boycott and, 90
exhibition tour, 231, 232, 233
100 meters Olympic race and, 190–91
Olympic relay team and, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 228, 229
Olympic trials and, 120, 126–28, 130, 134
Owens and, 35, 36, 46, 47–48, 199, 234
Mexico City Olympics, 235
Miller, Franz, 186–87, 189, 197–98
Miller, K. A., 70
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, meet (1935), 35–36
Morris, Glenn, 226–27
Moses, Robert, 122–23
Münch, Kurt, 124–25
N
NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Nambu, Chuhei, 8–9
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 89–90, 100–102
National Negro Health Week, 114
Nazi regime. See also Goebbels, Joseph; Hitler, Adolf
American miscomprehension of, 68, 99–100
black American athletes and, 133–34
goals for the games and, 78–79, 211
image polishing and, 109, 153–56
international perceptions of, 150–58
Jewish question and, 64–73, 83–86, 106–8
skepticism about, 151–53
NCAA championships, Berkeley (1935), 41–44
Neil, Edward J., 58
Neugass, Herman, 95
New York American (newspaper), 131–32
New York Athletic Club, 131
New York Daily News (newspaper), 194–95
New Yorker (magazine), 215
New York Herald-Tribune (newspaper), 54, 224, 229. See also Laney, Al
New York Times (newspaper), 51, 56, 129. See also Daley, Arthur
boycott movement and, 82
Hitler’s snub and, 193
Nazi Olympic preparations and, 79–80
New York World-Telegram (newspaper), 219
Nickerson, Quincella, 39, 45, 46–47, 49, 50
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 82
Night of the Long Knives, 81
Nuremberg, Germany, 74–76
Nuremberg Laws, 72–73
Nurmi, Paavo (“Flying Finn”), 11, 29, 130–31, 218
O
Oakville, Alabama, 17–21
O’Connor, Wally, 166
O’Hara, Mark, 132–33
Ohio state legislature, Owens work for, 55, 57
Ohio State University
athletic suspension of Owens, 103–4, 110
recruitment of Owens, 28–29
West Coast meets and, 43–46
Olympia (film)
editing of, 236
filming of, 159–60, 162–63, 189–90, 203, 227–28
hiring of Riefenstahl and, 137–41
Olympic games. See also Eleventh Olympiad, games of; Fourth Olympic Winter Games; Mexico City Olympics
importance to Hitler, 73–74, 75–78
revival of, 76–80
Olympic salute, 163–64
Olympic track-and-field trials, (1936), 93, 122–34
broad jump, 129
controversial finish in, 124, 128–29
100-meter dash, 126–29
200-meters, 129–30
Owens’s events and, 130–31
Olympic village, 156–58, 172, 173, 182, 204, 211–12, 213
100-meter sprint
Olympic final, 183, 188–91
Olympic heats, 174, 175–77, 186–87
Olympic trials, 126–29
Owens’s losses in, 47–48
women’s Olympic gold in, 205–7
100-yard races
California meets and, 40, 43
Cleveland invitational and, 28–29
at Ferry Field, 3, 5–8
Milwaukee meet and, 36
Owens’s first races and, 21–22
Ontario meet, 50–52
Ornstein, Charles L., 93
Orr, Lee, 197, 216
Osendarp, Martin, 187, 191, 209, 222
Osgood, Bob, 119
O’Sullivan, Edward, 51
Owens, Gloria Shirley (Jesse’s daughter), 28, 120
Owens, Henry (Jesse’s father), 17, 23
Owens, James Cleveland (“Jesse”), 90, 97. See also confidence of Owens; crowd response to Owens; form, of Owens; in terviews by Owens; starts by Owens; world records set by Owens
Alabama childhood, 17–21
American idolization of, 214, 231–32
boycott movement and, 68, 97, 98–102
debate over greatness of, 58
defining moment in youth of, 17–19
financial offers after Olympic games and, 231–32, 233
fourth gold medal, 130, 196–97, 228–29
friendships and, 234–35
high school in Cleveland, 14–17, 21–30
Hitler’s snub and, 182, 192–95, 208–11, 235–36
