Pakistan- the Balochistan Conundrum

by Tilak Devasher

  15. Syed Shaoaib Hasan, ‘Sectarian Militancy Thriving in Balochistan’, Dawn, 11 April 2012, https://www.dawn.com/news/709603, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  16. The provincial chief of the Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, Osman Shaifullah Kurd, on death row in a cantonment, was simply allowed to go.

  17. Katja Riikonen, ‘Sect in Stone’, Herald, 16 October 2012, http://www.cssforum.com.pk/general/news-articles/71893-herald-magazine.html, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  18. Ibid.

  19. Farid Kasi, ‘Feeding the forces of Extremism’, Newsline, February 2014, http://newslinemagazine.com/magazine/feeding-the-forces-of-extremism/, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  20. Naseer Dashti, ‘Resolving the Baloch National Question: Aspects of a Negotiated Settlement’, https://www.thebaluch.com/050708_article.php, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  21. Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP), ‘Hopes, Fears and Alienation in Balochistan’, Report of the HRCP Fact-Finding Mission, May 2012, p. 45, http://hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/wp-content/pdf/ff/12.pdf, (accessed on 3 March 2018).

  22. Muhammad Akbar Notezai, ‘Spiral into Chaos’, Dawn, 16 August 2017, https://www.dawn.com/news/1351870/spiral-into-chaos, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  23. B.L.A. Malik, ‘LeJ responsible for Balochistan unrest’, Dawn, 2 August 2012, https://www.dawn.com/news/739179, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  24. Waqar Ahmed, ‘Tackling Daesh threat assuming urgency’, The News, 17 July 2018, https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/342578-tackling-daesh-threat-assuming-urgency, (accessed on 28 July 2018).

  25. Umar Cheema, ‘Law enforcers in control of Balochistan situation’, The News, 26 September 2018, https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/373129-law-enforcers-in-control-of-balochistan-situation, (accessed on 30 September 2018).

  26. Inayatullah Baloch, ‘Islam, the State, and Identity: The Zikris of Balochistan’, in Paul Titus (ed.) Marginality and Modernity, p. 224.

  27. Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah, 1958, p.156, cited in Inayatullah Baloch, ‘Islam, the State, and Identity’, p. 224.

  28. Ibid.

  29. Ibid., p. 225.

  30. Ibid., p. 226.

  31. Ibid., p. 224.

  32. Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism: Its Origin and Development, Karachi: Royal Book Company, 2004, p. 95.

  33. Inayatullah Baloch, ‘Islam, the State, and Identity’, p. 229.

  34. ‘Zikri leader’s murder’, editorial in Dawn, 9 October 2016, http://www.dawn.com/news/1288960/zikri-leaders-murder, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  35. Inayatullah Baloch, ‘Islam, the State, and Identity’, pp. 223–24.

  36. For details see chapter on The Separatist Challenge.

  37. Inayatullah Baloch, ‘Islam, the State, and Identity’, p. 246.

  38. Though not all Hazaras are Shias, the majority are.

  39. Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP), ‘Balochistan: Giving the People a Chance’, Report of the HRCP Fact-Finding Mission, June 2013, p. 5, http://www.hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/wp-content/pdf/Balochistan%20Report%20New%20Final.pdf, (accessed on 3 March 2018).

  40. Mushtaq Rajpar, ‘No end in sight’, The News, 19 October 2017, https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/238136-No-end-in-sight, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  41. Farid Kasi, ‘Feeding the forces of Extremism’.

  42. Mushtaq Rajpar, ‘No end in sight’, The News, 19 October 2017.

  43. ‘Hazara killings’, editorial in Dawn, 12 September 2017, https://www.dawn.com/news/1357041/hazara-killings, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  44. HRCP Report 2013, p. 28.

  45. Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP), ‘Pushed to the Wall’, Report of the HRCP Fact-Finding Mission to Balochistan October 2009, pp. 18–19, http://hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/wp-content/pdf/ff/14.pdf, (accessed on 3 March 2018).

  46. Ibid., p. 19.

  47. Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP), ‘Blinkered Slide into Chaos’, Report of the HRCP Fact-Finding Mission, Lahore, June 2011, p. 16, http://hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/wp-content/pdf/ff/6.pdf, (accessed on 3 March 2018).

  48. Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP), ‘Hopes, Fears and Alienation in Balochistan’, Report of the HRCP Fact-Finding Mission, May 2012, p. 10, http://hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/wp-content/pdf/ff/12.pdf, (accessed on 3 March 2018).

  49. HRCP Report, 2013, pp. 28–29.

  50. Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Balochistan, p. 73.

  51. Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP), ‘Human Rights in Balochistan and Balochistan’s Rights’, Report of the HRCP Fact-Finding Mission, October 2003, p. 63, http://hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/wp-content/pdf/ff/20.pd, (accessed on 3 March 2018).

  52. HRCP Report 2009, p. 22.

  53. Ibid., p. 23.

  54. HRCP Report 2011, p. 15.

  55. HRCP Report 2013, pp. 29–30.

  4. Language

  1. Government of Pakistan, The 1981 Census Report of the Balochistan Province, Islamabad: Population Census Organization, Statistics Division, 1984.

