greatest athletes poll, 4
Nazi position on Jewish athletes and, 66
Owens’s marriage and, 50
B
Baer, Max, 85, 103
Baker, William J., 55
Ball, Rudi, 70
Benedetto, Anthony (Tony Bennett), 123
Benedetto, Louis di, 96
Bennett, Tony. See Benedetto, Anthony
Bergmann, Gretel, 70, 154
Berlin, Germany. See also Eleventh Olympiad, games of
Olympic stadium in, 74–76, 140
rejuvenation of, 76, 79–80
visitor perceptions of, 151–53
Berwanger, Jay, 103
Big Ten championship
Ann Arbor, Michigan (1935), 1–13, 42
Columbus, Ohio (1936), 118, 119
Birchall, Frederick T., 79–80, 161, 162, 217
black athletes
boycott movement and, 57–58, 80–81, 89–91, 100
explanations for superiority of, 39–40, 56–57, 131, 181–82
German treatment of, 157–58
Hitler’s snub of, 179–81, 182, 192–95, 206, 208–11, 235–36
Hitler’s view of, 92, 195
press corp and, 157, 180, 185–86, 208–10, 214–15
status on Olympic team, 184–86
black Hollywood, 37–39
black press. See also Amsterdam News
black Olympic athletes and, 157
boycott movement and, 57, 81, 100
Hitler’s snub and, 193–94
Blask, Erwin, 189
Boersma, Tjeerd, 228
Boone, George, 126
Borchmeyer, Erich, 28–29, 187, 191, 222
Boston, Ralph, 81
boycott movement, 57, 63–82, 124 25
Olympic trials and, 124–25
opposition to, 80–82, 83–84, 85–86, 87
resolution of, 92–96
support for, 57, 67–69, 80, 84–85, 86–90
Braddock, Jim, 91
Branting, Sonja, 84–85
Braun, Eva, 141
Breitmeyer, Arno, 71
Brewer, Nelson, 50
broad jump
AAU championship (1935) and, 48
attitude of Owens at Olympics, 172–173, 187, 188, 198, 199–204, 205
California events (1935) and, 35–36, 43, 44
Ferry Field record and, 5, 8–10, 12
Olympic final, 207–8, 209, 214, 236
Olympic qualifying rounds, 196, 198–204
Olympic trials, 129
Ontario meet and, 52
Brooks, John, 129
Brougham, Royal, 178
Broun, Heywood, 68, 82
Brown, Arthur, 183
Brown, Godfrey, 222
Brown, Ivan, 109
Brown Blizzard (nickname), 114
Brundage, Avery, 69, 70–72, 80, 82, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 110, 232
AAU, 97
American apologist for Nazi Germany, 94
AOC code of conduct and, 143, 144–47
background, 63–64
boycott movement and, 64, 69, 70–72, 90–91, 93–96
Nazi agenda and, 124
Nazi sympathies and, 94, 99
Olympic relay team and, 222
public relations and, 146–47
Buckeye Bullet (nickname), 6, 31
C
Cannon, Jimmy, 131–32
Cantor, Eddie, 231, 232, 233
Canty, Ted, 9–10
Carlos, John, 235
Carnera, Primo, 103
Carr, Harry, 37
Carrel, Alexis, 151
Chamberlain, William, 83
Chicago, Illinois, meet (June, 1933), 129–30
Chicago Defender (newspaper), 29, 194
Chicago Tribune (newspaper), 35, 43, 129
civil rights movement, 235
Clark, Bob, 226
Cleveland, Ohio
invitational meet in (1932), 28–29
Owens’s high school athletics in, 14–17, 21–30
summer before Olympic trials in, 55–60
Cleveland Call and Post (newspaper), 50, 100, 193–94
Cleveland Cataclysm (nickname), 37
Cleveland Plain Dealer (newspaper), 13, 27
Cobb, William Montague, 56–57
Cochrane, Mickey, 103
Collier, Bob, 7
Columbus, Ohio, Big Ten meet (1936), 119
Committee on Fair Play in Sports, 82, 83, 84
confidence of Owens
importance of confidence and, 142–43
Olympics and, 172, 173–74, 187–88, 198, 199–204, 207, 213
Peacock and, 53–54, 116–18, 200, 202
Corum, Bill, 181, 192
Coubertin, Pierre de, 76–77
Coughlin, Father Charles, 94
Cretzmeyer, Francis, 12
Cromwell, Dean
Olympic relay team and, 222, 223, 226
Olympic track-and-field trials and, 128–29
Owens and, 36, 147–49, 185
Snyder and, 36, 184–85
crowd response to Owens
at California events (1935), 37, 41, 43–44
Ferry Field records and, 9, 10, 12, 13
at Olympic games, 175–76, 177, 192, 195, 217–18, 225
Crystal Beach, Ontario, meet, 50–52
Curley, James, 68, 82
D
Daily Worker (newspaper), 132–33, 147, 154–55, 210
Daley, Arthur, 116, 129, 198, 226
Olympic reporting by, 180, 202
Owens’s losses to Peacock and, 48, 51