nicknames for, 6, 11, 37, 114, 217, 220
Olympic running shoes, 170–71, 184
physique of, 5–6, 14, 37, 54
politics and, 132–33, 186, 215–16, 235–36
Riley’s discovery of, 14–17, 21–25, 26, 27
speaking engagements, 235–36
Owens, Lillie (Jesse’s sister), 20
Owens, Mary Emma (Jesse’s mother), 17–21, 23, 120, 233
Owens, Ruth (Minnie Ruth Solomon; Jesse’s wife), 120–21, 132, 233
Jesse’s marriage to, 46, 49–50
pregnancy of, 28
P
Packard, Bobby, 130, 197, 213
Paddock, Charley, 23, 25, 36, 52–53, 57, 209
Parker, Jack, 226
Peacock, Eulace, 55, 56, 90, 102, 198, 213
Cleveland exhibition meet and, 112–14
friendship with Owens, 113–14, 234
javelin and, 117
Olympic expectations for, 57, 58
Olympic trials and, 116, 119–20, 126, 128, 129
Owens on, 53–54
Owens’s confidence and, 200, 202
Owens’s first wins against, 41–43, 44
Owens’s losses to, 47–48, 51–52, 113, 114–15
Pegler, Westbrook
on black American athletes, 186
boycott controversy and, 68–69, 125
on Brundage, 146
on Hitler, 106, 108–9
Olympic predictions by, 133–34
Penn Relays, 42, 114, 115–18
Perry, Lincoln, 37–39
Pfundtner, Hans, 75
Phipps, Sir Eric, 77–78
Pittsburgh Courier (newspaper), 194, 215
politics
boycott movement and, 57–58, 63–82, 124–25
Owens attitude toward, 132–33, 186, 215–16, 235–36
Owens’s Olympic victories and, 192–95
Pollard, Fritz, Jr., 184–85
Povich, Shirley, 131, 214
Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 82
Powers, Francis J., 8, 118–19
Prenn, Daniel, 69
Princeton, New Jersey qualifier, 120
R
race relations in America, 73, 80–81, 90–91, 98–99, 125. See also segregation
Rafferty, Jack, 96
Randall’s Island, New York City
Olympic trials at, 122–34
Triborough Bridge dedication at, 122–24
regional Olympic trials, 26–27, 119–20
Rhineland reoccupation, 153, 164, 181
Rice, Grantland,s 11, 146, 207
on black American athletes, 185–86
Jarrett, Eleanor Holm, 168
Olympic broad jump and, 204
Olympic reporting, 217, 218
Olympic reporting by, 161, 167–68, 178
on Owens at the Olympics, 178
racial question and, 209
Riefenstahl, Leni, 236
black athletes and, 177
challenges to, 227–28
filming and, 162–63
hiring of, 137–41
Hitler and, 107
, 162–63 100
100 meter final and, 189–90
Morris and, 227
on Owens’s, 227–28
technical innovations and, 203
Riley, Charles
advice of, 32–33, 101, 200, 202, 228
discovery of Owens and, 14–17, 21–25, 26, 27
Ferry Field meet and, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 32–33
Owens’s start and, 58–59, 189, 191
Ritter von Halt, Karl, 65, 71
Roberts, William, 222
Robertson, Lawson
Holm and, 145
Owens and, 53, 114, 147–49, 185
relay controversy and, 219–23, 224, 225
Snyder as coach and, 147–49
Robeson, Paul, 133
Robinson, Jackie, 126
Robinson, Mack
at Olympics, 185, 197, 213, 216–17
Olympic trials and, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130
Roehm, Ernst, 81
Rogers, Will, 31–32, 38
Roosevelt, Alice, 69
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 122–24, 211
Roosevelt, Theodore, 69
Rose, Ralph, 165–66
Ross, Barney, 85
Rubien, Frederick W., 85
running style. See form
Ruth, George Herman (“Babe”), 142
S
Sahm, Heinrich, 65, 73
Salviati, Gabriel, 29
San Diego meet (1935), 44–45
Sasaki, Kichizo, 175
Schilgen, Fritz, 169, 178
Schmeling, Max, 91–92, 123, 133–34, 157, 214, 230
Schulberg, Budd, 179
Schuyler, George S., 82
segregation
all-white system at USC and, 184–85
black Olympians and, 131, 232–33
Ohio State track team and, 34
Selassie, Haile, 56
Sharkey, Jack, 230
Sherrill, Charles, 83–84, 94–95
Shirer, William L.
