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6 DOCUMENT DATED PRAGUE: mentioned by Galbraith in notes to Anonimalle Chron., 117. Copied for the author at the Public Record Office (Memoranda Roll, 13 Richard II, Michaelmas Communia, Recorda, fourth membrane after 19), the document is an “inspection” made in 1390 of earlier letters patent to Robersart, and repeats the full text of Coucy’s letter given under his seal “at Prague in Bohemia on the 14th day of January of the year 1369 [1370].” p. 248 ITALY INFESTED BY BRIGANDS: John Bromyard, q. Owst, 174; Origo, 153, 275–76.
7 BERNABÒ VERSUS THE PAPACY: Gregorovius, 408; Milman, VIII, 14–16. PUBLIC ATTRIBUTED URBAN’S ELECTION TO GOD: Milman, VIII, 13.
8 URBAN’S RETURN: ibid., 20; Jarrett, Charles IV, 156. CONDITION OF ROME: Pirenne, Europe, 23–24; Flick, 213.
9 ENGUERRAND WITH COUNT OF SAVOY IN ITALY: Cox, 264–68; Cognasso, 197; Gabotto, 201–2.
10 PASSAGE OF THE ALPS: Cox, The Eagles of Savoy, Princeton, 1974, 339–43.
11 VILLANI ON HAWKWOOD’S COMPANY: This is Filippo Villani, q. Cook, 25.
12 ORDERS OF visconti’s PARENTS: q. Chamberlin, 58.
13 PAPAL CORRESPONDENCE AND CONTRACTS WITH COUCY: Lacaille, An. Bull. SHF, 187–206, gives the full texts from the Vatican Archives.
14ff. CAMPAIGN OF THE PAPAL LEAGUE and BATTLE OF MONTICHIARI: Annales Mediolanensis in Muratori’s RIS, chaps, cxxxv–vi, 752–56 (trans, for the author by Phyllis G. Gordan); Corio, Historia di Milano, q. Mazas, 187–90; Servion, 198–205; Leader-Temple & Marcotti, 72–78; Lacaille, thèse, 26–31; Cox, 276–77; Chamberlin, 58–60; Cognasso, 208.
15 TITLE OF SIRE DE COUCY HELD HIGH: KL, Ib, 17, n. 5.
16 APPOINTED MARSHAL: Luce-F, VIII, cxxxii.
17 NEUTRALITY HELD HONORABLE: KL, VIII, 291–93. CHEVALIER DE CHIN: ibid., 21, 24.
18 BATTLE OF ENRIQUE AND PEDRO: Luce-F, VII, XXXII, N. 1.
19 BLACK PRINCE’S ILLNESS: That it was dropsy is stated by Denifle, 497, and Lefranc, 108. English biographers avoid naming this unheroic malady.
20 BATTLE OF LA ROCHELLE: In addition to Froissart and Chron. 4 Valois, Roncière, 15–16; Sherborne; Runyan.
21 CAPTAL DE BUCH HELD IN PRISON: Chron. J. & C., III, 62–78; Keen, Laws, 90; Delachenal, III, 186–87.
22 COUCY INTERCEDES: KL, VIII, 401–2.
23 LANCASTER’S LONG MARCH: Walsingham, q. MacKinnon, 552; Lot, 367–68; Delachenal, III, 302.
Chapter 13—Coucy’s War
1 BURGUNDY’S EXPENSES: Delachenal, IV, 568.
2 PROPOSAL TO COUCY TO LEAD COMPANIES: KL, VIII, 369, 372. RIVIÈRE, MERCIER: Lefranc, 217–18; Coville, 220.
3 COUCY LENT MONEY TO BERRY: Lehoux, I, 358, n. 3.
4 BRETON COMPANIES AND THE POPE: Mirot, “Budes,” 590; Denifle, 583.
5 OWEN OF WALES: Chotzen. COUCY’S CONTRACT WITH HIM: ibid., 236.
6 CANNON AT SIEGE OF ST. SAUVEUR: Chron. 4 Valois, 253; Delachenal, IV, 527–28.
7 PALSATIAN CHRONICLE: Koenigshofen, 334–35.
8 COUCY’S CHANTRIES AT NOGENT: BN, Fonds fr., nouv. acq. no. 3653, no. 293, and a later “vidimus” of this document, nouv. acq. fr. 20510, pièce 48. CAPTAL’S MASSES: Lewis, 204.
