Triumph: The Untold Story of Jesse Owens and Hitler's Olympics

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Triumph: The Untold Story of Jesse Owens and Hitler's Olympics Page 28

by Jeremy Schaap


  greatest athletes poll, 4

  Nazi position on Jewish athletes and, 66

  Owens’s marriage and, 50

  B

  Baer, Max, 85, 103

  Baker, William J., 55

  Ball, Rudi, 70

  Benedetto, Anthony (Tony Bennett), 123

  Benedetto, Louis di, 96

  Bennett, Tony. See Benedetto, Anthony

  Bergmann, Gretel, 70, 154

  Berlin, Germany. See also Eleventh Olympiad, games of

  Olympic stadium in, 74–76, 140

  rejuvenation of, 76, 79–80

  visitor perceptions of, 151–53

  Berwanger, Jay, 103

  Big Ten championship

  Ann Arbor, Michigan (1935), 1–13, 42

  Columbus, Ohio (1936), 118, 119

  Birchall, Frederick T., 79–80, 161, 162, 217

  black athletes

  boycott movement and, 57–58, 80–81, 89–91, 100

  explanations for superiority of, 39–40, 56–57, 131, 181–82

  German treatment of, 157–58

  Hitler’s snub of, 179–81, 182, 192–95, 206, 208–11, 235–36

  Hitler’s view of, 92, 195

  press corp and, 157, 180, 185–86, 208–10, 214–15

  status on Olympic team, 184–86

  black Hollywood, 37–39

  black press. See also Amsterdam News

  black Olympic athletes and, 157

  boycott movement and, 57, 81, 100

  Hitler’s snub and, 193–94

  Blask, Erwin, 189

  Boersma, Tjeerd, 228

  Boone, George, 126

  Borchmeyer, Erich, 28–29, 187, 191, 222

  Boston, Ralph, 81

  boycott movement, 57, 63–82, 124 25

  Olympic trials and, 124–25

  opposition to, 80–82, 83–84, 85–86, 87

  resolution of, 92–96

  support for, 57, 67–69, 80, 84–85, 86–90

  Braddock, Jim, 91

  Branting, Sonja, 84–85

  Braun, Eva, 141

  Breitmeyer, Arno, 71

  Brewer, Nelson, 50

  broad jump

  AAU championship (1935) and, 48

  attitude of Owens at Olympics, 172–173, 187, 188, 198, 199–204, 205

  California events (1935) and, 35–36, 43, 44

  Ferry Field record and, 5, 8–10, 12

  Olympic final, 207–8, 209, 214, 236

  Olympic qualifying rounds, 196, 198–204

  Olympic trials, 129

  Ontario meet and, 52

  Brooks, John, 129

  Brougham, Royal, 178

  Broun, Heywood, 68, 82

  Brown, Arthur, 183

  Brown, Godfrey, 222

  Brown, Ivan, 109

  Brown Blizzard (nickname), 114

  Brundage, Avery, 69, 70–72, 80, 82, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 110, 232

