by Ian Buruma
1. Norman M. Naimark, Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 118.
2. Tadeusz Borowski, This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen (New York: Viking, 1967).
3. Gilbert, The Day the War Ended, 38.
4. Shephard, After Daybreak, 113.
5. Ruth Andreas-Friedrich, Battleground Berlin: Diaries, 1945–1948 (New York: Paragon House, 1990), 99.
6. Hans Graf von Lehndorff, Ostpreussisches Tagebuch [East Prussian Diary Records of a Physician from the Years 1945–1947] (Munich: DTV, 1967), 67.
7. Ibid., 74.
8. Naimark, The Russians in Germany, 72.
9. Bessel, Germany 1945, 155.
10. Okada Kazuhiro, Manshu Annei Hanten (Tokyo: Kojinsha, 2002), 103.
11. Ibid., 128.
12. Naimark, The Russians in Germany, 108.
13. Anonymous, A Woman in Berlin: Eight Weeks in the Conquered City: A Diary (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2005), 86.
14. Naimark, The Russians in Germany, 79.
15. Quoted in Buisson, 1940–1945: Années érotiques, 387.
16. Ibid., 251–52.
17. Jan Gross, Fear: Anti-Semitism in Poland after Auschwitz (New York: Random House, 2006), 82.
18. Anna Bikont, My z Jedawabnego [We from Jedwabne] (Warsaw: i S-ka, 2004). Translated excerpt by Lukasz Sommer.
19. Testimony of Halina Wind Preston, July 26, 1977: www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/related/preston_testimony.asp.
20. Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (New York: Penguin Press, 2005), 38.
21. Gross, Fear, 40.
22. Naimark, Fires of Hatred, 122.
23. Shephard, The Long Road Home, 122.
24. Christian von Krockow, Hour of the Women (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 96.
25. Christian von Krockow, Die Reise nach Pommern: Bericht aus einem verschwiegenen Land (Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, 1985), 215.
26. Herbert Hupka, ed., Letzte Tage in Schlesien (Munich: Langen Müller, 1985), 138.
27. Ibid., 81.
28. Ernst Jünger, Jahre der Okkupation (Stuttgart: Ernst Klett, 1958), 213–14.
29. Krockow, Hour of the Women, 110.
30. MacDonogh, After the Reich, 128.
31. Margarete Schell, Ein Tagebuch aus Prag, 1945–46 (Bonn: Bundesministerium für Vertriebenen, 1957), 12.
32. Ibid., 48.
33. Ibid., 99.
34. Ibid., 41.
35. MacDonogh, After the Reich, 406.
36. Dina Porat, The Fall of the Sparrow: The Life and Times of Abba Kovner (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009), 214.
37. Ibid., 212.
38. Ibid., 215.
39. Abba Kovner, My Little Sister and Selected Poems, 1965–1985 (Oberlin, Ohio: Oberlin College Press, 1986).
40. Judt, Postwar, 33.
41. Harold Macmillan, The Blast of War, 1939–1945 (New York: Harper & Row, 1967), 576.
42. Wilson, Europe Without Baedeker, 147.
43. Figures quoted in Roy P. Domenico, Italian Fascists on Trial, 1943–1948 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 149.
44. Wilson, Europe Without Baedeker, 157.
45. Macmillan, The Blast of War, 193.
46. Ibid.,501.
47. Allan Scarfe and Wendy Scarfe, eds., All That Grief: Migrant Recollections of Greek Resistance to Fascism, 1941–1949 (Sydney, Australia: Hale and Iremonger, 1994), 95.
48. Macmillan, The Blast of War, 499.
49. Mark Mazower, ed., After the War Was Over: Reconstructing the Family, Nation, and State in Greece, 1943–1960 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 27.
50. Macmillan, The Blast of War, 547.
51. The Times (London), July 13, 1945.
52. Macmillan, The Blast of War, 515.
53. Wilson, Europe Without Baedeker, 197.
54. Spector, In the Ruins of Empire, 90.
55. Cheah Boon Kheng, “Sino-Malay Conflicts in Malaya, 1945–1946: Communist Vendetta and Islamic Resistance,” Journal for Southeast Asian Studies 12 (March 1981), 108–117.
56. Gideon Francois Jacobs, Prelude to the Monsoon (Capetown, South Africa: Purnell & Sons, 1965), 124.
57. Spector, In the Ruins of Empire, 174.
58. Benedict Anderson, Java in a Time of Revolution: Occupation and Resistance, 1944–1946 (Jakarta: Equinox Publishing, 2005).