9 PRINCESS OF WALES’ THREE PRIESTS: Rosenthal, 15.
10 COUCY’S LETTERS TO IMPERIAL VICAR AND CITIES: Bardy, 17; Zurlauben, Enguerrand VII, 177.
11 RAVAGES IN ALSACE: Bardy, 23–25.
12 ff. INVASION OF THE AARGAU: Sources for the Swiss campaign are: Dierauer, 287–92; Dandliker, 547–52; Muller, 201–18 (translated for the author by Kathie Coblenz); also Bardy, 17–29; Chotzen, 234–38; Laguille, 309–10; Zurlauben, 177–80. Chotzen includes a list of the original Swiss chronicles.
13 MORGARTEN AND LAUPEN: Oman, 235–46.
14 FROISSART’S VERSION: KL, VIII, 376–78.
15 FRAUBRUNNEN, BALLADS ON THE BATTLE: R. Liliencron, ed., Die Historischen Volkslieder des Deutschen vom 13 bis 16 Jahrhundert, Leipzig, 1865, I, 88–90; Chotzen, 238.
16 FRAUBRUNNEN, INSCRIPTION ON STONE MONUMENT: copied by the author and translated by Prof. E. A. R. Brown.
17 HAPSBURG SETTLEMENT WITH COUCY: Delachenal, IV, 583, n. 5; Zurlauben, Enguerrand VII, 180 (who undertakes to dispose of the errors of all previous historians).
18 COUCY COMMISSIONED TO ACT AGAINST COMPANIES: Delachenal, IV, 584, n. 1; Lehoux, I, 380, n. 9.
19 EDWARD’S GRANTS TO ISABELLA: Green, 213–16. ALICE PERRERS: Chron. Angl., Thompson, xlviii.
20 “LADY OF THE SUN”: q. Green, 210, n. 2.
21 COUCY’S FRIENDS URGE HIM TO TURN FRENCH, and HIS MISSION TO ENGLAND: KL, VIII, 378–80. On double allegiance, see Keen, Laws, 89–91.
Chapter 14—England’s Turmoil
The major contemporary narrative source for English affairs in this period is Thomas Walsingham’s Chronicon Angliae, which unfortunately does not exist in English (although Thompson’s notes are useful). Those like myself not fluent in Latin must depend on quotations and excerpts in English by other historians. The somewhat less lively Anonimalle Chronicle has been translated by V. H. Galbraith. Secondary sources on the condition of England used for this chapter are Jusserand, McKisack, Postan, Saltmarsh, Seebohm, and Trevelyan. Although the last, which was Trevelyan’s first book, may lag behind modern scholarship, it is far ahead in general interest and a comprehensive view of the social milieu.
1 “NOT STRONGER IN MIND THAN A BOY OF EIGHT”: Chron. Angl., q. Collis, 186, n. 2.
2 “WHEREBY THE JUSTICES BE AFRAID”: a statute of 2 Rich. II, q. Jusserand, 76.
3 BISHOP OF ROCHESTER: q. ibid., 86.
4 COMMONS COMPLAIN OF LABORERS AND SERVANTS: Jusserand, 147–48, from Rymer, V, 668.
5 “GATHER TOGETHER IN GREAT ROUTS”: q. Seebohm, 274.
6 FOUR VILLAGES OF GLOUCESTER: Beresford & Hurst, 8. FIVE CHURCHES OF NORFOLK: Saltmarsh, 24.
7 WYCLIF: Poole; Trevelyan, passim; Cheyney, 211–24.
8 PRIESTS LICENSED TO KEEP A CONCUBINE: MacKinnon, 563. CONFESSOR IN CASES OF ADULTERY: Lea, I, 31.
9 EUCHARIST WITHHELD: ibid., 28. MISBEHAVIOR OF CLERICS: Coulton, Life, I, 96, 99–100. WORLDLY CLERICS’ CLOTHING: Jusserand, 55.