  AAU, 97

  American apologist for Nazi Germany, 94

  AOC code of conduct and, 143, 144–47

  background, 63–64

  boycott movement and, 64, 69, 70–72, 90–91, 93–96

  Nazi agenda and, 124

  Nazi sympathies and, 94, 99

  Olympic relay team and, 222

  public relations and, 146–47

  Buckeye Bullet (nickname), 6, 31

  C

  Cannon, Jimmy, 131–32

  Cantor, Eddie, 231, 232, 233

  Canty, Ted, 9–10

  Carlos, John, 235

  Carnera, Primo, 103

  Carr, Harry, 37

  Carrel, Alexis, 151

  Chamberlain, William, 83

  Chicago, Illinois, meet (June, 1933), 129–30

  Chicago Defender (newspaper), 29, 194

  Chicago Tribune (newspaper), 35, 43, 129

  civil rights movement, 235

  Clark, Bob, 226

  Cleveland, Ohio

  invitational meet in (1932), 28–29

  Owens’s high school athletics in, 14–17, 21–30

  summer before Olympic trials in, 55–60

  Cleveland Call and Post (newspaper), 50, 100, 193–94

  Cleveland Cataclysm (nickname), 37

  Cleveland Plain Dealer (newspaper), 13, 27

  Cobb, William Montague, 56–57

  Cochrane, Mickey, 103

  Collier, Bob, 7

  Columbus, Ohio, Big Ten meet (1936), 119

  Committee on Fair Play in Sports, 82, 83, 84

  confidence of Owens

  importance of confidence and, 142–43

  Olympics and, 172, 173–74, 187–88, 198, 199–204, 207, 213

  Peacock and, 53–54, 116–18, 200, 202

  Corum, Bill, 181, 192

  Coubertin, Pierre de, 76–77

  Coughlin, Father Charles, 94

  Cretzmeyer, Francis, 12

  Cromwell, Dean

  Olympic relay team and, 222, 223, 226

  Olympic track-and-field trials and, 128–29

  Owens and, 36, 147–49, 185

  Snyder and, 36, 184–85

  crowd response to Owens

  at California events (1935), 37, 41, 43–44

  Ferry Field records and, 9, 10, 12, 13

  at Olympic games, 175–76, 177, 192, 195, 217–18, 225

  Crystal Beach, Ontario, meet, 50–52

  Curley, James, 68, 82

  D

  Daily Worker (newspaper), 132–33, 147, 154–55, 210

  Daley, Arthur, 116, 129, 198, 226

  Olympic reporting by, 180, 202

  Owens’s losses to Peacock and, 48, 51

  Dark Streak from Ohio State, 220

  Dark Streak (nickname), 217, 220

  Darré, Richard Walther, 153–54

  Davey, Martin L., 214

  de Baillet-Latour, Henri, 86–87, 161, 178, 181

  decathlon, 11, 225, 226

  Der Angriff (The Attack), 208–9

  Devrint, Dieudonné, 175

  Diamond, Phillip, 7–8

  Diels, Rudolf, 139

  Diem, Carl, 137–38, 162

  diplomatic corps

  boycott movement and, 71–72, 88

  Hitler’s interest in the Olympics and, 77–78

  discus, at Olympic games, 206, 207

  Dodd, William E., 218

  Drake Relays, 42

  Draper, Foy, 36, 40, 44, 51, 116, 219

  Olympic relay team and, 221, 222, 223, 225

  Olympic trials and, 126–29

  Snyder and, 184

  Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 45

  Dyer, Braven, 39, 40, 48

  E

  Earle, George H., 88

  Ebony Antelope (nickname), 11

  Effrat, Louis, 193

  Eleventh Olympiad, Games of (Berlin, 1936). See also entries for specific events

  ceremonies at opening of, 159–71

  day one of, 172–82

  day two of, 183–95

  day three of, 196–212

  day four of, 213–18

  German preparations for, 72–76, 78–80, 153–57

  international celebrities at, 150–53

  martial atmosphere at, 156, 161–62, 167–68, 169

  official starter for, 186–87, 189, 228

  tours following, 230–32

  eugenics, 153–54, 181–82

  Ewry, Ray, 209

  F

  Fanck, Arnold, 138

  Farley, James A., 122

  Farrell, Fred, 147, 154–55

  Far Western Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) championships, San Diego (1935), 44–45

