Why Men Fight

by Bertrand Russell

  INDEX

  Publication Titles beginning with ‘A’ or ‘The’ will be filed under the first significant word. Page references to Endnotes will have the letter ‘n’ following the number

  abuse of power 13–14

  adultery 109, 110;

  penalty for 111–12

  adventure, mental 105–6

  Africa 79, 149

  aggression 8–9, 31, 56

  Allen & Unwin xiv

  alliances of nations 65

  America:

  B.R.’s reputation in xiv;

  and England 26, 65;

  as free State 26;

  helplessness of citizens in 35;

  money, respect for 59;

  safety of 36;

  War of Independence 147;

  and worship of money 71, 73

  anarchy 25, 26, 35, 132

  anti-capitalist movements 34

  Aquinas, Thomas 129

  Army 25, 28n, 29, 63

  art/artistic creation 6, 10, 21, 59, 138n, 150

  artificial injustice, law 78

  Athens 99

  The Atlantic Monthly xiv

  atomist philosophy xv, xvi

  Aurelius, Marcus 157

  Australia 34

  Austria 29

  authority:

  in education 93;

  function of 39;

  and institutions 10, 13, 17;

  in marriage 121;

  and obedience 100;

  and religion 14;

  of State 37;

  traditional bonds based on 122

  aversion, common 18, 19

  Balance of Power 61

  beliefs 2–3, 98

  Bentham, Jeremy ix

  bias, of Governments 37–38

  biological groups 18

  birth-rate 114, 115n, 117;

  selectiveness of 118, 120

  blasphemy prosecutions 26

  blind impulses 6, 7

  Boer Republics 56

  bondage 136

  Burns, Delisle xv

  Butler, Sir William 56

  capital and labour, conflict between 17

  capitalism 75, 86, 87

  captains of industry 80–81

  Carlyle, T. 18, 19, 21

  Catholic religion 115, 117, 129, 133

  Caxton Hall, London xi, xii

  Century Company xiv

  children:

  expense of 73, 74, 83–84, 113, 119, 120, 125;

  love for 144–45;

  and marriage systems 109;

  need for 125;

  see also education

  Christianity 13, 26, 33, 108, 132

  Church:

  dangers of 130–31;

  and education 94;

  and medieval society 13, 14;

  power of 27;

  and tribal feeling 30

  Church of England 110, 111

  City State 45

  civilization/civilized life 31, 39, 117, 157, 158

  clergymen/clerical profession 130

  common purpose 14, 17–18, 30, 152;

  and marriage 19–20

  common sense 150

  community 2–3, 31;

  of nations 17

  comparative wealth 49

  compatriots, instinctive liking for 20, 32

  Confédération Générale du Travail 31

  conflict 17, 46, 57, 59, 66

  conflict of interests 87–88, 114

  conservatism 84, 128

  constructiveness 10, 85

  co-operation 17, 20, 23

  co-operative movement xv, 88

  corruption 137

  cosmopolitanism 33

  creativity:

  impulse, creative 150–51, 153;

  and science 138;

  stifling 86, 87

  creeds 30, 130–31

  crime, fear of 31

  Cromwell, Oliver 147

  curiosity 5, 134

  Dante 129, 130

  death, and impulse 9, 10

  death-rate, fall in 115n

  democracy:

  and Great War 8;

  industrial 89;

  and literacy 40–41;

  and obedience 28;

  and oppression, prevention of 64;

  and reform 159;

  and State power 35;

  theory of 147

  desires:

  and happiness 47;

  human nature 137;

  and impulses 3–4, 6, 11, 152–53;

  and needs 125;

  of policy makers 53–54;

  thwarting of 151;

  for wealth 59;

  of wives 122;

  and worship of money 70

  discipline 7, 99, 100, 101–2

  distribution systems 77, 78, 81

  divorce, expense of 109

  eating 137

  economic organizations 19, 87

  economic system, chief test of 85

  education 91–107;

  compulsory 40;

  dangers of 95;

  as a drill 99;

  expense of 83–84;

  ideals of (B.R.’s views) 99–100, 101;

  and patriotism 32;

  and politics 92, 95;

  possessiveness of 154;

  power of 92;

  and reverance 93–94;

  subjective reporting of facts 96;

  theorists 91;

  ultimate goal of 91

  educational reformers 103

  elementary education 97, 102

  Elizabethan England, Elizabethan 85

  employment see work endowments 130

  England:

  and America 26, 65;

  Balance of Power doctrine 61;

  Elizabethan 85;

  as free State 26;

  and Germany 49–51, 73;

  inheritance rights 80;

  Ireland, oppression of (B.R.’s views) 64;

  marriage law 109, 111;

  and nationalism 34;

  Pax Britannica 60;

  political liberty of 49;

  population of 115;