Dark Streak from Ohio State, 220
Dark Streak (nickname), 217, 220
Darré, Richard Walther, 153–54
Davey, Martin L., 214
de Baillet-Latour, Henri, 86–87, 161, 178, 181
decathlon, 11, 225, 226
Der Angriff (The Attack), 208–9
Devrint, Dieudonné, 175
Diamond, Phillip, 7–8
Diels, Rudolf, 139
Diem, Carl, 137–38, 162
diplomatic corps
boycott movement and, 71–72, 88
Hitler’s interest in the Olympics and, 77–78
discus, at Olympic games, 206, 207
Dodd, William E., 218
Drake Relays, 42
Draper, Foy, 36, 40, 44, 51, 116, 219
Olympic relay team and, 221, 222, 223, 225
Olympic trials and, 126–29
Snyder and, 184
Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 45
Dyer, Braven, 39, 40, 48
E
Earle, George H., 88
Ebony Antelope (nickname), 11
Effrat, Louis, 193
Eleventh Olympiad, Games of (Berlin, 1936). See also entries for specific events
ceremonies at opening of, 159–71
day one of, 172–82
day two of, 183–95
day three of, 196–212
day four of, 213–18
German preparations for, 72–76, 78–80, 153–57
international celebrities at, 150–53
martial atmosphere at, 156, 161–62, 167–68, 169
official starter for, 186–87, 189, 228
tours following, 230–32
eugenics, 153–54, 181–82
Ewry, Ray, 209
F
Fanck, Arnold, 138
Farley, James A., 122
Farrell, Fred, 147, 154–55
Far Western Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) championships, San Diego (1935), 44–45
Ferris, Daniel, 232
Flanner, Janet, 79, 215
Fleischer, Tilly, 177
focus
Ann Arbor meet and, 5, 6–7
Olympics and, 32–33, 184, 187–88, 204
pain and, 1–13, 33, 119
Penn Relays and, 115
Foley, Muriel, 41
Ford, James, 133
Ford, John, 38
form, of Owens, 16, 24–
25, 41, 117–18
broad jump and, 9, 173
hurdles and, 12
running, 11, 17, 25, 36, 54, 178, 228
400-meter intermediate hurdles, 43
Fourth Olympic Winter Games (1936), 105–21
4 × 100 meter Olympic relay
controversy over, 219–23, 224, 225
Owens’s interest in, 197, 218, 219–20, 223, 224, 225–26
running of, 224–25, 228–29
team composition for, 130, 219–29
4 × 400 meter Olympic relay, 222
Frankfurter, David, 106–7
Frick, Wilhelm, 74
G
Gallico, Paul, 11
boycott movement and, 91–92, 109–10
Eleanor Holm Jarrett, 144, 145, 188
Olympic reporting by, 167, 169, 180, 192, 228
Olympic village and, 156
Owens’s losses to Peacock and, 52, 54
winter games and, 109–10
Garland, William May, 86
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, 105–21
Garner, George, 45
Genet (nom de plume). See Flanner, Janet
German Olympic Committee
Hitler and, 73–74
Jewish athletes and, 65–67, 91
German people
Nazism and, 153
response to Owens, 175–76, 20–89, 225
German press
on black athletes, 208–9, 210
Jews in Germany and, 107
Nazi goals for the games and, 78–79
Nazi targeting of Lewald and, 69–70
Glickman, Marty, 81, 125–26, 219, 232, 234
Olympic relay team and, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 229
Olympic trials and, 125–29
Goebbels, Joseph, 78, 108, 141, 151, 154
Riefenstahl and, 138–40, 162–63, 189, 236
Gordon, Eddie, 129
Göring, Hermann, 147, 151, 163
Gould, Alan, 58, 129, 148–49, 198, 231
Hitler’s snub and, 193
Olympic prospects and, 58
on Owens, 218
Owens’s fourth medal and, 220, 221
Greb, Harry, 146
Greenberg, Hank, 85
Gustloff, Wilhelm, 106–7
Gypsies, 153
H
Hagen, Walter, 146
Hall, Ernest, 50
Hall, Mordaunt, 138
hammer-throw competition, 189–90
Hänni, Paul, 176–77
Hardin, Glenn, 26, 43, 143, 183, 205, 209
Harmon, Tom, 10
Hayes, Helen, 144
Hayes, Johnny, 209
Hein, Karl, 160, 189
Henie, Sonja, 105
Henry, Bill, 37, 41
Herndon, Angelo, 210
Hess, Rudolf, 206
high-jump competition, at Olympic games, 179
Hill, Frank, 119
Hitler, Adolf
audiences with medalists, 177–78, 179–81, 206–7
Brundage and, 70–72
uninterest in Olympic games, 140, 155, 159, 175
German enthusiasm for, 160–62
Holm and, 147
importance of Olympics for, 73–74, 75–78