10 LOLLARDY AMONG THE NOBLES: Cheyney, 217.
11 Horribles expenses: q. McKisack, 386, n. 1.
12 PURVEYORS “SEIZE ON MEN”: J. R. Green, Short History of England, I, 455–56.
13 GOOD PARLIAMENT: In addition to sources at head of chapter, MacKinnon; Harold I. Nelson, “Thomas Walsingham and the Crisis of 1376” (unpublished ms.); A. F. Pollard; Powell & Wallis; Stubbs’ Constitutional History.
14 COUCY AS EARL OF BEDFORD: A search of the Close Rolls, Parl. Rolls, and Parl. Writs made for the author at the Public Record Office disclose no evidence that Coucy was summoned to or attended the Parliament of 1376, although he was summoned as Earl of Bedford to the Parliament of 43 Edw. Ill (1370) (The Dignity of a Peer of the Realm; Reports from the Lords’ Committees …, London, 1829, IV, 645).
15 ISABELLA AND COUCY VISIT BLACK PRINCE: KL, VIII, 379.
16 HIS DEATHBED, WILL, AND MONUMENT: Chandos Herald, 170; Chron. Angl., q. Trevelyan, 27; Collins, 300–301; DNB.
17 COUCY ADVISES INVASION: Froissart, q. Lépinois, 178.
18 KING EDWARD’S PHYSICIANS “DESPAIRED”: Anonimalle, 95. COUCY’S MISSION TO FLANDERS: Lacaille, thèse, 40.
19 QUEEN’S ILLNESS: Chron. 4 Valois, 244; Delachenal, IV, 536. PAYMENTS TO COUCY: BN, Pièces originales, 875, dossier 19, 660 Coucy. MARIE DE COUCY: Lehoux, I, 392, 398, n. 7.
20 COUCY IN PARLEYS WITH THE ENGLISH: KL, VIII, 383–84; Barnes, 906–7.
21 CHAUCER’S PRESENCE: Braddy; Manley; also F. N. Robinson, Introduction to Chaucer’s Complete Works.
22 SUBSTANCE OF THE PARLEYS: Delachenal, V, 4; Delisle, Coll. BE, No. 1425; Perroy, “Anglo-French.”
23 EDWARD’S DEATH; JUBILEE YEAR PASSED UNNOTICED: J. J. Jusserand, Piers Plowman, London, 1894, 53.
24 ISABELLA’S MOVEMENTS: KL, XXI, 41; Green, 215–17, from Rymer, VII, 153.
25 ROBERSART: Collins, 237, 249.
26Songe du Vergier: q. Delachenal, IV, 601–2 DIALOGUE WRITTEN BY D’AILLY: q. Kirkland, 18.
27 COUCY’S LETTER OF RENUNCIATION: text in KL, XXI, 41–42, and in Rymer, VII, 172, from Patent Roll, 1 Richard II.
28 TRUSTEESHIP FOR ISABELLA: DNB; Green, 219, from Rymer, IV, 60; Hardy, 309.
29 ESTATES SETTLED ON PHILIPPA: Lacaille, “Vente,” 574, n. 1. FRENCH RAIDS AND EFFECT ON ENGLAND: Searle & Burghart.
30 SIR JOHN ARUNDEL AND LANCASTER: Chron. Angl., q. ibid., 382, and in Delachenal, V, 30.
Chapter 15—The Emperor in Paris
1 CHARLES IV, CHARACTER AND APPEARANCE: Matteo Villani, q. Cox, 189; Jarrett, Charles IV, 219–24.
2 WELCOMING PARTY AT CAMBRAI, and SUBSEQUENT ACCOUNT OF THE EMPEROR’S VISIT: Chron. J. & C., II, 200–276; Christine de Pisan, Charles V, II, 90–132.
3 CHANCELLOR’S CHRONICLER: Pierre d’Orgement, the Chancellor, is believed to have supervised, or possibly himself written, the Chron. J. & C.: Delachenal, I, xviii.
