Empires and Barbarians

by Peter Heather

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  INDEX

  Abrodites 557, 561

  Adalbert 515, 525, 556, 559, 599

  Admantius 261

  Administrando Imperio, De 404–5, 414, 466, 471, 472

  Aegidius 307

  Aelurus, Timothy 106, 146, 147–8

  Aetius, General 214, 278, 279, 338

  Agri Decumates 76, 77, 108–9, 126, 127, 128, 131, 134, 136, 149, 383

  agriculture

  Anglo-Saxon 63, 292, 293

  barbarian Europe at start of first millennium 4, 6–7, 8

  Celtic 5

  Germanic 5, 7, 8, 48–50, 51–2, 73–4, 91, 106, 146

  importance of to state formation 547

  Neolithic 22

  and new states 545–8, 552, 612

  Slavic 430, 431, 447

  Akatziri 216, 231, 233, 235

  Alamanni 36–43, 59, 107–8, 124, 128–9, 140, 169, 365

  agriculture 88

  and battle of Strasbourg 40, 59, 62, 65, 73, 158

  battles against
the Romans 40–1

  Clovis’s victory over 309–10

  confederation and organization of 39–41, 129

  elite dwellings inhabited by kings and princes 56–7

  governmental capacity 60

  and group identity 41–2

  imposing of over other indigenous Germani 128–9

  incorporation of into Frankish empire 365, 372

  kings and power of 38–9, 59–64

  migration of 134, 136

  move of into Agri Decumates 108–9, 128, 149

  providing contingents for Roman service 61

  raids by 81–2, 108

  reassertion of independence from Franks 366

  Roman subsidies 87

  as threat to Rome 107–8

  trade with Romans 73

  transformation of politics 37–43

  Alans 151, 152, 177, 182–3, 202, 208, 215, 338, 353, 383

  alliance with Vandals see Vandal-Alan alliance

  attack on by Huns 162

  invasion of Roman frontier 180–1, 182

  migration to North Africa and motives 152, 153, 176, 177, 190, 202–3, 373

  as nomads originally 173, 184–5

  in Spain 189, 203

  stamping grounds 182–3

  transport logistics and migration 596

  Alaric 190, 191–6, 198–202, 587, 595

  Alavivus 151, 159

  Alfred the Great, King 60, 272, 459, 461–2, 471

  Amal-led Goths 239, 240, 241–2, 246–51, 254–6, 260, 263–4, 346, 354, 358, 595

  as contingent of Hunnic Empire 222–3, 234

  economic and political motives for migration 256–7, 262–3, 346, 355–6

  and inherent mobility 259–60

  migration into Italy 256, 351–2

  migration into eastern Roman Empire 224, 234, 246–8, 250, 256

  negotiations with Roman Empire 246–7, 595

  presence of women and children among 247–8

  role of information in migration 260–1

  uniting of Thracian Goths with 248–50, 262, 346

  Amber Route 134, 139, 141, 500

  amber trade 74, 79, 91, 134–5

  Ambrosius, Aurelius 279, 280, 282–3, 289

  Ammianus Marcellinus 6, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42, 47–8, 59, 65, 71, 75, 154–61, 167, 169, 172, 209, 210–11, 215, 306, 586

  Ampsivarii 43, 71, 124

  Anastasius, Emperor 225, 359–60

  Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 267–8, 272–3, 280, 460, 461, 462, 483, 484

  Anglo-Saxon England/AngloSaxonization 9, 23, 68, 266–305, 329

  agriculture 63, 292, 293

  burials 273–4, 275, 281, 282, 300

  cultural transformations 297–8

  divisions within society 297

  and DNA evidence 275–6

  and elite transfer/cultural emulation theory 268, 275, 277, 290–1, 292, 300–1, 305

