Unfair

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Unfair Page 62

by Adam Benforado


  Pearl, Sharrona. About Faces: Physiognomy in Nineteenth-Century Britain. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010.

  Pease, Ken. “Crime Reduction.” In The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 3rd ed., edited by Mike Maguire, Rod Morgan, and Robert Reiner. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

  Peterson, Jillian K., Jennifer Skeem, Patrick Kennealy, Beth Bray, and Andrea Zvonkovic. “How Often and How Consistently Do Symptoms Directly Precede Criminal Behavior Among Offenders with Mental Illness?” Law and Human Behavior 38, no. 5 (2014): 439–49.

  Psych Central Staff. “Antisocial Personality Disorder Symptoms.” Psych Central. Accessed May 21, 2014. http://psychcentral.com/​disorders/​antisocial​-personality-disorder-symptoms/.

  Raine, Adrian. The Anatomy of Violence: The Biological Roots of Crime. Toronto: Random House, 2013.

  Reeves, Hope. “I See…Hemorrhoids in Your Future.” New York Times, March 10, 2013.

  Reyna, Valerie F. “How People Make Decisions That Involve Risk: A Dual-Processes Approach.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 13, no. 2 (2004): 60–66.

  Reyna, Valerie F., and Frank Farley. “Risk and Rationality in Adolescent Decision Making.” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 7, no. 1 (2006): 1–44.

  Roper v. Simmons. 543 U.S. 551 (2005).

  Ross, Lee, and Donna Shestowsky. “Contemporary Psychology’s Challenges to Legal Theory and Practice.” Northwestern University Law Review 97, no. 3 (2003): 1081–1114.

  Royal Society. Brain Waves Module 4: Neuroscience and the Law. London: Royal Society, 2011.

  Rushing, Susan E., Daniel A. Pryma, and Daniel D. Langleben. “PET and SPECT.” In Neuroimaging in Forensic Psychiatry, edited by Joseph Simpson. Oxford: John Wiley, 2012.

  Sabol, S. Z., Stella Hu, and D. Hamer. “A Functional Polymorphism in the Monoamine Oxidase A Gene Promoter.” Human Genetics 103, no. 3 (September 1998): 273–79.

  Schuessler, Jennifer. “Book Portrays Eichmann as Evil, but Not Banal.” New York Times, September 2, 2014.

  Shader, Michael. U.S. Department of Justice. Risk Factors for Delinquency: An Overview. 2004.

  “This Day: An Extraordinary Scene.” Evening Post, December 4, 1889.

  This Day in History. “Dachau Liberated: April 29, 1945.” History.com. Accessed May 19, 2014. http://www.history.com/​this-day-in-​history/​dachau-liberated.

  University of Massachusetts. “UMass Presidents: William M. Bulger.” Last modified June 30, 2011. http://www.massachusetts.edu/​presidents/​bulger.html.

  University of Texas at Dallas. “Criminologist’s Research Shows Genes Influence Criminal Behavior.” Last modified January 24, 2012. http://www.utdallas.edu/​news/​2012/1​/24-15201_Criminologists-Research​-Shows-Genes-Influence-Crim_article-wide.html.

  University of Washington. “Brain Facts and Figures.” Accessed May 20, 2014. http://faculty.washington.edu/​chudler/​facts.html.

  “Urgent Private Affairs.” Evening Post, June 10, 1886.

  Valencia, Milton J., Shelley Murphy, and Martin Finucane. “Whitey Bulger, Boston Gangster Found Responsible for 11 Murders, Gets Life in Prison.” Boston Globe, November 14, 2013.

  Valeo, Tom. “Legal-Ease: Is Neuroimaging a Valid Biomarker in Legal Cases?” Neurology Today 12, no. 8 (2012): 38–40.

  Vedantam, Shankar. “Behind a Halloween Mask, Even ‘Good’ Kids Can Turn into Candy Thieves.” NPR, October 31, 2012. http://www.npr.org/​blogs/thesalt/2012​/10/31/164030718/​behind-a-halloween-mask-even-good​-kids-can-turn-into-candythieves.

