Unfair

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Unfair Page 63

by Adam Benforado


  Lassiter, G. Daniel, Andrew L. Geers, Patrick J. Munhall, Ian M. Handley, and Melissa J. Beers. “Videotaped Confessions: Is Guilt in the Eye of the Camera?” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 33 (2001): 198–254.

  Lassiter, G. Daniel, Patrick J. Munhall, Andrew L. Geers, Paul E. Weiland, and Ian M. Handley. “Accountability and the Camera Perspective Bias in Videotaped Confessions.” Analysis of Sociological Issues and Public Policy 1 (2001): 53–70.

  Lewis, Paul. “Every Step You Take: UK Underground Centre That Is Spy Capital of the World.” Guardian, March 2, 2009.

  Lovett, Ian. “In California, a Champion for Police Cameras.” New York Times, August 21, 2013.

  Nadelhoffer, Thomas, and Walter Sinnott-Armstrong. “Neurolaw and Neuroprediction: Potential Promises and Perils.” Philosophy Compass 7, no. 9 (2012): 631–42.

  Phelan, Sean M., John F. Dovidio, Rebecca M. Puhl, Diana J. Burgess, David B. Nelson, Mark W. Yeazel, Rachel Hardeman, Sylvia Perry, and Michelle van Ryn. “Implicit and Explicit Weight Bias in a National Sample of 4,732 Medical Students: The Medical Student CHANGES Study.” Obesity 22 (2014): 1201–8.

  “Police Chase: Scott v. Harris.” YouTube video, 6:00. Posted July 19, 2007. http://www.youtube.​com/​watch?v=DBY2y2YsmNo.

  Ratcliff, Jennifer J., G. Daniel Lassiter, Heather C. Schmidt, and Celeste J. Snyder. “Camera Perspective Bias in Videotaped Confessions: Experimental Evidence of Its Perceptual Basis.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 12 (2006): 197–206.

  Rattan, Aneeta, Cynthia S. Levine, Carol S. Dweck, and Jennifer L. Eberhardt. “Race and the Fragility of the Legal Distinction Between Juveniles and Adults.” PLOS ONE 7, no. 5 (2012): 1–7.

  Rose, Reginald. 12 Angry Men. Directed by Sidney Lumet. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 1957. 96 min.

  Ross, Lee, and Andrew Ward. “Naïve Realism in Everyday Life: Implications for Social Conflict and Misunderstanding.” In Values and Knowledge, edited by Edward S. Reed, Elliot Turiel, and Terrance Brown. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1996.

  Schmidt, Michael S. “In Policy Change, Justice Dept. to Require Recordings of Interrogations,” New York Times, May 22, 2014.

  Schvey, Natasha, Rebecca Puhl, Katherine Levandoski, and Kelly Brownell. “The Influence of a Defendant’s Body Weight on Perceptions of Guilt.” International Journal of Obesity 37, no. 9 (September 2013): 1275–81.

  Scott v. Harris. 550 U.S. 372 (2007).

  Scott v. Harris. Brief for Respondent. 550 U.S. 372 (2007) (No. 05-1631).

  Scott v. Harris. Oral Argument Transcript. 550 U.S. 372 (2007) (No. 05-1631).

  “Should Police Wear Cameras?” New York Times, October 22, 2013.

  Storms, Michael D. “Videotape and the Attribution Process: Reversing Actors’ and Observers’ Points of View.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 27 (1973): 165–75.

  Timoney, John F. “The Real Costs of Policing the Police.” New York Times, August 19, 2013.

  “Why I Ran.” YouTube video, 9:37. Posted December 8, 2009. http://www.​youtube.com/​watch?v=​JATVLUOjzvM&feature=related.

  “Young People of Color Mistrust Police, Legal System, Report Finds.” ScienceDaily, August 16, 2014. http://www.sciencedaily.com/​releases/2014​/08/140816204417.htm.

  6. THE CORRUPTION OF MEMORY ~ THE EYEWITNESS

  Association for Psychological Science. “Having to Make Quick Decisions Helps Witnesses Identify the Bad Guy in a Lineup.” August 28, 2012. http://​ow.ly/​djveA.

