alexander Dallas, January 4, 1814, in Jones Papers (HSP).
106. Harrison, Diary of Thomas P. Cope (September 2, 1814), 298; George Hay to James Monroe, September 10, 1814, in Monroe Papers (NYPL); King to Jeremiah Mason, September 2, 1814, in King, Rufus King, 5:414.
107. See chapter 8: The British Counteroffensive.
108. ST to JM, September 26, 1814, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 16; George W. Campbell to John Norvell, January 19, 1815, in Campbell Papers (LC); Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 432.
109. SN to JM, September 11, 1814, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 16.
110. JM to James Monroe, October 1, 1814, in Monroe Papers (NYPL); Senate Journal, 2:530.
111. JM to Daniel Tompkins, September 28, 1814, and Tompkins to JM, October 6 and 8, 1814, in Madison Papers (LC), reels 16 and 26.
112. JM to John Rodgers, November 24, 1814, Memorandum of Attorney General, December 4, 1814, JM to Benjamin Crowninshield, December 15, 1814, and Crowninshield to JM, December 26 and 28, 1814, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 16; Senate Journal, 2:597; Andrei Dashkov to Nikolai Rumiantsev, January 1, 1815, in Bashkina et al., United States and Russia, 1100.
113. Dallas to William Jones, October 2, 1814, in Jones Papers (HSP).
114. J. Harold Ennis, “Alexander James Dallas,” in DAB, 5:36–38; Raymond Walters, Jr., Alexander James Dallas: Lawyer—Politician—Financier, 1759–1817 (Philadelphia, 1943), passim.
115. George Hay to James Monroe, October 16, 1814, in Monroe Papers (LC), reel 10.
116. Abner Lacock, quoted in Ingersoll, Historical Sketch, 2:253; Senate Journal, 2:533.
117. AC, 13–2, 766, 2003, 2835.
118. Proclamation of James Madison, August 8, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 9.
119. Roberts to Matthew Roberts, September 27, 1814, in Roberts Papers (HSP). See also Nathaniel Macon to Joseph H. Nicholson, September 22, 1814, in Nicholson Papers (LC).
120. Washington National Intelligencer, September 9, 1814; Brant, James Madison, 6:323.
121. Andrei Dashkov to Nikolai Rumiantsev, November 14, 1814, in Bashkina et al., United States and Russia, 1097.
122. Wirt to Elizabeth Wirt, October 24, 1814, in Wirt Papers (MdHS), reel 2.
123. Jones to Alexander Dallas, September 25, 1814, in Dallas Papers (HSP).
124. Daniel Webster, quoted in speech of Joseph Lewis, February 8, 1815, in AC, 13–3, 1137; Jesse Bledsoe to William Worsely, September 26, 1814, in Worsely Papers, Lyman C. Draper Collection (HSW), reel 6cc. See also Ingersoll, History, 2:264.
125. JM to Congress, September 20, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 12–15.
126. These documents are printed in ASP: FR, 3:695–710.
127. Speeches of Joseph Varnum, November 16, 1814, and John C. Calhoun, October 25, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 58, 465.
128. Speech of Jeremiah Mason, November 16, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 78.
129. Memorandum of Rufus King, October, 1814, in King, Rufus King, 5:422–24; Alexander Hanson to Robert Goodloe Harper, October 9, 1814, in Harper Papers (MdHS), reel 2; Timothy Pickering to Gouverneur Morris, October 29, 1814, in Pickering Papers (MHS), reel 15.
130. Speech of Alexander Hanson, October 10, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 382. Hanson reported that his speech was received “almost with acclamation” by the Republicans. “Even old [Robert] Wright was ready to embrace me . . . but while I am willing to go all honourable lengths to defend the country I can have no connection or understanding with scoundrels.” Hanson to Robert Goodloe Harper, October 11, 1814, in Harper Papers (MdHS), reel 2.
131. Alexandria Gazette, October 15, 1814. See also Speech of Thomas J. Oakley, October 10, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 382–83; Stephen Van Rensselaer to Rufus King, October 25, 1814, in King, Rufus King, 5:431; Charles Cotesworth Pinckney to F. D. Petit de Villers, October 31, 1814, in Pinckney Papers (DU); Robert Goodloe Harper to William Sullivan, November 2, 1814, in Harper Papers (MdHS), reel 2; Robert Patterson to Jonathan Russell, November 6, 1814, in Russell Papers (BU); Samuel Dana to [William Eustis], November 2, 1814, in Eustis Papers (LC), reel 2; William Polk to William Hawkins, October 17, 1814, in Raleigh Minerva, October 21, 1814; Georgetown Federal Republican, October 11, 1814; Resolutions of New York Legislature, ibid., October 31, 1814; New York Evening Post, October 12 and 13, 1814; Philadelphia United States’ Gazette, October 14, 1814; Norfolk Ledger, reprinted in Salem Essex Register, November 19, 1814.
132. Boston Gazette, November 7, 1814.
133. Pickering to Caleb Strong, October 12, 1814, in Pickering Papers (MHS), reel 15.
134. Otis to Robert Goodloe Harper, October 27, 1814, in Morison, Harrison Gray Otis, 2:181. See also Caleb Strong to Timothy Pickering, October 12, 17, and 18, 1814, John Lowell, Jr., to Pickering, October 19, 1814, Pickering to Gouverneur Morris, October 29, 1814, and Manasseh Cutler to Pickering, November 28, 1814, in Pickering Papers (MHS), reels 15 and 30; Samuel Taggart to John Taylor, November 2, 1814, in Mary R. Reynolds, ed., “Letters of Samuel Taggart, Representative in Congress, 1803–1814,” Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 33 (October, 1923), 430–31; Henry Lee to ———, February 18, 1815, in Kenneth W. Porter, ed., The Jacksons and the Lees: Two Generations of Massachusetts Merchants, 1765–1844, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1937), 2:1122; Boston New-England Palladium, October 18 and 28, 1814; Boston Columbian Centinel, October 19 and 26, 1814; Keene Newhampshire Sentinel, October 22, 1814; Boston Daily Advertiser, reprinted in Salem Gazette, November 1–15, 1814.