  Victorian Web. “Victorian Science: An Introduction.” Last modified December 6, 2008. http://www.victorianweb.org/​science/intro​.html.

  Wheeler, Mark. “UCLA Researchers Map Damaged Connections in Phineas Gage’s Brain.” UCLA Newsroom, May 16, 2012. http://news room.ucla.edu/​releases/embargoed-for-​release-until-wednesday-233846.

  “Whitey Bulger Biography.” Bio. Accessed May 21, 2014. http://www.biography.com/​people/whitey​-bulger–328770#capture-and-trial&​awesm=~oEWyGCLDWfHOKb.

  Wiebking, Christine, Alexander Sartorius, Harald Dressing, and Greg Northoff. “Pedophilia.” In Neuroimaging in Forensic Psychiatry, edited by Joseph Simpson. Oxford: John Wiley, 2012.

  Wikimedia Commons. “File: De Humana Physiognomia-Kuh und Mann.jpg.” Last modified August 1, 2008. http://commons.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​File:De_Humana_Physiognomia_-_Kuh_und_Mann.jpg/.

  William Johnston. 1887. Photograph. New Zealand Police Museum, Porirua.

  Witt, Jessica, and James Brockmole. “Action Alters Object Identification: Wielding a Gun Increases the Bias to See Guns.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 38, no. 5 (2012): 1159–67.

  Wolfe, Mary K., and Jeremy Mennis. “Does Vegetation Encourage or Suppress Urban Crime? Evidence from Philadelphia, PA.” Landscape and Urban Planning 108 (November—December 2012): 112–22.

  Zimbardo, Philip G., and Michael R. Leippe. The Psychology of Attitude Change and Social Influence. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991.

  4. BREAKING THE RULES ~ THE LAWYER

  “A Cheating Crisis in America’s Schools.” ABC News, April 29, 2012. http://abcnews.go.com/​Primetime​/story?id=132376&page=1.

  Ariely, Dan. The (Honest) Truth About Dishonesty. New York: Harper-Collins, 2012.

  Asimow, Michael. “Embodiment of Evil: Law Firms in the Movies.” UCLA Law Review 48 (2001): 1341–92.

  Bandes, Susan. “The Lone Miscreant, The Self-Training Prosecutor, and Other Fictions: A Comment on Connick v. Thompson.” Fordham Law Review 715 (2012): 715–36.

  Barber, Elizabeth. “Dallas Targets Wrongful Convictions, and Revolution Starts to Spread.” Christian Science Monitor, May 25, 2014.

  Bazelon, Emily. “Playing Dirty in the Big Easy.” Slate, April 18, 2012. http://www.slate.com/​articles/news_and_politics​/crime/2012/04​/new_orleans_district_attorney_leon_cannizzaro_is_being_questioned_for_his_ethics_in_pursuing_convictions_.html.

  Biography.com. “Harry Connick Jr.” Accessed May 13, 2014. http://www.biography.com/​people/​harry-connick-jr-5542.

  Brady v. Maryland. 373 U.S. 83 (1963).

  Bryan, Christopher J., Gabrielle S. Adams, and Benoît Monin. “When Cheating Would Make You a Cheater: Implicating the Self Prevents Unethical Behavior.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 142, no. 4 (2013): 1001–5.

  Chance, Zoë, Michael I. Norton, Francesca Gino, and Dan Ariely. “Temporal View of the Costs and Benefits of Self-Deception.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (2011): 15655–59.

  Cohen, Taya R., A. T. Panter, and Nazli Turan. “Guilt Proneness and Moral Character.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 21 (2012): 355–59.

  Connick v. Thompson. 131 S. Ct. 1350 (2011).

  Dallas County District Attorney’s Office. “Conviction Integrity Unit.” Accessed April 26, 2014. http://www.dallasda.com/​division/​conviction-integrity-unit/.

  Davidson, Adam, Jacob Goldstein, Caitlin Kenney, and Dan Kedmey. “What’s the Easiest Way to Cheat on Your Taxes?” New York Times, April 3, 2012.

  “Failure of Empathy and Justice.” New York Times, March 31, 2011.

  Fisher-Giorlando, Marianne. “Louisiana.” In The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia, edited by Wilbur R. Miller. Los Angeles: Sage, 2012.