  Association for Psychological Science. “Unusual Suspects: How to Make Witnesses More Reliable.” March 5, 2012. http://www.psychologicalscience​.org/​index.php/news​/unusual-suspects-how-​to-make-witnesses-​more-reliable.html#hide.

  Brewer, Neil, and Gary Wells. “Eyewitness Identification.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 20 (2011): 24–27.

  Brigham, John C., and Robert K. Bothwell. “The Ability of Prospective Jurors to Estimate the Accuracy of Eyewitness Identifications.” Law and Human Behavior 7 (1983): 19–30.

  Castel, Alan, Michael Vendetti, and Keith J. Holyoak. “Fire Drill: Inattentional Blindness and Amnesia for the Location of Fire Extinguishers.” Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics 74 (2012): 1391–96.

  Clark, Steven E., Ryan T. Howell, and Sherrie L. Davey. “Regularities in Eyewitness Identification.” Law and Human Behavior 32 (2008): 198–218.

  Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species. London: John Murray, 1859.

  Deffenbacher, Kenneth A., Brian H. Bornstein, Steven D. Penrod, and E. Kiernan McGorty. “A Meta-Analytic Review of the Effects of High Stress on Eyewitness Memory.” Law and Human Behavior 28 (2004): 687–706.

  Downey, Maureen. Georgia Innocence Project. “Sharper Eyewitnessing.” December 21, 2007. http://www.ga​-innocenceproject.​org/​Articles/Article​_95.htm.

  “Editorial: Georgia Should Have Eyewitness ID Protocol.” Athens Banner Herald, September 23, 2011.

  Eldridge, Margery A., Philip J. Barnard, and Debra A. Bekerian. “Autobiographical Memory and Daily Schemas at Work.” Memory 2 (1994): 51–74.

  “File: US10dollarbill-Series 2004A.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons. Accessed May 15, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/​wiki/File​:US10dollarbill​-Series_2004A.jpg.

  Fisher, Ronald, Rebecca Milne, and Ray Bull. “Interviewing Cooperative Witnesses.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 20 (2011): 16–19.

  Frenda, Steven, Rebecca Nichols, and Elizabeth Loftus. “Current Issues and Advances in Misinformation Research.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 20 (2011): 20–23.

  Garrett, Brandon L. Convicting the Innocent: Where Criminal Prosecutions Go Wrong. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.

  Garrett, Brandon L. “Introduction: New England Law Review Symposium on ‘Convicting the Innocent.’ ” New England Law Review 46 (2012): 671–87.

  Goode, Erica, and John Schwartz. “Police Lineups Start to Face Fact: Eyes Can Lie.” New York Times, August 28, 2011.

  Gurney, Daniel J., Karen J. Pine, and Richard Wiseman. “The Gestural Misinformation Effect: Skewing Eyewitness Testimony Through Gesture.” American Journal of Psychology 126 (2013): 301–14.

  Haines, Errin. Georgia Innocence Project. “Man Cleared by DNA Eager for Christmas in Freedom.” December 20, 2007. http://www.ga-​innocenceproject.org/​Articles/Article_94.htm.

  Harley, Erin M., Keri A. Carlsen, and Geoffrey R. Loftus. “The ‘Saw-It-All-Along’ Effect: Demonstrations of Visual Hindsight Bias.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 30 (2004): 432–38.

  Harvard University Press. “Understanding Eyewitness Misidentifications.” March 14, 2011. http://harvardpress.​typepad.com/​hup_publicity​/2011/03/​understanding-eyewitness-misidentifications.html.

  Hasel, Lisa E., and Saul M. Kassin. “On the Presumption of Evidentiary Independence: Can Confessions Corrupt Eyewitness Identifications?” Psychological Science 20 (2009): 122–26.

  Hope, Lorraine, William Lewinski, Justin Dixon, David Blocksidge, and Fiona Gabbert. “Witnesses in Action: The Effects of Physical Exertion on Recall and Recognition.” Psychological Science 23 (2012): 386–90.