national salutes to, 163–67
Olympic showcasing of, 169
Olympic stadium and, 74–76, 140
Riefenstahl and, 139–41, 159
“snubbing” of Owens by, 192–95, 208–11
winter games and, 106–9
Holm, Eleanor. See Jarrett, Eleanor Holm
Hopkins, Billy, 126
Hopkins, Harry L., 122
Husing, Ted, 128
I
Ickes, Harold L., 122–23
I Have Changed (Owens book), 235
injury theory, 118–19
Ann Arbor meet and, 1–13, 33
Intercollegiate Amateur Athletic Association of America, 34
intercollegiate competition
AAU national championship, Lincoln, Nebraska, 46, 47–50
Big Ten Championship, 1–13
Far Western AAU championships, 44
Milwaukee meet, 35–36
NCAA championships at Berkeley, 36, 41, 42, 43–44
Owens’s losses to Peacock in, 50–52
USC meet in Los Angeles, 36–41
International Olympic Committee (IOC), 76–77
boycott movement and, 65, 67, 86–87
interviews by Owens
after Olympic trials, 131–133
after setting Ferry Field records, 13, 33–34
at Berlin Olympics, 172–73, 178–79, 188, 191–92, 193, 196–97, 218
Hitler’s snub and, 210, 218
losses to Peacock and, 52, 53–54
before Olympic trials, 120
J
Jaffee, Irving, 85
Jahncke, Ernest Lee, 86–87, 95, 97
Jarrett, Art, 144
Jarrett, Eleanor Holm, 143–47, 155, 168, 227
as Olympics columnist, 188–89
javelin, at Olympic games, 177
Jewish athletes, 85. See also Glickman, Marty
American anti-Semitism and, 84–85
Nazi discrimination against, 65–72, 86–87
as Olympians, 85
views on boycott movement, 81, 95
Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania, 15
Jochim, Alfred, 166
Johnson, Ben (1930s sprinter), 80–81, 90, 125, 126
Olympic trials and, 125, 126
Johnson, Ben (1980s sprinter), 81
Johnson, Cornelius, 90, 173, 179, 184, 192, 194
Johnson, James (“Jack”), 27, 91
Johnson, William O., 235
K
Kemp, Ray, 81
Kiernan, John, 46
Olympic trials and, 126, 131
Olympic trials controversy and, 124
Owens’s fourth medal and, 219–21
Kirby, Gustavus T., 67–68, 95
Klemperer, Victor, 155–56
Kotkas, Kalevi, 179
Kraenzlein, Alvin, 196, 209, 220
L
La Guardia, Fiorello H., 63, 88–89, 122
Landon, Alf, 210, 211
Laney, Al, 170, 180
Lantschner, Guzzi, 189
Lanzi, Mario, 209
Lardner, John, 53, 64
Lauer, Fred, 166
Lee, James E., 57
Lehman, Herbert H., 122
Lewald, Theodor, 65, 69–70, 73, 74, 78, 83, 86, 161, 169
Lill, Alfred J., 87–88
Lincoln, Nebraska, meet (1935), 46, 47–48
Lindbergh, Charles, 87, 150
Little, Lawson, 102
Locke, Roland (“Gipper”), 10
Long, Carl Ludwig (“Luz”), 160, 178
broad jump final and, 207–8, 209
friendship with Owens and, 203, 204, 208, 211–12, 229, 234–35
Owens’s first impression of, 198–200
sportsmanship of, 203, 204, 208
Long, Kai, xiv, 235
Los Angeles, California, 37–41
Los Angeles Times (newspaper), 8, 37, 39–40, 45, 50, 52–53, 58. See also Dyer, Braven
Louis, Joe, 34, 45, 56, 91–92, 103, 123, 132–34, 157, 214, 230
Luckman, Sid, 125
LuValle, Jimmy, 222
M
MacArthur, Charles, 144–45
MacCormac, John, 65
Mahoney, Jeremiah T., 60, 63, 80–82, 83, 84, 87, 88, 96–97, 211
Malitz, Bruno, 87
March, Otto, 74–75
March, Werner, 74
Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania, 14–15
Mauermayer, Gisela, 207
Mayer, Helene, 154
McGovern, John T., 95
McHugh, Johnny, 127–28
McLemore, Henry, 172–73, 183
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, duke of, 65
media
black Olympic athletes and, 157, 180, 185–86, 208–10, 214–15
boyc
ott battle and, 83–84, 124–25
crowd response to American team and, 166–67
German Olympic preparations and, 78–80
Hitler’s snub and, 192–95, 206, 210–11
Nazi propaganda and, 65–67, 154–55, 156
Olympic prospects for Owens and, 58, 183–84, 198
Olympic relay team and, 220, 224, 226
Owens’s Olympic achievements and, 214
Meredith, Ted, 206
Merguson, R. Walter, 157
Messersmith, George, 71
Metcalfe, Ralph, 49, 52, 90, 184, 213
Triumph: The Untold Story of Jesse Owens and Hitler's Olympics Page 28