  Florida Innocence Project. “Conviction Integrity Units: Righting the Wrongs or a Waste of Time?” Plain Error, September 18, 2012. http://floridainnocence.org/​content/?tag=conviction​-integrity-units.

  Garrett, Brandon L. Convicting the Innocent: Where Criminal Prosecutions Go Wrong. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.

  Gino, Francesca, and Dan Ariely. “The Dark Side of Creativity: Original Thinkers Can Be More Dishonest.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 102 (2011): 445–59.

  Gino, Francesca, Maurice E. Schweitzer, Nicole L. Mead, and Dan Ariely. “Unable to Resist Temptation: How Self-Control Depleti
on Promotes Unethical Behavior.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 115 (2011): 191–203.

  Gino, Francesca, Shahar Ayal, and Dan Ariely. “Contagion and Differentiation in Unethical Behavior.” Psychological Science 20, no. 3 (2009): 393–98.

  Graves, Lucia. “Which Types of Students Cheat Most?” U.S. News and World Report, October 3, 2008.

  Harris Interactive. “Confidence in Congress Stays at Lowest Point in Almost Fifty Years.” May 21, 2012. http://www.harrisinteractive.com/​NewsRoom/HarrisPolls​/tabid/447/ctl/ReadCustom​%20Default/mid/1508/ArticleId/1068/Default.aspx.

  History.com. “Nuremberg Trials.” Accessed April 21, 2014. http://www.history.com/​topics/​world-war-ii​/nuremberg-trials.

  Hollway, John, and Ronald M. Gauthier. Killing Time: An 18-Year Odyssey from Death Row to Freedom. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2010.

  Indvik, Lauren. “U.S. Internet Piracy Is on the Decline.” USA Today, March 25, 2011.

  Innocence Project. “Conviction Integrity Unit Reviews Possible Wrongful Convictions.” Innocence Blog, March 26, 2013. http://www.innocenceproject.org/​Content/Conviction_Integrity_Unit_Reviews_Possible_​Wrongful_Convictions.php.

  Innocence Project. “Conviction Integrity Unit to Review 50 Brooklyn Murder Cases.” Innocence Blog, May 13, 2013. http://www.innocenceproject.org/​Content​/Conviction_Integrity_Unit_to_Review​_50_Brooklyn_Murder_Cases.php.

  Innocence Project. “The Exonerator.” Innocence Blog, November 17, 2008. http://www.innocenceproject.org/​Content/The_Exonerator.php.

  Internal Revenue Service. “Tax Gap.” Last modified December 3, 2013. http://www.irs.gov/​uac/The-Tax-Gap.

  “Ira Sorkin, Lawyer for Bernie Madoff, Leaves Dickstein Shapiro.” JD Journal, November 3, 2010. http://www.idiournal.c0m/​2010/11/03​/ira-sorkin-lawyer-for-bernie-madoff​-leaves-dickstein-shapiro/.

  IRS Oversight Board. 2011 Taxpayer Attitude Survey. Washington, DC: IRS Oversight Board, 2012.

  Jarvis, Rebecca. “America at Tax Time: What Cheaters Cost Us.” CBS News, April 16, 2012. http://www.cbsnews.com/​8301-3445_162-​57414288/america-at-tax-time-what-cheaters-cost-us/.

  Josephson Institute of Ethics. 2012 Report Card on the Ethics of American Youth. Los Angeles: Josephson Institute for Ethics, 2012.

  Keenan, David, Deborah Jane Cooper, David Lebowitz, and Tamar Lerer. “The Myth of Prosecutorial Accountability After Connick v. Thompson: Why Existing Professional Responsibility Measures Cannot Protect Against Prosecutorial Misconduct.” Yale Law Journal Online 121 (2011).

  “Lawyer Joke Collection.” Last modified October 31, 2010. http://www.iciclesoftware.com/​LawJokes/​IcicleLawJokes.html.

  Liptak, Adam. “$14 Million Jury Award to Ex-Inmate Is Dismissed.” New York Times, March 29, 2011.

  Liptak, Adam. “Prosecutor Becomes Prosecuted.” New York Times, June 24, 2007.