4 BANQUET DISHES: from menus listed by the Ménagier, 226–36.
5 VISIT TO SAVOY, PLATTERS SERVED ON LANCES: Cox, 197.
6 BANQUET BY vidame DE CHARTRES: Le Grand d’Aussy, III, 343. DRAMA AND STAGECRAFT: Mâle, 36–37; Artz, 356–60; Cohen, Theatre, 49, 93–94, 99, 162, 273; Gayley, 33–34, 75–80, 214, 263–64; Frank, 115–35; A. W. Pollard, xli. 313 LOLLARD PREACHER: q. A. W. Pollard, xxii.
7 SIEGE OF JERUSALEM STAGED: in addition to the primary accounts, Loomis.
8 BEAUTÉ-SUR-MARNE: Luce, Cent ans, II, 41–44.
9 GREAT THEOLOGIAN ON CONSENT OF THE GOVERNED: Jean Gerson, q. Lewis, 94.
10 BRETHREN OF THE FREE SPIRIT: Chron. J. & C., II, 163–64; Cohn, chap. 8; Leff.
11 BÉGUINES A RETREAT FROM “MARITAL BONDS”: Southern, 329. BIBLE IN FRENCH: Cohn, 161.
12 ANJOU, “THE WORLD BROUGHT TO NOTHING”: q. Campbell, 151.
13 DEMONOLOGY AND SORCERY: Lea, III, 464; J. B. Russell, 208–14; P. Hughes, passim.
14 ORESME: Thorndike, III, 428–38, 466–68; q. Coopland in notes to Mézières, 1, 25.
Chapter 16—The Papal Schism
Based on the Italian and French chroniclers, the two major modern authorities for the events of this chapter are Valois, vol. I, and Ullman, supplemented by Creighton, Flick, McFarlane, and of course Delachenal, especially for the role of Charles V. Sources other than these are cited below. All quotations from St. Catherine are from Jorgensen, unless otherwise cited.
1 ABBOT OF MONTMAYEUR: Sismondi, IV, 412.
2 Based“FOR WITH NO OTHER QUARREL”: The French governor quoted was Marshal Boucicaut. Godefroy, Boucicaut, 2–3.
3 “AS IF THESE TIMES”: Neri di Donato, q. Jorgensen, 171.
4 ROBERT OF GENEVA: Valois, I, 109; conflicting versions of his appearance are from Muratori and the chronicler Dietrich of Niem, q. Ullman, 163.
5 BRETONS’ SWORDS BLESSED BY THE CARDINAL: Mirot, “Budes.” MASSACRE OF CESENA: Leader-Temple & Marcotti, 110–22. “Sangue et sangue!”: Lot, 417; Sismondi, IV, 422.
6 BERNABÒ’S DAUGHTER MARRIES HAWKWOOD: Leader-Temple & Marcotti, 126.
7 “MAN OF BLOOD” and “BUTCHER OF CESENA”: Delachenal, V, 143. “PEOPLE NO LONGER BELIEVE”: q. ibid., 121.
8 JOHANNES TAULER: Mâle, 89, 107. ST. BRIGITTA: ibid., 89–90.
9 CATHERINE’S LETTER TO HAWKWOOD: q. Leader-Temple & Marcotti, 82–83. CATHERINE IN AVIGNON: Delachenal, IV, 598.
10 ON THE RETURN TO ROME: from the Carrier edition of her letters, q. ibid., 596, nn. 3, 4, 5.
11 ECCLESIASTICAL EXTORTIONS, IN GERMANY: CMH, 280. PRIESTS DESERTED: ibid, AS TAVERNERS AND HORSE-DEALERS: M. Mollat, Vie, 43. BRIGITTA, “FEAR OF GOD”: q. Jorgensen, 160. CATHERINE ON REFORM: q. Ullman, 60–61.
12 CHARLES v, “ROME IS WHEREVER”: q. Renouard, Papacy, 64.
13 GREGORY’S RETURN TO ROME: Froissart, Berners ed., II, 505; Jarrett, Charles IV, 200–11, HIS FATHER: Jorgensen, 237. ONE OF HIS BISHOPS: Renouard, Papacy, 66.