  “Hugo Munsterberg.” Accessed May 18, 2014. http://​www.famouspsychologists.org/​hugo-munsterberg/.

  Hulse, Lynn M., and Amina Memon. “Fatal Impact? The Effects of Emotional and Weapon Presence on Police Officers’ Memories for a Simulated Crime.” Legal and Criminological Psychology 11 (2006): 313–25.

  Innocence Project. “John Jerome White.” Accessed May 12, 2014. http://www.​innocenceproject.org/​Content/​John_Jerome_White.php.

  Innocence Project. Reevaluating Lineups: Why Witnesses Make Mistakes and How to Reduce the Chance of Misidentification. New York: Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University.

  Konkol, Mark. “Chicago Police Solve More Murders with New Strategy, Witness Cooperation.” DNAinfo Chicago, July 24, 2013. http://www.dnainfo.com/​chicago/20130724​/loop/​chicago-police-solve-more-mu
rders​-with-new-strategy-witness-cooperation.

  Krug, Kevin. “The Relationship Between Confidence and Accuracy: Current Thoughts of the Literature and a New Area of Research.” Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice 3 (2007): 7–41.

  Lindsay, D. Stephen, J. Don Read, and Kusum Sharma. “Accuracy and Confidence in Person Identification: The Relationship Is Strong When Witnessing Conditions Vary Widely.” Psychological Science 9 (1998): 215–18.

  Liptik, Adam. “34 Years Later, Supreme Court Will Revisit Witness IDs.” New York Times, August 22, 2011.

  Loftus, Elizabeth F., and John C. Palmer. “Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction: An Example of the Interaction Between Language and Memory.” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 13 (1974): 585–89.

  Malpass, Roy S., Colin G. Tredoux, and Dawn McQuiston-Surrett. “Lineup Construction and Lineup Fairness.” In Handbook of Eyewitness Psychology, vol. 2, Memory for People, edited by R. C. L. Lindsay, David F. Ross, J. Don Read, and Michael P. Toglia. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2007.

  Megreya, Ahmed M., and A. Mike Burton. “Matching Faces to Photographs: Poor Performance in Eyewitness Memory (Without the Memory).” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 14 (2008): 364–72.

  Meissner, Christian A., and John C. Brigham. “Thirty Years of Investigating the Own-Race Bias in Memory for Faces: A Meta-Analytic Review.” Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 7 (2001): 3–35.

  Memon, Amina, Lorraine Hope, James Bartlett, and Ray Bull. “Eyewitness Recognition Errors: The Effects of Mugshot Viewing and Choosing in Young and Old Adults.” Memory and Cognition 30 (2002): 1219–27.

  Münsterberg, Hugo. On the Witness Stand: Essays in Psychology and Crime. New York: Doubleday, Page, 1908.

  Nauert, Rick. “Ability to Recognize Faces Is Hardwired.” Psych Central. Accessed December 5, 2011. http://psychcentral.com/​news/​2011/12​/05/ability-​to-recognize-faces-is-hardwired/32196.html.

  Opfer, Chris. “The Problem with Police Line-Ups.” Atlantic, February 19, 2013. http://www.theatlanticcities.com/​politics/​2013/02/problem​-police-line-ups​/4724/.

  Rabin, Roni Caryn. “A Memory for Faces, Extreme Version.” New York Times, May 25, 2009.

  Rankin, Bill. “Innocent Man’s Conviction Show’s Flaws in Line-Ups.” Georgia Innocence Project, December 13, 2007. http://www.ga-innocenceproject.org/​Articles​/Article_90.htm.

  Rhodes, Matthew G., and Jeffrey S. Anastasi. “The Own-Age Bias in Face Recognition: A Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review.” Psychological Bulletin 138 (2012): 146–74.

  Sacchi, Dario, Franca Agnoli, and Elizabeth Loftus. “Changing History: Doctored Photographs Affect Memory for Past Public Events.” Applied Cognitive Psychology 21 (2007): 1005–22.

  Schmechel, Richard S., Timothy P. O’Toole, Catharine Easterly, and Elizabeth Loftus. “Beyond the Ken? Testing Jurors’ Understanding of Eyewitness Reliability Evidence.” Jurimetrics 46 (2006): 177–214.