  Ferris, Daniel, 232

  Flanner, Janet, 79, 215

  Fleischer, Tilly, 177

  focus

  Ann Arbor meet and, 5, 6–7

  Olympics and, 32–33, 184, 187–88, 204

  pain and, 1–13, 33, 119

  Penn Relays and, 115

  Foley, Muriel, 41

  Ford, James, 133

  Ford, John, 38

  form, of Owens, 16, 24–
25, 41, 117–18

  broad jump and, 9, 173

  hurdles and, 12

  running, 11, 17, 25, 36, 54, 178, 228

  400-meter intermediate hurdles, 43

  Fourth Olympic Winter Games (1936), 105–21

  4 × 100 meter Olympic relay

  controversy over, 219–23, 224, 225

  Owens’s interest in, 197, 218, 219–20, 223, 224, 225–26

  running of, 224–25, 228–29

  team composition for, 130, 219–29

  4 × 400 meter Olympic relay, 222

  Frankfurter, David, 106–7

  Frick, Wilhelm, 74

  G

  Gallico, Paul, 11

  boycott movement and, 91–92, 109–10

  Eleanor Holm Jarrett, 144, 145, 188

  Olympic reporting by, 167, 169, 180, 192, 228

  Olympic village and, 156

  Owens’s losses to Peacock and, 52, 54

  winter games and, 109–10

  Garland, William May, 86

  Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, 105–21

  Garner, George, 45

  Genet (nom de plume). See Flanner, Janet

  German Olympic Committee

  Hitler and, 73–74

  Jewish athletes and, 65–67, 91

  German people

  Nazism and, 153

  response to Owens, 175–76, 20–89, 225

  German press

  on black athletes, 208–9, 210

  Jews in Germany and, 107

  Nazi goals for the games and, 78–79

  Nazi targeting of Lewald and, 69–70

  Glickman, Marty, 81, 125–26, 219, 232, 234

  Olympic relay team and, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 229

  Olympic trials and, 125–29

  Goebbels, Joseph, 78, 108, 141, 151, 154

  Riefenstahl and, 138–40, 162–63, 189, 236

  Gordon, Eddie, 129

  Göring, Hermann, 147, 151, 163

  Gould, Alan, 58, 129, 148–49, 198, 231

  Hitler’s snub and, 193

  Olympic prospects and, 58

  on Owens, 218

  Owens’s fourth medal and, 220, 221

  Greb, Harry, 146

  Greenberg, Hank, 85

  Gustloff, Wilhelm, 106–7

  Gypsies, 153

  H

  Hagen, Walter, 146

  Hall, Ernest, 50

  Hall, Mordaunt, 138

  hammer-throw competition, 189–90

  Hänni, Paul, 176–77

  Hardin, Glenn, 26, 43, 143, 183, 205, 209

  Harmon, Tom, 10

  Hayes, Helen, 144

  Hayes, Johnny, 209

  Hein, Karl, 160, 189

  Henie, Sonja, 105

  Henry, Bill, 37, 41

  Herndon, Angelo, 210

  Hess, Rudolf, 206

  high-jump competition, at Olympic games, 179

  Hill, Frank, 119

  Hitler, Adolf

  audiences with medalists, 177–78, 179–81, 206–7

  Brundage and, 70–72

  uninterest in Olympic games, 140, 155, 159, 175

  German enthusiasm for, 160–62

  Holm and, 147

  importance of Olympics for, 73–74, 75–78

  national salutes to, 163–67

  Olympic showcasing of, 169

  Olympic stadium and, 74–76, 140

  Riefenstahl and, 139–41, 159

  “snubbing” of Owens by, 192–95, 208–11

  winter games and, 106–9

  Holm, Eleanor. See Jarrett, Eleanor Holm

  Hopkins, Billy, 126

  Hopkins, Harry L., 122

  Husing, Ted, 128

  I

  Ickes, Harold L., 122–23

  I Have Changed (Owens book), 235

  injury theory, 118–19

  Ann Arbor meet and, 1–13, 33

  Intercollegiate Amateur Athletic Association of America, 34

  intercollegiate competition

  AAU national championship, Lincoln, Nebraska, 46, 47–50

  Big Ten Championship, 1–13

  Far Western AAU championships, 44

  Milwaukee meet, 35–36