135. Letter from Washington, December 24, 1814, in New York National Advocate, December 28, 1815. See also Nathaniel Macon to Joseph H. Nicholson, October 24, 1814, in Nicholson Papers (LC).
136. SW to George M. Troup, October 17, 1814, in ASP: MA, 1:515.
137. SW to Brown, February 10, 1815, in WD (M7), reel 1. See also SW to Daniel D. Tompkins, February 4, 1815, ibid.; SW to Chairman of Senate Military Committee, December 23, 1814, in ASP: MA, 1:610; speech of John C. Calhoun, October 25, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 467; New York National Advocate, September 10 and November 6, 1814; William Wirt to Elizabeth Wirt, October 25, 1814, in Wirt Papers (MdHS), reel 2; Lexington Reporter, January 6, 1815.
138. Speech of Lyman Law, December 17, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 944; Morris to Harrison Gray Otis, November 8, 1814, in Morison, Harrison Gray Otis, 2:183. See also speeches of Jeremiah Mason, November 16, 1814, Morris Miller, November 28 and December 8, 1814, Thomas P. Grosvenor, December 3, 1814, and Zebulon R. Shipherd, December 9, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 90–91, 687–88, 739, 742, 791–92, 821; Alexandria Gazette, December 17, 1814; New York Evening Post, November 4 and 5, 1814; Ontario (NY) Repository, reprinted in Pittsburgh Gazette, January 10, 1815.
139. Memorandum of Rufus King, October, 1814, in King, Rufus King, 5:424. See also Frederick Wolcott to Oliver Wolcott, October 16, 1814, in Wolcott Papers (CHS); John Jacob Astor to James Monroe, September 2, 1814, in Monroe Papers (LC), reel 5; speeches of Thomas Bayly and Cyrus King, October 22, 1814, Zebulon R. Shipherd, October 25, 1814, and Lyman Law, December 17, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 440, 452, 472, 948; Boston Columbian Centinel, August 31, 1814; Boston New-England Palladium, September 2, 6, and 9, 1814; Boston Gazette, September 5, 1814; Portsmouth Oracle, reprinted in Chillicothe Supporter, November 19, 1814; Baltimore Federal Gazette, reprinted in Pittsburgh Gazette, January 21, 1815.
140. George Hay to James Monroe, November 27, 1814, in Monroe Papers (LC), reel 5; Monroe to [Hay?], December 2, 1814, in Monroe Papers (NYPL); Alexander Hanson to Robert Goodloe Ha
rper, October 9, 1814, in Harper Papers (MdHS), reel 2; Alexander Dallas to William Jones, September 18, 1814, in Jones Papers (HSP); Elkanah Watson to JM, September 8, 1814, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 16.
141. Hanson to Robert Goodloe Harper, October 9, 1814, in Harper Papers (MdHS), reel 2.
142. John Lovett to Solomon Van Rensselaer, June 22, 1813, in Catharina V. R. Bonney, A Legacy of Historical Gleanings, 2nd ed., 2 vols. (Albany, 1875), 1:301. See also Jonathan Roberts to [Matthew Roberts], March 16, 1814, in Roberts Papers (HSP).
143. Georgetown Federal Republican, November 25, 1814; AC, 13–3, 110–11.
144. Letter from Washington, November 25, 1814, in Salem Gazette, December 9, 1814.
145. Georgetown Federal Republican, November 26, 1814. See also Ingersoll, History, 3:292–93.
146. These documents are printed in ASP: FR, 3:710–26.
147. Washington National Intelligencer, December 2, 1814. See also Boston New-England Palladium, December 9, 1814; AC, 13–3, 701.
148. William Plumer to Jeremiah Mason, December 29, 1814, in Plumer Papers (LC), reel 2. For similar sentiments, see William Lowndes to Elizabeth Lowndes, November 30, 1814, in Lowndes Papers (UNC), reel 1; Ebenezer Stott to Duncan Cameron, December 12, 1814, in Cameron Papers (UNC); Worcester National Aegis, December 14, 1814; New York Evening Post, December 5, 7, and 8, 1814; Trenton Federalist, December 5, 1814; Philadelphia United States’ Gazette, December 13, 1814; Georgetown Federal Republican, December 2, 1814; Alexandria Gazette, December 3, 1814; Baltimore Federal Gazette, reprinted in Charleston Courier, December 20, 1814.
149. For the peace rumors, see Joseph Lyman to John Treadwell, December 14, 1814, in Morison, Harrison Gray Otis, 2:188; Edward Lloyd to Elijah Davis, December 21, 1814, in “Unpublished Letters,” Maryland Historical Magazine 21 (September, 1926), 283; Salem Gazette, January 13, 1815; Boston Columbian Centinel, January 14, 18, and 28, 1815; Providence Gazette, January 14, 1815; Newport Mercury, January 14, 1815; New London Connecticut Gazette, January 18, 1815; Chillicothe Supporter, December 24, 1814; Niles’ Register 4 (January 14, 1815), 331.
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