  Lithwick, Dahlia. “Cruel but Not Unusual: Clarence Thomas Writes One of the Meanest Supreme Court Decisions Ever.” Slate, April 11, 2011. http://www.slate.com/​articles/news​_and_politics/​jurisprudence/2011/04/cruel_but_not_unusual.single.html.

  Mazar, Nina, On Amir, and Dan Ariely. “The Dishonesty of Honest People: A Theory of Self-Concept Maintenance.” Journal of Marketing Research 45 (2008): 633–44.

  Mazar, Nina, and Dan Ariely. “Dishonesty in Everyday Life and Its Policy Implications.” Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 25, no. 1 (2006): 1–21.

  McCabe, Donald L., Kenneth D. Butterfield, and Linda Klebe Treviño. “Academic Dishonesty in Graduate Business Programs: Prevalence, Causes, and Proposed Action.” Academy of Management Learning and Education 5 (2006): 294–305.

  McCoy, Kevin. “IRS Struggling to Combat Rise in Tax Fraud.” USA Today, April 15, 2012.

  McLaughlin, Michael. “National Registry of Exonerations: More Than 2,000 People Freed After Wrongful Convictions.” Last modified May 22, 2012. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/​2012/05/21​/national-registry​-of-exonerations​_n_1534030.html.

  “McVeigh’s Former Lawyer Speaks Out.” CBS News, June 11, 2001. http://www.cbsnews.com/​news/mcveighs​-former-lawyer-speaks-out/.

  Menkel-Meadow, Carrie. “Can They Do That? Legal Ethics in Popular Culture.” UCLA Law Review 48 (2001): 1305–37.

  Moore, Terri. “Prosecutors Reinvestigate Questionable Evidence: Dallas Establishes ‘Conviction Integrity Unit.’ ” Criminal Justice 26 (2011): 1–6.

  Novotney, Amy. “Beat the Cheat.” Monitor on Psychology 42 (2011): 54.

  “Orleans Parish District Attorney.” Accessed April 21, 2014. http://orleansda.com/​the-d-a/.

  Pérez-Peña, Richard. “Studies Find More Students Cheating, with High Achievers No Exception.” New York Times, September 7, 2012.

  Pinker, Steven. “The Sugary Secret of Self-Control.” Review of Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength, by Roy F. Baumeister and John Tierney. New York Times, September 2, 2011.

  Possley, Maurice, and Ken Armstrong. “The Flip Side of a Fair Trial.” Chicago Tribune, January 11, 1999.

  Recording Industry Association of America. “Student FAQ.” Accessed April 21, 2014. http://www.riaa.com/​toolsforparents.php​?content_selector=resources-for-students.

  Ridgeway, James, and Jean Casella. “14 Years on Death Row. $14 Million in Damages?” Mother Jones, October 6, 2010. http://www.motherjones.com/​politics/​2010/09/connick-v-thompson.

  Salisbury, David. “Breakdown of White-Matter Pathways Affects Decisionmaking As We Age.” Research News at Vanderbilt, April 11, 2012. http://news.vanderbilt.edu/​2012/04​/declining-​decisionmaking/.

  Shu, Lisa L., Francesca Gino, and Max H. Bazerman, “Dishonest Deeds, Clear Conscience: When Cheating Leads to Moral Disengagement and Motivated Forgetting.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 37 (2011): 330–49.

  Simon, Dan. In Doubt: The Psychology of the Criminal Justice Process. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012.

  Siwek, Stephen E. “The True Cost of Sound Recording Piracy to the U.S. Economy.” August 21, 2007. http://www.ipi.org/​ipi_issues/​detail/the-true-cost-of-sound-recording​-piracy-to-the-us-economy.

  Smith, Abbe. “Can You Be a Good Person and a Good Prosecutor?” Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics 14 (2001): 355–400.

  Stern, Walter. “Dershowitz Defends His Defense of Bad People.” Yale Herald, February 5, 1999.