  Searcy, Jean H. “Age Differences in Accuracy and Choosing in Eyewitness Identification and Face Recognition.” Memory and Cognition 27 (1999): 538–52.

  Simon, Dan. In Doubt: The Psychology of the Criminal Justice Process. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012.

  Simon, Dan. “The Limited Diagnosticity of Criminal Trials.” Vanderbilt Law Review 64 (2011): 143–223.

  Simons, Daniel J., and Christopher F. Chabris. “Gorillas in Our Midst: Sustained Inattentional Blindness for Dynamic Events.” Perception 28 (1999): 1059–74.

  Simons, Daniel J., and Christopher F. Chabris. “What People Believe About How Memory Works: A Representative Survey of the U.S. Population.” PLOS ONE 6, no. 8 (2011): 1–7.

  Sledge, Kaffie. Georgia Innocence Project. “Adjusting to Freedom.” April 21, 2008. http://www.ga-innocenceproject.org/​Articles​/Article_104.htm.

  State of New Jersey, Office of the Attorney General. “Attorney General Guidelines for Preparing and Conducting Photo and Live Lineup Identification Procedures.” April 18, 2001.

  State v. Henderson. 27 A.3d 872 (N.J. 2011).

  State v. White. Transcript of Record. No. 314 (Ga. Super. Ct. May 29, 1980).

  Steblay, Nancy M. “A Meta-Analytic Review of the Weapon Focus Effect.” Law and Human Behavior 16 (1992): 413–24.

  Thompson, Jennifer. “I Was Certain, But I Was Wrong.” New York Times, June 18, 2000.

  Tomes, Jennifer L., and Albert N. Katz. “Confidence-Accuracy Relations for Real and Suggested Events.” Memory 8 (2000): 273–83.

  Turner, Dorie. “DNA Test Clears Man After 27 Years.” Washington Post, December 11, 2007.

  University of California, Los Angeles. “Did You See That? How Could You Miss It?” ScienceDaily, November 26, 2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/​releases/2012​/11/121126151058.htm.

  Valentine, Tim, and Jan Mesout. “Eyewitness Identification Under Stress in the London Dungeon.” Applied Cognitive Psychology 23 (2009): 151–61.

  Valentine, Tim, Alan Pickering, and Stephen Darling. “Characteristics of Eyewitness Identification That Predict the Outcome of Real Lineups.” Applied Cognitive Psychology 17 (2003): 969–93.

  Vredeveldt, Annelies, and Steven D. Penrod. “Eye-Closure Improves Memory for a Witnessed Event Under Naturalistic Conditions.” Psychology, Crime, and Law 1 (2012): 893–905.

  Watkins v. Sowders. 449 U.S. 341 (1981).

  Weiser, Benjamin. “In New Jersey, Rules Are Changed on Witness IDs.” New York Times, August 24, 2011.

  Wells, Gary. “The Mistaken Identification of John Jerome White.” Accessed May 18, 2015. http://www.psychology.iastate.edu/​~glwells/​The_Misidentification_of_John_White.pdf.

  Wells, Gary L. “The Psychology of Lineup Identifications.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 14 (1983): 89–103.

  Wells, Gary L., and Amy L. Bradfield. “ ‘Good You Identified the Suspect’: Feedback to Eyewitnesses Distorts Their Reports of the Witnessing Experience.” Journal of Applied Psychology 83 (1998): 360–76.

  Wells, Gary L., Steve D. Charman, and Elizabeth A. Olson. “Building Face Composites Can Harm Lineup Identification Performance.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 11 (2005): 147–56.

  Wells, Gary L., and Elizabeth A. Olson. “Eyewitness Identification: Information Gain from Incriminating and Exonerating Behaviors.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 8 (2002): 155–67.

  Wise, Richard A., Clifford S. Fishman, and Martin A. Safer. “How to Analyze the Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony in a Criminal Case.” Connecticut Law Review 42 (2009): 435–513.