14 URBAN REGARDED AS MAD: Ullman, 53; Creighton, 83; Cath. Encyc.
15 MICHELET, “NO EPOCH MORE NATURALLY MAD”: IV, 8.
16 “OH, UNHAPPY MEN”: q. Ullman, 67–68.
17 JUAN 1, “WHAT GOVERNMENT”: q. Delachenal, V, 171.
18 EFFECTS OF THE SCHISM: Chron. C6, I, 85–87; Michelet, IV, 8; Huizinga, Waning, 21.
19 BONET ON THE SCHISM: 92–93.
20 MONK OF ST. DENIS, “LIKE A PROSTITUTE”: Chron. C6, I, 91.
21 ANJOU AND CLEMENT AND KINGDOM OF ADRIA: Valois, I, 145, 167–68; Durrieu, “Adria.”
22 UNIVERSITY RESISTS and ARREST OF ROUSSE: Chron. C6, I, 87.
23 WYCLIF ON INDIVIDUAL SALVATION: q. Trevelyan, 141.
24 NO ONE HAD ENTERED PARADISE: q. Huizinga, Waning, 29.
Chapter 17—Coucy’s Rise
1 KING “SORROWED LONG”: Gr. Chrons., q. Delachenal, V, 20.
2 FF, CHARLES OF NAVARRE’S TREASON AND PLOTS: Chron. J. & C., II, 286 ff., and documents in Secousse; Coville, 246–47; Delachenal, V, 180–218.
3 FOIX, “IMPETUOUS PASSIONS”: q. Tarbé in notes to Machaut, xix. AFFAIR OF GASTON: Chron. C6, I, 365; also Froissart; and Tarbé, op cit.
4 NORMANDY CAMPAIGN: KL, IX, 56, 61–63, 77–78.
5 COUCY AND CLISSON: Lefranc, 189, 270. COMRADESHIP OF BROTHERHOOD-IN-ARMS: see Keen, Laws, 138.
6 CLISSON’S CAREER: Lefranc, 24–37, 58–68, 132–34.
7 “ALWAYS IN PERFECT HARMONY”: ibid., 270. ASSASSINATION OF OWEN OF WALES: Froissart, Berners ed., III, 15.
8 POLICY ON BRITTANY and TRIAL OF MONTFORT: Moranvillé, Mercier, 76–81; Delachenal, V, 242–45.
9 COUCY AS A “PEER OF FRANCE”: Froissart says specifically, in connection with Coucy’s campaign in Italy in 1372–74, “et li uns des xii pers”: KL, VII, 419. On the somewhat elastic nature of the twelve French peers, see Bloch, Feudal, 333–35; Lot & Fawtier, 297, n. 1.
10 KING’S VISIT TO COUCY: Chron. J. & C., III, 215; Lacaille, thèse, 59; Moranvillé, Mercier, 70–72, 319.
11 DESCHAMPS: Coville, 401, 407–9; Gaston Raynaud, 27; intro. and notes to Queux edition of Deschamps’ works, vol. XI. BALLADE ON COUCY: Deschamps, I, 269 (Trans. B.T.). PURCHASE OF GREAT FIEFS: see Lewis, 191.
12 MARRIAGE NEGOTIATIONS: Lehoux, I, 439.
13 COUCY’S ORDER OF THE CROWN: Deschamps, Queux ed., II, 35 (on the twelve qualities of the crown), and IV, 115. Duplessis, 89; Zurlauben, Enguerrand VII, 183.
14 JOHN PHILPOT: Chron. Angl., q. Barnie, 108–9; McKisack, 403.
15 REVOLT OF GHENT, “ON THE FOLLIES OF PRINCES”: q. Hutton.
16ff. OPPRESSION AND UPRISING IN LANGUEDOC, and PUNISHMENT OF MONTPELLIER: Chron. J. & C., II, 365–76; Delachenal, V, chap. 6.
17 “KILL ALL THE RICH!”: q. Mollat & Wolff, 182. “CUT OPEN BODIES”: q. Delachenal, V, 303, n. 3.
18 ENGLISH TAX OF 1379: Trevelyan, 100–103. MISCALCULATION OF THE TAX BASE: it was derived from an estimate of the number of English parishes at 40,000–50,000 when in fact they numbered about 9,000, see Coulton, Five Centuries, III, 449.