  Puritanism in 152;

  and worship of money 71, 73

  enjoyment 57, 70

  envy 49–51

  Epicureanism 157

  eugenics 120

  Europe 61, 149

  “Eve’s Ransom” (Gissing) 69

  examination system 104

  families, limitation of:

  economic considerations 73, 74, 113, 119, 120, 125;

  among intelligent persons 116–17;

  and late marriage 72

  fear 31, 36–37, 106–7

  federation of States 39

  feudal period 78–79

  force:

  external 36;

  and law 25–26;

  law substituted for 38;

  by police, versus war 47

  foreigners 25, 27, 29, 32

  foreign invasion, perennial risk of 31

  Foreign Secretaries 37

  foresight, and impulses 4–5

  France:

  as civilized nation 49;

  democracy in 147;

  French language 16;

  French Revolution 31, 61, 147;

  inheritance rights 72, 80;

  population of 114–15;

  and worship of money 72–73

  freedom 14, 15;

  of thought, suppressing 98–99

  Free Trade policy 73

  free will 103

  Freudian theory, impulses xi

  General Councils, fallibility of 14

  George Allen & Unwin Limited xiv

  Germany:

  comparative wealth 48–49;

  and England 49–51, 73;

  envy of rulers 49–51;

  impulse of resistance to 8;

  militarism of 52;

  nationalism/patriotism of 16, 48;

  religion 73–74;

  and science 58;

  vital energy, misuse of 149;

  “wickedness” of
Germans 2;

  and worship of money 73

  gipsies 41

  Gissing, George R. 69

  Godwin, William xvi

  “good form” 97, 98

  Gospels 132, 133

  Governments:

  ambitions of 2;

  personal bias of 37–38

  Great War (World War I):

  and impulses 8;

  inadequate views of, B.R. on 2;

  losses in ix;

  mood of parties participating in 50–52;

  Somme offensive (1916) xii–xiii;

  unifying nature of 14

  group membership 30

  growth, principles of xv, 17, 150;

  tree comparison 11–12;

  unimpeded growth 20–21, 85

  Guild Socialism xv

  happiness:

  activity, dependent upon 57;

  and desires 47;

  group membership 30;

  in marriage 126;

  and money 70, 74, 82

  Hart, Bernard xi

  Haynes, E. S. P. 110–11

  head masters, conferences of 37

  hegemony 61, 62, 121

  heretics 14

  heroism 67

  Hibbert Journal xv

  Hicks, G. Dawes xv, xvi

  higher education 102

  history, teaching of 95

  hope 107

  hostility 2, 9–10, 101

  House of Lords 112

  human nature 2–3, 21, 22

  humiliation 51

  humility, of educator 94

  husband, authority of 121–22

  hypocrisy 73, 112

  immorality 112

  imperialism 8, 52

  impulses x, xv, 2–12;

  activities,

  towards 4, 6, 46;

  aggression and resistance to aggression 8–9;

  creative 150–51, 153, 154;

  and desires 3–4, 6, 11, 152–53;

  lack of, as death 9;

  modification of 7–8;

  and punishment 22;

  and religion 134;

  restraint of 5;

  sacrifice, towards 33;

  strength of 5, 7, 22;

  towards war 48, 56, 57, 159;

  and will 155

  independence 36;

  of thought 105

  India 60–61

  individualism/individuality 25, 33, 123, 124

  industrial action 37–38, 47

  industrialism 7, 23, 73, 74, 90

  industrial systems, judging 74–75

  infectious diseases, prevention of 40

  inheritance 80

  initiative 35, 43, 87

  injustice 10, 40, 41–42, 78

  Innocent III 129

  instinct, life of:

  and animal nature 134;

  harmony with mind and spirit 135–37;

  importance of 138–39;

  and love 143;

  unrefined 140

  instinctive cycles 137

  instinctive liking see liking, instinctive

  institutions 22–23;

  and authority 10, 13, 17;

  creativeness of 153;

  as hindrance to growth 12, 17;

  political 12, 19, 85;

  and private property 24;

  religious 13;

  social 11;

  and State 24;

  war as permanent institution 46–68

  integration 151–52

  intelligence, and limitation of families 116–18

  international affairs, regulation 47

  The International Journal of Ethics xv

  International Workers of the World 31

  intrinsic wealth 48

  James, William x–xi, 58

  journalism 150

  joy of life 10

  Judaism 33

  justice:

  claims of 83;

  and education 92;

  and labour movement 82;

  as object of civilization 39;

  and remedying of injustice 41;

  and socialism 81;

  see also injustice

  Kemp, Reginald 28n

  King’s Proctor 109–10

  knowledge 128, 134

  labour disputes 37–38, 47

  labour movement 82–83, 84

  Lafayette 147

  land, private ownership 41, 42;

  lack of justification for 78, 79

  law:

  artificial injustice 78;

  marriage 109, 111, 112, 120, 126–27;

  and State 25–26, 38

  Lawrence, D. H. xi–xii

  Liberalism ix, x, 1

  liberty 14, 36, 42, 43, 62;

  and education 92, 93;

  interference with 40, 61;