59. L. de Jong, Het koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de tweede wereldoorlog, 11c, Staatsuitgeverij, 1986.
60. Theodore Friend, Indonesian Destinies (Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 2003), 27.
61. Jan A. Krancher, ed., The Defining Years of the Dutch East Indies, 1942–1949: Survivors’ Accounts of Japanese Invasion and Enslavement of Europeans and the Revolution That Created Free Indonesia (Jefferson, NC: MacFarland, 1996), 193.
62. Spector, In the Ruins of Empire, 179.
63. De Jong, Het koninkrijk der Nederlanden, 582.
64. Anderson, Java in a Time of Revolution, 166.
65. Spector, In the Ruins of Empire, 108.
66. Jean-Louis Planche, Sétif 1945: Histoire d’un massacre annoncé (Paris: Perrin, 2006), 139.
67. Martin Evans, Algeria: France’s Undeclared War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).
68. Françoise Martin, Heures tragiques au Tonkin: 9 mars 1945–18 mars 1946 (Paris: Editions Berger-Levrault, 1947), 133.
69. David G. Marr, Vietnam 1945: The Quest for Power (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 333.
70. Martin, Heures tragiques au Tonkin, 179.
71. Ibid., 129.
72. Spector, In the Ruins of Empire, 126.
CHAPTER 4: GOING HOME
1. For a detailed analysis, see Timothy Snyder’s magisterial book Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (New York: Basic Books, 2010).
2. Imre Kertész, Fateless (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1992).
3. Quoted in Dienke Hondius, Holocaust Survivors and Dutch Anti-Semitism (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003), 103.
4. Ibid., 101.
5. Roger Ikor, Ô soldats de quarante! . . . en mémoire (Paris: Albin Michel, 1986), 95.
6. Marguerite Duras, The War (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986), 15.
7. Ibid., 14.
8. Ibid., 53.
9. Ango, Darakuron, 227.
10. Dower, Embracing Defeat, 58.
11. Koe, vol. 1 (Tokyo: Asahi Shimbunsha, 1984), 103. No author, this is a collection of letters sent to the newspaper.
12. Ibid., 104.
13. Bill Mauldin, Back Home (New York: William Sloane, 1947), 18.
14. Ibid., 45.
15. Ibid., 54.
16. Nicholai Tolstoy, The Minister and the Massacres (London: Century Hutchinson, 1986), 31.
17. Quoted in Gregor Dallas, 1945: The War That Never Ended (New Haven, Conn.: Yale, 2005), 519.
18. Tolstoy, The Minister and the Massacres, 13.
19. Ibid.
20. Nicholas Bethell, The Last Secret: The Delivery to Stalin of over Two Million Russians by Britain and the United States (New York: Basic Books, 1974), 86.
21. Ibid., 87.
22. Borivoje M. , The Bloodiest Yugoslav Spring: Tito’s Katyns and Gulags (New York: Carlton Press, 1980), 73.
23. Macmillan, The Blast of War, 436.
24. Shephard, The Long Road Home, 80.
25. Bethell, The Last Secret, 18, 19.
26. Ibid., 133.
27. Ibid., 138.
28. Ibid., 142.
29. Ibid., 140.
30. Dallas, 1945, 560.
31. Yank, August 24, 1945.
32. Dallas, 1945, 549.
&nb
sp; 33. Naimark, Fires of Hatred, 109.
34. Ibid., 110.
35. Lehndorff, Ostpreussisches Tagebuch, 169.
36. Hupka, Letzte Tage in Schlesien, 265.
37. Jünger, Jahre der Okkupation, 195.
38. Author’s communication with Fritz Stern.
39. Quoted in Bessel, Germany 1945, 223.
40. Hupka, Letzte Tage in Schlesien, 64.
41. Yank, September 21, 1945, 16.
42. Naimark, Fires of Hatred, 112.
43. Ibid., 115.
44. Antony Polonsky and Boleslaw Drukier, The Beginnings of Communist Rule in Poland (London and Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980), 425.