  2. J.H. Elfenbein, ‘Baluchi’, in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. I, A–B, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1960, p. 1006, cited in Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan: A Study of Baluch Nationalism, Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden Gmbh, 1987, p. 50.

  3. Selig S. Harrison, ‘Baloch Nationalism and Superpower Rivalry’, International Security, Vol. 5, No. 3, (Winter 1980–81) pp. 152–63, https://thebaluch.com/documents/Baluch%20Nationalism%20and%20Superpower%20Rivalry.pdf, (accessed on 27 February 2018).

  4. Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan: A Study of Baluch Nationalism, Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden Gmbh, 1987, p. 51.

  5. Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism: Its Origin and Development, Karachi: Royal Book Company, 2004, pp. 86–87.

  6. Ibid., pp. 143–44.

  7. Mohan Guruswamy, ‘Yes, let’s talk Balochistan!’ Hardnews, 31 July 2009, http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/2009/07/3124, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  8. Tariq Rahman, ‘The Balochi/Brahvi Language Movements in Pakistan, in Journal of South Asian and Middle East Studies, Vol. XIX, No. 3, Spring 1996, p. 88.

  9. Selig S. Harrison, ‘Baloch Nationalism and Super Power Rivalry’.

  10. Interview with Agha Naseer Khan Ahmadzai, cited in Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, p. 142.

  11. Nina Swidler, ‘Beyond Parody: Ethnology Engages Nationalist Discourse’, in Paul Titus (ed.), Marginality and Modernity: Ethnicity and Change in Post-Colonial Balochistan, Karachi: OUP, 1996, p. 169.

  12. Cited in Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, p. 143.

  13. Nina Swidler, ‘Beyond Parody’, p. 169.

  14. Janmahmad, Essays on Baloch National Struggle in Pakistan, p. 17, cited in Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, p. 143.

  15. Taj Mohmmad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, pp. 145–46.

  16. Interview with Dawood Khan Ahmadzai, cited in Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, p. 150.

  17. Express Telegram from AGG Balochistan to the Foreign Office, New Delhi, dated 27 April 1932, IOR R/1/34/57, cited in Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan, p. 35.

  18. India Office Records, L/P+S/12/3174, cited in Inayatullah Baloch, ibid.

  19. Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, p. 85.

  20. Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, pp. 215–16.

  21. Nadir Qambrani, ‘Brahvi Adabi Akabereen’, Pakistan Studies, Vol. I: No. 1, 1990, pp. 13–21, cited in Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, pp. 212–13.

  22. Syed Abdul Quddus, The Tribal Balochistan, p. 72, cited in Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, pp. 212–13.

  23. Interview with Anwar Sajidi, cited in Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, p. 214.

  24. Tariq Rehman, Language and Politics in Pakistan, Karachi: OUP, first published 1997, third impression 2003, pp. 168–69.

  25. Brian Spooner, Baluchistan: Geography, History, and Ethnography, p. 599, cited in Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, p. 86.

 
26. Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, p. 214.

  27. Carina Jahani, ‘Poetry and Politics: Nationalism and Language Standardization in the Balochis Literary Movement’ in Paul Titus (ed.), Marginality and Modernity, p. 106.

  28. Taj Mohammad Breseeg, ‘Heterogeneity and the Baloch Identity’, Hanken, Annual Research Journal From the Department of Balochi, Faculty of Languages and Literature, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Vol. 1, 2009, pp. 51–65, published online, 4 October 2010.

  29. Sajid Hussain, ‘Faith and politics of Balochi script’, Balochistan Times, 18 March 2016, http://balochistantimes.com/faith-and-politics-of-balochi-script/, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  30. Ibid.

  31. Ibid.

  32. Ibid.

  II: TIMES GONE BY

  5. History till Partition

  1. Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan: A Study of Baluch Nationalism, Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden Gmbh, 1987, p. 95.

  2. Janmahmad, Essays on Baloch National Struggle in Pakistan, pp. 157–63, cited in Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism: Its Origin and Development, Karachi: Royal Book Company, 2004, pp. 154–55.

  3. Muhammad Sardar Khan Baluch, The Great Baluch, p. 113, cited in Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, p. 160.

  4. Muhammad Sardar Khan Baluch, A Literary History of Baluchis, p. 73, cited in Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, p. 160.

  5. Selig S. Harrison, In Afghanistan’s Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations, Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1981, p. 16.

  6. Foreign Policy Centre, ‘Balochis of Pakistan: On the Margins of History’, London: Foreign Policy Centre, 2006, p. 12, https://fpc.org.uk/publications/balochis-of-pakistan-on-the-margins-of-history/, (accessed on 3 March 2018).

  7. Selig S. Harrison, ‘Baloch Nationalism and Superpower Rivalry’, International Security, Vol. 5, No 3, pp. 152–63, https://theBaloch.com/documents/Baloch%20Nationalism%20and%20Superpower%20Rivalry.pdf, (accessed on 27 February 2018).