  “liberties of Europe” 61;

  and marriage 123, 127;

  mutual 123;

  political 49;

  principle of 148

  life:

  and impulse 7, 9, 10;

  philosophies of 159–60;

  unity of 149–50, 156

  liking, instinctive:

  and common purpose 17–18;

  for compatriots 20, 32;

  and human nature 21;

  and marriage 19

  Liszt, F. 73

  literacy 40–41

  Liverpool 64

  Llewelyn Smith, H. 77

  Lloyd George, David 44

  local government 43

  London 77

  love 10;

  for children 144–45;

  disappointment in 151;

  man and woman 124, 142, 143, 154;

  religious 139

  luxuries 76

  Macbeth 5

  malevolence 21

  Malthus, T. 118

  Manchester Ship Canal 64

  marriage 19–20, 108–27;

  and law 109, 111, 112, 120, 126–27;

  new form 123;

  past ideal of 121–22;

  as political institution 108–9;

  possessiveness of 154;

  postponement of 71, 72

  Marriage and Morals xvi

  The Masses (American socialist periodical) xv

  material goods, religion of 70

  maternal instincts, lack of 113, 114, 119

  mediaeval period 13, 14

  men and women, conflict between 17

  Middle Ages 13, 31, 129

  middle-classes, dwindling nature of 115

  militarism 52, 53, 59, 87

  military service, universal 26–27

  Military Service Act 15n

  Mill, John Stuart ix, 147

  mind, life of 133, 140–41, 144;

  harmony with instinct and spirit 135–37, 139;

  and knowledge 134

  minimum, universal, attainment of 40

  misanthropy, of Carlyle 18, 19, 21

  money, worship of 59, 69–74;

  and education 94, 104

  money lending 78

  monogamy 126

  monopolies 41

  Montessori education system 91, 100n, 102

  “The Moral Equivalent of War” (James) x, 58

  morality 120, 126;

  and religion 131

  Morrell, Lady Ottoline xi

  Muirhead, J. H. xvi

  Napoleon 16

  nationalism xiii, 68;

  and creeds, disbelief in 30;

  dangers of 15–17;

  and socialism 34;

  see also patriotism

  national pride 33, 50–51

  nations:

  community of 17;

  compatriots and foreigners 20;

  and nationalism 15;

  peace-loving 56;

  and tribal feeling 30;

  unity of 65–66

  native disposition 21

  Navy 25, 29, 63

  needs 3, 12, 23, 70, 125

  neutrality, mutual 27

  neutrals, powers of 48

  No-Conscription Fellowship
xiv

  Nonconformism 111

  Norway, separation from Sweden 36

  obedience:

  demanded by education 99, 100, 102;

  demanded by State 27–28, 30

  Ogden, C. K. xii, xiv

  opponents of war 9

  opportunity 85

  oppression 13, 16, 64, 130

  organization 7, 42

  Oriental despots 13, 28

  pacifism 2, 9, 56, 58, 60

  pain, and restraint of impulses 5

  Parliament 46, 112, 150

  passions 3, 9, 30, 55, 146;

  pride and fear 36–37

  passive acceptance, in education 104–5, 107

  patriotism:

  and control 141–42;

  defects, when merely instinctive 143;

  and instinctive liking 20;

  religious element in 32, 33;

  and State 44;

  see also nationalism

  peace 52, 53, 56, 58

  Pembroke Lodge x

  Philip II 61

  Plato 57

  pleasure, pursuit of 139, 157

  police 25, 47

  political institutions 12, 19, 85

  politics 131, 147

  population question 114–21;

  eugenics 120;

  limitation of families, among intelligent 116–18;

  social class distributions 115;

  see also marriage

  possession 76, 153

  power:

  abuse of 13–14;

  of education 92;

  of landowner 79;

  of State see State power;

  in war 36

  pride 32, 36–37;

  national 33, 50–51

  priesthood 131

  Prime Ministers 37

  Principles of Social Reconstruction ix, x–xi, xvi

  private judgement, right of 14

  private ownership 41, 42

  production 84, 86;

  belief in importance of 75–77

  professional classes 115

  prohibitions, outward 151

  property 69–90;

  disbelief in 30;

  fruits of own labour, right to 78;

  legal rights to 77;

  possessiveness of 153;

  and religion 130;

  and syndicalism 24

  Protestantism 129

  prudence 71

  The Psychology of Insanity (Hart) xi

  public opinion:

  and adultery 111–12;

  hostility of 9–10;

  and industrial action 38;

  and liberty 43;

  State, manipulation by 28–29;

  on wealth 59

  public schools 72, 97

  punishment 22, 27;

  of conscientious objectors 26n

  Puritanism 152

  Radicalism x

  railways 41

  rationality/reason 3, 8, 55;

  acting on reason 4–5

  reconstruction xi, xiii, 23

  reform 152, 158–59

  Reformation 128, 129

  religion 13, 14–15, 68, 128–45;

  Catholic see Catholic religion;