45. Grossmann, Jews, Germans, and Allies, 199.
46. Quoted by Grossmann, 148.
47. Ibid., 147.
48. New York Herald Tribune, December 31, 1945.
49. Heymont, Among the Survivors, 21.
50. Grossmann, Jews, Germans, and Allies, 181.
51. Quoted in Hagit Lavsky, New Beginnings: Holocaust Survivors in Bergen-Belsen and the British Zone in Germany, 1945–1950 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2002), 64.
52. Rosensaft himself never settled in Israel. He apparently told some Israelis, “You danced the hora while we were being burned in the crematoriums.” (Quoted in Shephard, The Long Road Home, 367.)
53. Heymont, Among the Survivors, 47–48.
54. Quoted in Shabtai Teveth, Ben-Gurion: The Burning Ground, 1886–1948 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987), 853.
55. Avishai Margalit, “The Uses of the Holocaust,” New York Review of Books, February 14, 1994.
56. Tom Segev, The Seventh Million: The Israelis and the Holocaust (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993), 99–100.
57. Teveth, Ben-Gurion, 871.
58. Ibid., 870.
59. Heymont, Among the Survivors, 66.
60. Teveth, Ben-Gurion, 873.
61. The Harrison Report, so called after Earl G. Harrison, the U.S. representative on the Inter-Governmental Committee on Refugees.
62. Letter dated August 31, 1945.
63. PRO FO 1049/81/177, quoted in Life Reborn, conference proceedings, edited by Menachem Rosensaft (Washington, D.C., 2001), 110.
64. Bethell, The Last Secret, 8.
CHAPTER 5: DRAINING THE POISON
1. Andreas-Friedrich, Battleground Berlin, 27.
2. Luc Huyse and Steven Dhondt, La répression des collaborations, 1942–1952: Un passé toujours présent (Brussels: CRISP, 1991), 147.
3. Sodei Rinjiro, ed., Dear General MacArthur: Letters from the Japanese During the American Occupation (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), 70.
4. Ibid., 87.
5. Ibid., 78.
6. Directive from the State, War, Navy Coordinating Committee, quoted in Hans H. Baerwald, The Purge of Japanese Leaders Under the Occupation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959), 7.
7. Quoted by Faubion Bowers in “How Japan Won the War,” The New York Times Magazine, August 30, 1970.
8. Cohen, Remaking Japan, 85.
9. See Franz Neumann, Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism, 1933–44, with a new introduction by Peter Hayes (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2009; published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum). First published 1942.
10. Andreas-Friedrich, Battleground Berlin, 100.
11. Ibid., 101.
12. James F. Tent, Mission on the Rhine: Reeducation and Denazification in American-Occupied Germany (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982) 55.
13. Zuckmayer, Deutschlandbericht, 137.
14. Timothy R. Vogt, Denazification in Soviet-Occupied Germany: Brandenburg, 1945–1948 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 34.
15. Ibid., 38.
16. Tom Bower, The Pledge Betrayed: America and Britain and the Denazification of Postwar Germany (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), 148.
17. Ibid., 8.
18. Henke, Die Amerikanische Besetzung Deutschlands, 487.
19. Cohen, Remaking Japan, 161.
20. Jerome Bernard Cohen, Japan’s Economy in War and Reconstruction (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1949), 432.
21. Cohen, Remaking Japan, 154.
22. Rinjiro, Dear General MacArthur, 176.
23. Ibid., 177.
24. LaCerda, The Conqueror Comes to Tea, 25.
25. Cohen, Remaking Japan, 45.
26. Dower, Embracing Defeat, 530.
27. Cary, ed., From a Ruined Empire, 107.
28. Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925–1975 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982), 42.
29. Teodoro Agoncillo, The Fateful Years: Japan’s Adventure in the Philippines, 1941–1945 (Quezon City, The Philippines: R. P. Garcia, 1965), 672.
30. Stanley Karnow, In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines (New York: Random House, 1989), 327.
31. Ibid., 328.
32. Jay Taylor, The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 323.
33. Keene’s letter to T. de Bary in Cary, ed., From a Ruined Empire, 128.
34. Spector, In the Ruins of Empire, 41.
35. Odd Arne Westad, Cold War and Revolution: Soviet-American Rivalry and the Origins of the Chinese Civil War, 1944–1946 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 90.
36. Two books on the Annei Hanten are Okada Kazuhiko, Manshu Annei Hanten (Kojinsha, 2002), and Fujiwara Sakuya, Manshu, Shokokumin no Senki, cited in chapter 2 above.