  ‘ethnic cleansing’ thesis 268, 276, 277

  and isotope analysis 276–7

  lack of indigenous influence on Anglo-Saxon language 296–7, 304

  and place names 269–70

  relations between Anglo-Saxons and indigenous Romano-British 301–4

  reorganization of countryside and break-up of villa estates 291–4, 299–300

  social structures 300

  and state of Roman Britain 269, 270–2

  time frame 270

  Anglo-Saxon migration 277–90, 291, 304, 317, 346–7, 348, 584

  and collapse of Roman Empire 332

  duration 282

  early sea raiders 285–6, 287

  and fields of information 286–7

  first mercenary groups 279, 282, 283, 285, 287, 289

  as flow not one-off event 278, 279–83, 286, 288–9

  Gildas’s account of arrival in Britain 277–9

  inclusion of women and children 283–5, 290, 297

  linguistic evidence 331

  motivations 285–8, 290, 331–2, 347

  and rising sea levels 286

  scale and nature of 282–5, 290, 375

  and transport logistics 288–9

  Anonymous Bavarian Geographer 406–7, 423

  Antae 392–3, 397, 399, 400, 402, 416, 420, 439

  Arabs 378–80

  Araharius 83–4, 88

  archaeology/archaeologists

  dismissal of migration as significant force by some 18–19, 21, 26, 27

  importance of migration in 16–18, 586

  Ariovistus 40, 92

  Arminius 38, 40, 43, 88, 89

  Arnulf 461

  Asia Minor 279, 380

  Aspar 249

  Astingi 97, 98

  Athanaric 68, 90, 151, 159, 160, 162

  Athaulf 193, 197, 335

  Attila the Hun 207, 214, 220, 228, 233, 235, 236, 245

  Empire of see Hunnic Empire

  Aurelian, Emperor 111, 112

  Avars 213, 235, 400–1, 405, 425, 561–2, 572

  building up of empire 401, 608

  destruction of by Charlemagne 561, 573

  impact of 608

  impact of on Slavs 401, 424–5, 443–4, 447, 608–9

  Badon Hill 279, 281, 282

  Balkans 111, 386

  Slavic expansion in 399–406, 422–3

  Ballomarius 102

  ‘barbarian’, term of xiv

  Barhorst 51

  Barth, Fredrick 15, 24, 25, 26, 243

  Basil II, Emperor 523

  Bastarnae 6, 7, 114, 115

  Batavi 43, 71, 124

  Bavarian Geographer 534

  Bede, Venerable 277–8, 279, 280, 281, 290

  Ecclesiastical History 273

  Belegezitae 404, 423

  Berlin-Hellersdorf 435

  Berlin-Marzahn 435

  Bigelis 249

  Birlad-Valea Seaca (Romania) 54

  Bittigure Hans 239–40

  Black Sea region 7, 111, 133, 135, 140, 141, 143, 147, 169–70

  Boers 144–5, 148, 165, 601, 603

  Bohemia 6, 389, 409, 411, 520, 563

  at start of first millennium 516

  codes of law in 527

  decline in population 429

  and military retinues 540–1

  origins of 532

  population density 550

  Premyslid dynasty 428, 516, 521, 529, 531–2, 550, 573

  relations with Ottonians 556

  Slavic settlement 423

  state formation in 532

  Böhme, H.W. 314

  Boleslav I 540, 570

  Boleslav II 531, 570

  Bolia, battle of the 246

  bridges

  building of in new states 525–6

  Britain see Anglo-Saxon England; England; Roman Britain

  brooches 104, 118, 253, 283, 307, 313, 315–16, 393, 404, 411

  Bructeri 43, 71, 124

  Bulgars 404, 465

  Burgundians 37, 42, 60, 109, 128, 131, 136, 149, 152, 174, 175, 214, 338, 340–1, 342, 348, 352, 355, 363

  burial practice, Anglo-Saxon 273–4, 275, 281, 282, 300

  burial practices 118, 318–19

  Anglo-Saxon 273–4, 275, 281, 282, 300

  Bohemia 252–3

  Frankish 312–15, 318–22, 326, 327–8, 330–1

  Germanic 56, 58, 65, 109

  Group C 321, 322–3

  and furnished inhumation 295, 296, 298, 305, 312–14, 319–23

  Hunnic 229–30, 237

  Lombards 253 see also cemeteries

  Bury, J.B. 212

  Byzantines 122, 241, 243–4, 259, 474, 523, 535, 611

  Cannabaudes 111

  Caracalla, Emperor 107, 129

  Carausius 287

  Carolingians 366–7, 533, 554, 558, 561

  Carpi 114, 116, 119, 127–8, 132, 165, 168

  Carthage 7, 204

  Cassiodorus 241

  castle-building 521–2, 534, 544

  Ceawlin 280

  ‘Celtic field’ system 48–9

  Celtic language
296–7

  Celts 5, 8

  cemeteries 126

  Anglo-Saxon inhumation 274, 275, 281, 282

  Bohemian cremation 252–3

  Germanic 49, 52, 109

  Hunnic 228–9

  Reigergräber 318, 319, 320, 323, 324, 326, 327

  Wielbark 117, 118, 126–7, 134, 146–7

  Ceolwulf 280

  Cerdo 83, 86

  Cernjachov system 51, 53, 117–19, 120–1, 125, 130, 141, 391, 392, 441–2

  collapse of 371, 373, 384

  ‘channelled’ migration 30

  Charlemagne, Emperor 267–8, 367–8, 454, 460, 519, 557, 560, 561, 573

  Charles the Bald 368, 456, 457, 460, 483

  Charles the Fat 461

  Chatti 43, 71, 124

  Cherusci 38, 43, 88

  Childeric 306–8, 317, 321, 322

  Chnodomarius 36, 38, 40, 45, 47–8, 59, 62, 65, 67, 89, 100, 158, 306, 383

  Chobry, Boleslav 515, 522, 525, 528, 54, 559

  Christianity/Christians 60

  anti-Christianity in new states 570–1

  conversion to in new states 517, 518, 519, 558, 567–72, 610

  persecution of by Tervingi 570

  Chronicle of Ireland, The 455, 457, 458, 482

  Chronicle of Monemvasia 402, 431

  churches construction of in new states 525

  Cimbri 101

  Civilis, Julius 40

  civitas 289, 311

  Claudian 177, 191, 192

  Claudius 111, 127

  climate 4, 212

  Clovis 308–10, 311, 314, 317, 321, 322, 323, 325, 358, 364, 372

  Cniva 110, 127

  Cnut 521, 524, 530, 539

  codes of law, and new states 527

  coinage

  Muslim 477–8, 548, 551, 565

  Roman 76, 104, 273, 364, 380

  Viking 574

  communications

  and new states 525–6

  comparative philology 46

  Conrad, King 368

  Constantine, Emperor 42, 43, 108, 160

  Constantine III, Emperor 181, 278, 294–5, 316, 337

  Constantinople 378–9, 380–1

  attack on by Rus (860) 475–6, 480

  Avar-led siege of (626) 378, 448

  impact of rise of Islamic power on 380–1

  Stilicho’s dispute with 179, 180

  Constantius II, Emperor 82–3, 84–5, 97, 128, 174, 183

  Costoboci 97, 101, 131

  cremation cemeteries see cemeteries Croats 11, 405–6, 424–5, 444

  cult leagues 39

  culture history 16–18, 21, 238

  Curta, Florin 395–6

  Dabritas 424

  Dacia/Dacians 111–12, 113, 114, 132, 133