  NCAA championships at Berkeley, 36, 41, 42, 43–44

  Owens’s losses to Peacock in, 50–52

  USC meet in Los Angeles, 36–41

  International Olympic Committee (IOC), 76–77

  boycott movement and, 65, 67, 86–87

  interviews by Owens

  after Olympic trials, 131–133

  after setting Ferry Field records, 13, 33–34

  at Berlin Olympics, 172–73, 178–79, 188, 191–92, 193, 196–97, 218

  Hitler’s snub and, 210, 218

  losses to Peacock and, 52, 53–54

  before Olympic trials, 120

  J

  Jaffee, Irving, 85

  Jahncke, Ernest Lee, 86–87, 95, 97

  Jarrett, Art, 144

  Jarrett, Eleanor Holm, 143–47, 155, 168, 227

  as Olympics columnist, 188–89

  javelin, at Olympic games, 177

  Jewish athletes, 85. See also Glickman, Marty

  American anti-Semitism and, 84–85

  Nazi discrimination against, 65–72, 86–87

  as Olympians, 85

  views on boycott movement, 81, 95

  Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania, 15

  Jochim, Alfred, 166

  Johnson, Ben (1930s sprinter), 80–81, 90, 125, 126

  Olympic trials and, 125, 126

  Johnson, Ben (1980s sprinter), 81

  Johnson, Cornelius, 90, 173, 179, 184, 192, 194

  Johnson, James (“Jack”), 27, 91

  Johnson, William O., 235

  K

  Kemp, Ray, 81

  Kiernan, John, 46

  Olympic trials and, 126, 131

  Olympic trials controversy and, 124

  Owens’s fourth medal and, 219–21

  Kirby, Gustavus T., 67–68, 95

  Klemperer, Victor, 155–56

  Kotkas, Kalevi, 179

  Kraenzlein, Alvin, 196, 209, 220

  L

  La Guardia, Fiorello H., 63, 88–89, 122

  Landon, Alf, 210, 211

  Laney, Al, 170, 180

  Lantschner, Guzzi, 189

  Lanzi, Mario, 209

  Lardner, John, 53, 64

  Lauer, Fred, 166

  Lee, James E., 57

  Lehman, Herbert H., 122

  Lewald, Theodor, 65, 69–70, 73, 74, 78, 83, 86, 161, 169

  Lill, Alfred J., 87–88

  Lincoln, Nebraska, meet (1935), 46, 47–48

  Lindbergh, Charles, 87, 150

  Little, Lawson, 102

  Locke, Roland (“Gipper”), 10

  Long, Carl Ludwig (“Luz”), 160, 178

  broad jump final and, 207–8, 209

  friendship with Owens and, 203, 204, 208, 211–12, 229, 234–35

  Owens’s first impression of, 198–200

  sportsmanship of, 203, 204, 208

  Long, Kai, xiv, 235

  Los Angeles, California, 37–41

  Los Angeles Times (newspaper), 8, 37, 39–40, 45, 50, 52–53, 58. See also Dyer, Braven

  Louis, Joe, 34, 45, 56, 91–92, 103, 123, 132–34, 157, 214, 230

  Luckman, Sid, 125

  LuValle, Jimmy, 222

  M

  MacArthur, Charles, 144–45

  MacCormac, John, 65

  Mahoney, Jeremiah T., 60, 63, 80–82, 83, 84, 87, 88, 96–97, 211

  Malitz, Bruno, 87

  March, Otto, 74–75

  March, Werner, 74

  Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania, 14–15

  Mauermayer, Gisela, 207

  Mayer, Helene, 154

  McGovern, John T., 95

  McHugh, Johnny, 127–28

  McLemore, Henry, 172–73, 183

  Mecklenburg-Schwerin, duke of, 65

  media

  black Olympic athletes and, 157, 180, 185–86, 208–10, 214–15

  boyc
ott battle and, 83–84, 124–25

  crowd response to American team and, 166–67

  German Olympic preparations and, 78–80

  Hitler’s snub and, 192–95, 206, 210–11

  Nazi propaganda and, 65–67, 154–55, 156

  Olympic prospects for Owens and, 58, 183–84, 198

  Olympic relay team and, 220, 224, 226

  Owens’s Olympic achievements and, 214

  Meredith, Ted, 206

  Merguson, R. Walter, 157

  Messersmith, George, 71

  Metcalfe, Ralph, 49, 52, 90, 184, 213

 

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