19 ARUNDEL’S VOYAGE: Chron. Angl., q. Collis, 225–27, and DNB; Froissart, Berners ed., III, 11; Roncière, 65–66. HIS 52 SUITS OF CLOTHES: Baldwin, 74. COMMONS’ PROTEST AND GOVERNMENT’S REPLY: Jusserand, 124–25, from Parl. Rolls, 2 Rich. II.
20 “ALL THE WITTE OF THIS WORLDE”: B text, xiii, 173.
21 COUCY OFFERED constableship: KL, IX, 237–38; Lefranc, 211–12. SCOPE OF THE OFFICE: Vuatrin, 89–90; Lefranc, 230–31.
22 COUCY NAMED CAPT.-GEN. OF PICARDY and GIVEN MORTAIGNE: KL, IX, 243; Duchesne, 267; Duplessis, 91–92.
23 BUCKINGHAM EXPEDITION: KL, IX, 260–91; Chron. C6, I, 7. PREPARATIONS: Sherborne, EHR.
24 CLISSON ON THE ENGLISH: KL, VIII, 302. “THEY CAN BETTER LIVE IN WAR”: KL, XIV, 314.
25 DOCUMENTS ON COUCY’S MOVEMENTS: Luce-F, xcix, n. 8. lmmobilis quasi lapis: q. Coville, 264.
26 p. 362 ff, CHARLES v’s DEATHBED and THE PROBLEM OF TAXES:
Coville in CMH, 265–66; Perroy, Hundred Years, 173–74; Delachenal, V, 408–10.
27 Songe du Vergier: q. Mirot, Urbaines, 6, n. 1. TEXT OF KING’S ORDINANCE: ibid., 4.
28 PRECEDENTS: Brown, “Taxation and Morality.”
29 “TO THEIR GREAT DISCOMFORT”: Anonimalle, q. Collis, 230.
Chapter 18—The Worms of the Earth Against the Lions
On the conditions, taxation, and sentiments of the working class, the chief sources used for this chapter are Mollat & Wolff, Ongles Bleues; Turner, “Economic Discontent”; Perroy, “Wage Labour”; Pirenne, Europe, 103–12; Boissonade, 303–7; Thompson, Econ. and Soc. Hist.; Carpentier, Ville, 220–21.
For the Ciompi: Mollat & Wolff, 144–62; Turner; Schevill, Florence, 277–83; contemporary texts in Brucker, Society, 233–39.
For the insurrections in France and associated events, the chief primary sources are: Chron. C6 by the Monk of St. Denis, vol. I (especially for Paris), and Chron. 4 Valois (especially for Rouen), plus Froissart in KL, IX. The most detailed secondary studies are Mirot’s Insurrections urbaines and, for Rouen, Lecarpentier’s “Harelle.”
On the Peasants’ Revolt in England, so much has been written that it is hardly necessary to cite references except, for convenience, McKisack, Trevelyan, Keen’s “Robin Hood,” and a good account in Collis. The chief primary sources are Anonimalle, Malverne’s continuation of Polychronicon, and Froissart.
For Ghent, Hutton should be added to the sources mentioned above on the working class, and Froissart.
1 “LET HIM GO TO THE DEVIL!”: q. Luce-F, Notes, X, xliii.
2 LAON REFUSED COUCY: Lacaille, thèse, 64–65.
3 ANJOU TOOK 32 BOOKS: Delisle, Lib. Chas. V, 136–37. 369 “WORMS OF THE EARTH”: q. Jacob, 192, and Origo, 66.
4 CARDINAL DE LA GRANGE: Chron. 4 Valois, 283; Jean Juvenal des Ursins, q. Moranvillé, Mercier, 83–84, and Lefranc, 217.
5 COUCY PAYING SPIES: BN, Clairembault, vol. xxxv, No. 92.
6 “TOURNAMENTS OF THE RICH,” “EVIL PRINCES,” JOHN BROMYARD, FRANCISCAN FRIAR: q. Owst, 293, 299, 301, 310–11.