Berlin Olympics and, 151, 153, 154, 211
Hitler’s snub and, 193, 195
Lindbergh and, 150–51
perceptions of Third Reich, 86, 105
shot put, at Olympic games, 175, 177
Silverman, Alvin, 13, 27
Simpson, George, 27, 130
Smith, Alfred E., 63, 68
Smith, Red, 64
Smith, Tommie, 235
Smith, Wilfrid, 35, 36
Snyder, Larry
Albritton and, 114, 174, 176, 184
in Berlin, 157, 174, 175, 176, 184
boycott movement and, 98–100, 101, 102
coaching style and, 29, 34–35
Ferry Field meet and, 3–4, 8, 9, 10–11, 12, 13
friendship with Owens, 115, 234
Luz Long and, 198–99
Olympic broad jump and, 198–99, 201, 203–4
Olympic 200-meter race and, 216, 218
Owens post-Olympic fame and, 231–32
Owens’s confidence and, 53, 201, 204–5
Owens’s fourth medal and, 220–21, 226, 229
Owens’s Olympic hopes and, 43, 48–49, 59–60, 111, 115
Owens’s shoes and, 170–71
reputation of, 10–11, 29–30
selection as Owens’s Olympic coach, 147–49, 187
Solomon, Minnie Ruth. See Owens, Minnie Ruth
Speer, Albert, 74–76, 164
Sports Illustrated, 235
SS Manhattan
arrival in Germany, 157–58
crossing by, 142–49
Eleanor Holm and, 144–47
starts by Owens, 41
at Ferry Field meet, 7, 8, 13
at Olympic games, 176, 187, 189, 191, 228
at Olympic trials, 128
Riley’s coaching and, 58–59, 189, 191
Steers, Fred L., 95
Stephens, Helen, 205–7
Steuer, Judge Aron, 95
Stoller, Sam, 81, 85, 116, 219
Olympic relay team and, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 229
Olympic trials and, 126–28
Strandberg, Lennart, 187
Strauss, Richard, 161
Streicher, Julius, 175
Switzerland, 107
T
Talbot, Gayle, 167
television, 171
Thomas, Norman, 82
Thorpe, Jim, 11, 38–39
Thurber, Delos, 175, 179
Time magazine, 46–47, 107–8
timers, at Big Ten meets, 7–8
Tolan, Eddie, 23, 130, 221
Owens’s race against, 26–27
Torrance, Jack, 143
Torreggiani, Austin, 175
Toscanini, Arturo, 67, 161
Towns, Forrest (“Spec”), 143
Triborough Bridge, 122–24
200-meter distance
Olympic final, 213–14
Olympic heats, 196, 197–98, 205, 216
Olympic trials, 129–30
speed and, 197
220-yard dash
California meets and, 43
at Ferry Field, 5, 10
Milwaukee meet and, 36
Owens’s early races and, 24–25
220-yard low hurdles
California events (1935) and, 43
at Ferry Field, 5, 12
U
University of Southern California (USC) Trojans, 43, 184–85. See also Cromwell, Dean
V
Vann, Robert L., 194, 215
von Hindenburg, Paul, 69
von Mackensen, August, 167–68
von Schirach, Baldur, 195
von Tschammer und Osten, Hans, 65–66, 74
W
Wagner, Richard, 67
Wagner, Winifred, 67
Walker, Mel, 5, 10
Wallender, Harvey, 116
Walsh, Davis J., 206
Walsh, Stella, 205
Waner, Leo, 118
Washbond, Alan, 109
Washington, Booker T., 45
Washington, M. S., 50
Washington Post (newspaper), 131, 193. See also Povich, Shirley
Weil, Edgar, 26
White, Walter, 89–90, 100–102, 124
Wilberforce College in Ohio, 231, 234
Williams, Archie, 183, 184, 222
Williams, Joe, 210, 219
Winter Olympic games (1936). See Fourth Olympic Winter Games
Woellke, Hans, 175, 177
Wolfe, Thomas, 211, 218
You Can’t Go Home Again, 151–52, 153, 160–61
women athletes. See also Jarrett, Eleanor Holm; Stephens, Helen
gender uncertainty and, 205–6
participation by, 145, 154
Woodruff, John, 133, 183, 184, 205
world records set by Owens
broad jump, 8–10
at Ferry Field in Ann Arbor (1935), 1–13, 31
4 × 100 meter relay, 225, 228
100-yard sprint, 5–8
100 meters, 176–77, 186
200 meters, 217
220-yard hurdles, 12
Wykoff, Frank, 116, 182, 191, 219, 232
comments on Owens, 41
Olympic 100-meter race and, 186, 191
Olympic relay team and, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 228, 229
Olympic trials and, 126–29
Snyder and, 184
world records and, 8, 30, 41
Y
Young, Ralph, 9
Z
Zizelman, Frank, 50
About the Author
JEREMY SCHAAP, an ESPN anchor and national correspondent, is the author of the New York Times bestseller Cinderella Man. His work has been published in Sports Illustrated, ESPN the Magazine, Time, Parade, and the New York Times. The son of the award-winning journalist Dick Schaap, he lives in New York City.
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Triumph: The Untold Story of Jesse Owens and Hitler's Olympics Page 29