37. Peter Novick, The Resistance Versus Vichy: The Purge of Collaborators in Liberated France (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), 40.
38. Ibid., 77–78.
39. Quoted in Beevor and Cooper, Paris After the Liberation, 104.
CHAPTER 6: THE RULE OF LAW
1. Fujiwara, Manshu, Shokokumin no Senki, 175.
2. Márai, Memoir of Hungary, 188.
3. István Deák, Jan Tomasz Gross, Tony Judt, eds., The Politics of Retribution in Europe: World War II and Its Aftermath (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 235.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid., 237.
6. Ibid., 235.
7. Ibid., 134.
8. Ibid., 135.
9. Mazower, ed., After the War Was Over, 31.
10. Lee Sarafis, “The Policing of Deskati, 1942–1946,” in Mazower, ed., After the War Was Over, 215.
11. Scarfe and Scarfe, All That Grief, 165–66.
12. Translation by E. D. A. Morshead.
13. Quoted in John W. Powell, “Japan’s Germ Warfare: The US Cover-up of a War Crime, “Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 12 (October/December 1980), 9.
14. Lawrence Taylor, A Trial of Generals: Homma, Yamashita, MacArthur (South Bend, IN: Icarus Press, 1981), 125.
15. Yank, “Tiger’s Trial,” November 30, 1945.
16. Taylor, A Trial of Generals, 137.
17. A. Frank Reel, The Case of General Yamashita (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949), 34.
18. Richard L. Lael, The Yamashita Precedent: War Crimes and Command Responsibility (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1982), 111.
19. Taylor, A Trial of Generals, 195.
20. Lael, The Yamashita Precedent, 118.
21. Quoted in J. Kenneth Brody, The Trial of Pierre Laval: Defining Treason, Collaboration and Patriotism in World War II France (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2010), 136.
22. Time, January 4, 1932.
23. Geoffrey Warner, Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France (New York: Macmillan, 1969), 301.
24. For a detailed description of Mussert’s criminal venality, see Tessel Pollmann, Mussert en Co.: de NSB-leider en z
ijn vertrouwelingen (Amsterdam: Boom, 2012).
25. Time, October 15, 1945.
26. Jean-Paul Cointet, Pierre Laval (Paris: Fayard, 1993), 517.
27. Jacques Charpentier, Au service de la liberté (Paris: Fayard, 1949), 268.
28. Hubert Cole, Laval (London: Heinemann, 1963), 284.
29. Cointet, Pierre Laval, 527.
30. Jan Meyers, Mussert (Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspers, 1984), 277.
31. Ibid., 275.
32. Cointet, Pierre Laval, 537.
33. Quoted in Novick, The Resistance Versus Vichy, 177.
34. George Kennan, Memoirs 1925–1950 (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1967), 260.
35. Dower, Embracing Defeat, 445.
36. Telford Taylor, The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992), 29.
37. Spender, European Witness, 221.
38. Yank, May 18, 1945.
39. Website of the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission.
40. The Times (London), April 20, 1945.
41. Daily Mirror (London), April 20, 1945.
42. The Times (London), April 28, 1945.
43. Shephard, After Daybreak, 166.
44. The Times (London), September 24, 1945.
45. Ibid., November 9, 1945.
46. Shephard, After Daybreak, 171–72.
47. The Times (London), November 8, 1945.
48. Ernst Michel, DANA report, January 9, 1945.
49. Rebecca West, The New Yorker, October 26, 1946.
50. Telford Taylor, Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials, 25.
51. Ibid., 26.
52. Ernst Michel, DANA, February 15, 1946.
53. Jünger, Jahre der Okkupation, 176.
54. Andreas-Friedrich, Battleground Berlin, 63–64.
55. Telford Taylor, Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials, 167–68.
CHAPTER 7: BRIGHT CONFIDENT MORNING
1. See Hermann Langbein, Against All Hope: Resistance in the Nazi Concentration Camps, 1938–1945 (New York: Paragon House, 1994), 502.
2. Manchester Guardian, July 27, 1945.
3. Daily Telegraph (London), July 11, 2003.
4. Manchester Guardian, July 27, 1945.
5. Ibid.
6. Harold Nicolson, The Harold Nicolson Diaries, 1907–1964, Nigel Nicolson, ed. (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004), 321.
7. Harold Macmillan, Tides of Fortune, 1945–1955 (New York: Harper & Row, 1969), 32.