  Takeuchi, Hikaru, Yasuyuki Taki, Yuko Sassa, Hiroshi Hashizume, Atsushi Sekiguchi, Ai Fukushima, and Ryuta Kawashima. “White Matter Structures Associated with Creativity: Evidence from Diffusion Tensor Imaging.” NeuroImage 51 (2010): 11–18.

  Thompson, John. “The Prosecution Rests, But I Can’t.” New York Times, April 9, 2009.

  Tierney, John. “Be It Resolved.” New York Times, January 5, 2012.

  Xu, Xiaomeng, Kathryn E. Demos, Tricia M. Leahey, Chantelle N. Hart, Jennifer Trautvetter, Pamela Coward, Kathryn R. Middleton, and Rena R. Wing. “Failure to Replicate Depletion of Self-Control.” PLOS ONE 9, no. 10 (2014): 1–5.

  Zeleny, Jeff. “Daschle Ends Bid for Post, Obama Concedes Mistake.” New York Times, February 3, 2009.

  Zimmerman, Isaiah M. “Stress and the Trial Lawyer.” Litigation 9 (1983): 37.

  5. IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER ~ THE JURY

  “About the IAT.” Project Implicit. Accessed May 13, 2014. https://implicit.harvard.edu/​implicit/​iatdetails.html.

  Alfano, Sean. “Court Sides with Cops on High-Speed Chase.” CBS News, April 30, 2007. http://www.cbsnews.com/​stories​/2007/04/​30/supremecourt/main2743124.shtml.

  Benforado, Adam. “Frames of Injustice: The Bias We Overlook.” Indiana Law Journal 85 (2010): 1334–78.

  Bornstein, Brian H., and Edie Greene. “Jury Decision Making: Implications For and From Psychology.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 20, no. 1 (2011): 63–67.

  Egan, Timothy. “Not Guilty: The Jury.” New York Times, October 4, 1995.

  Gibbs, Jewelle Taylor. Race and Justice: Ro
dney King and O.J. Simpson in a House Divided. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996.

  Goffman, Alice. On the Run: Fugitive Life in an American City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014.

  Greely, Henry T. “Law and the Revolution in Neuroscience: An Early Look at the Field.” Akron Law Review 42 (2009): 687–715.

  “Homer Badman.” The Simpsons. Directed by David Mirkin. November 27, 1994.

  Kahan, Dan M. “Culture, Cognition, and Consent: Who Perceives What, and Why, in Acquaintance-Rape Cases.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 158 (2010): 729–813.

  Kahan, Dan M., David A. Hoffman, and Donald Braman. “Whose Eyes Are You Going to Believe? Scott v. Harris and the Perils of Cognitive Illiberalism.” Harvard Law Review 122 (2009): 837–906.

  Korn, Harrison A., Micah A. Johnson, and Marvin M. Chun. “Neurolaw: Differential Brain Activity for Black and White Faces Predicts Damage Awards in Hypothetical Employment Discrimination Cases.” Social Neuroscience 7 (2012): 398–409.

  Kotlowitz, Alex. “Deep Cover: Alice Goffman’s ‘On the Run.’ ” New York Times, June 26, 2014.

  Lassiter, G. Daniel. “Illusory Causation in the Courtroom.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 11 (2002): 204–8.

  Lassiter, G. Daniel. “Videotaped Confessions: The Impact of Camera Point of View on Judgments of Coercion.” Journal of Applied Sociology 3 (1986): 268–76.

  Lassiter, G. Daniel, Shari Seidman Diamond, Heather C. Schmidt, and Jennifer K. Elek. “Evaluating Videotaped Confessions: Expertise Provides No Defense Against the Camera Perspective Effect.” Psychological Science 18 (2007): 224–26.

  Lassiter, G. Daniel, and Andrew L. Geers. “Bias and Accuracy in the Evaluation of Confession Evidence.” In Interrogations, Confessions, and Entrapment, edited by G. Daniel Lassiter. New York: Springer, 2004.

  Lassiter, G. Daniel, Andrew L. Geers, Ian M. Handley, Paul E. Weiland, and Patrick J. Munhall. “Videotaped Interrogations and Confessions: A Simple Change in Camera Perspective Alters Verdicts in Simulated Trials.” Journal of Applied Psychology 87 (2002): 867–74.

 

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