  Wise, Richard A., Martin A. Safer, and Christina M. Moro. “What U.S. Law Enforcement Officers Know and Believe About Eyewitness Interviews and Identification Procedures.” Applied Cognitive Psychology 25 (2011): 488–500.

  “Witnesses Given New Tool to Fight Gang Crime.” UoP News, March 19, 2013. http://www.port.ac.uk/​uopnews/2013​/03/19/witnesses-given-new​-tool-to-fight-gang-crime/.

  Yuille, John C. “Research and Teaching with Police: A Canadian Example.” International Review of Applied Psychology 33 (1984): 5–23.

  Yuille, John C., Graham Davies, Felicity Gibling, David Marxsen, and Stephen Porter. “Eyewitness Memory of Police Trainees for Realistic Role Plays.” Journal of Applied Psychology 79 (1994): 931–36.

  7. HOW TO TELL A LIE ~ THE EXPERT

  Akehurst, Lucy, Gunter Kohnken, Aldert Vrij, and Ray Bull. “Lay Persons’ and Police Officers’ Beliefs Regarding Deceptive Behavior.” Applied Cognitive Psychology 10 (1996): 461–71.

  Allison, Helen E., and Richard J. Hobbs. Science and Policy in Natural Resource Management: Understanding System Complexity. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

  Anderson v. Bessemer City. 470 U.S. 564 (1985).

  Aspinwall, Lisa G., Teneille R. Brown, and James Tabery. “The Double-Edged Sword: Does Biomechanism Increase or Decrease Judges’ Sentencing of Psychopaths?” Science 337 (2012): 846–49.

  Aspinwall, Lisa G., Teneille R. Brown, and James Tabery. “S
upplementary Materials for ‘The Double-Edged Sword: Does Biomechanism Increase or Decrease Judges’ Sentencing of Psychopaths?’ ” Science, August 17, 2012, 1–29. http://www.sciencemag.org/​content/suppl​/2012/08/15​/337.6096.846.DC1​/1219569.​Aspinwall.SM.pdf.

  Associated Press. “Judge Says Remarks on ‘Gorillas’ May Be Cited in Trial on Beating.” New York Times, June 12, 1991.

  Association for Psychological Science. “Forensic Experts May Be Biased by the Side That Retains Them.” ScienceDaily, August 28, 2013. http://www.sciencedaily​.com/​releases/2013/08/​130828092302.htm.

  Balmer, Andy. “Gary James Smith v. State of Maryland.” Reasonable Excuse (blog), August 30, 2012. http://andybalmer.​wordpress.com/​tag/​no-lie-mri/.

  Baskin, Deborah R., and Ira B. Sommers. “Crime-Show-Viewing Habits and Public Attitudes Toward Forensic Evidence: The ‘CSI Effect’ Revisited.” Justice System Journal 31, no. 1 (2010): 97–113.

  “Beyond Good Cop/Bad Cop: A Look at Real-Life Interrogations.” NPR, December 5, 2013. http://www.npr.org/​2013/12/​05/248968150/​beyond-good-cop-bad-cop-​a-look-at-​real-life-interrogations.

  Bloom, Floyd E., Howard L. Fields, Michael S. Gazzaniga, Scott T. Grafton, Kent Kiehl, Helen Mayberg, Read Montague, Louis J. Ptacek, Marcus Raichle, Adina Roskies, and Anothony Wagner. A Judge’s Guide to Neuroscience: A Concise Introduction. Santa Barbara: University of California, 2010.

  Bond, Charles F., Jr., and Bella M. DePaulo. “Accuracy of Deception Judgments.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 10, no. 3 (2006): 214–34.

  Boyd v. U.S. 116 U.S. 616 (1886).

  Boyes-Watson, Carolyn. Crime and Justice: Learning Through Cases. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.

  “Brains Scan for Lie Detection.” Washington Post, August 26, 2012.

  Brainwave Science. “Brain Fingerprinting Advantages.” Accessed May 16, 2014. http://www.brainwavescience.com/​product-​advantages.html.

  Brainwave Science. “Product Application for Law Enforcement.” Accessed May 16, 2014. http://www.brainwavescience.com/​law-advantages​.html.

 

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