  8. Ibid.

  9. Mir Ahmed Yar Khan Baluch, Inside Baluchistan: A Political Autobiography of His Highness Baiglar Baigi: Khan-E-Azam-XIII, Karachi: Royal Book Company 1975, p. 264.

  10. Paul Titus, Preface in Paul Titus (ed.), Marginality and Modernity: Ethnicity and Change in Post-Colonial Balochistan, Karachi: OUP, 1996, p. ix.

  11. Adeel Khan, ‘Baloch Ethnic Nationalism in Pakistan: From Guerrilla War to Nowhere?’ Asian Ethnicity, Vol. 4, No. 2, June 2003, p. 283.

  12. Selig S. Harrison, In Afghanistan’s Shadow, p. 19.

  13. Sir Henry Rawlinson (1810–95) came to India in 1827, was later an MP. He served in the India Council and was President of the Royal Asiatic Society and Royal Geographical Society.

  14. Sir Alfred Lyall (1835–1911) was the foreign secretary of the Government of India and Lieutenant-Governor in the North-West Frontier Province.

  15. Sir Henry Rawlinson, England and Russia in the East, London: John Murray, 1875, p. 14, cited in Ainslie T. Embree, ‘Pakistan’s Imperial Legacy’, in Ainslie T. Embree (ed.), Pakistan’s Western Borderlands: The Transformation of a Political Order, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd, 1977, pp. 25–26.

  16. Sir Alfred Lyall, ‘Frontiers and Protectorates’, The Nineteenth Century, Vol. 30, 1891, p. 315, cited in Ainslie T. Embree, ‘Pakistan’s Imperial Legacy’, p. 26.

  17. Ibid., p. 27.

  18. Justin S. Dunne, ‘Crisis in Baluchistan: A Historical Analysis of the Baluch Nationalist Movement in Pakistan’, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2006, p. 19, https://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/handle/10945/2755/06Jun_Dunne.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, (accessed 3 March 2018).

  19. Ainslie T. Embree, ‘Pakistan’s Imperial Legacy’ in Ainslie T. Embree (ed.), Pakistan’s Western Borderlands, p. 36.

  20. James W. Spain, ‘Political Problems of a Borderland’ in Ainslie T. Embree (ed), Pakistan’s Western Borderlands, p. 2.

  21. Nina Swidler, ‘Beyond Parody: Ethnography Engages Nationalist Discourse’, in Paul Titus (ed.), Marginality and Modernity, p. 179.

  22. Fred Scholz, Nomadism and Colonialism: A Hundred Years of Balochistan 1872–1972, Oxford: OUP, 1974, p. 91, cited in Justin S. Dunne: ‘Crisis in Baluchistan: A Historical Analysis of the Baluch Nationalist Movement in Pakistan’, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School.

  23. Mir Ahmed Yar Khan Baluch, Inside Baluchistan, p. 281.

  24. Martin Axmann, Back to the Future: The Khanate of Kalat and the Genesis of Baloch Nationalism 1915–1955, Karachi; OUP, 2008, p. 30.

  25. Ainslie T. Embree, ‘Pakistan’s Imperial Legacy’ in Ainslie T. Embree (ed) Pakistan’s Western Borderlands: pp. 33–34.

  26. James W. Spain, ‘Political Problems of a Borderland’ in Ainslie T. Embree (ed.), Pakistan’s Western Borderlands, p. 11.

  27. Nina Swidler, ‘Beyond Parody’, in Paul Titus (ed.), Marginality and Modernity, p. 182.

  28. Olaf Caroe, The Pathans 550 bc—ad 1957, Karachi: OUP, 1958, p. 375.

  29. Ibid., p. 376.

  30. ‘Baluchistan Under the British’, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/baloch-brits.htm, (accessed on 3 March 2018).

  31. Rafiullah Kakar, ‘Making sense of the CPEC controversy—III’, The Express Tribune, 11 February 2016, http://tribune.com.pk/story/1045140/making-sense-of-the-cpec-controversy-iii/, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  32. Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan, p. 29.

  33. Ibid., pp. 30–31.

  34. Selig S. Harrison, ‘Nationalism and Superpower Rivalry’, pp. 152–63.

  35. Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, 2004, p. 181.

  36. Ibid., p. 216.

  37. Ibid., p. 219.

  38. Ibid., pp. 221–23.

  39. Ibid., pp. 233, 235.

  40. Adeel Khan, ‘Baloch Ethnic Nationalism in Pakistan: From Guerrilla War to Nowhere?’ Asian Ethnicity, Vol. 4, No. 2, June 2003, p. 285.

  41. Stephen Cohen, The Idea of Pakistan, Washington DC: Brookings, 2006, p. 219.

  6. Accession to Pakistan

  1. Martin Axmann, Back to the Future: The Khanate of Kalat and the Genesis of Baloch Nationalism 1915-1955, Karachi; OUP, 2008, p. 176.

  2. Naseer Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan, Bloomington, Indiana, USA: Trafford Publishing, 2012, p. 326.

  3. India Office Records IOR R/1/34/63, cited in International Forum for Rights and Security (IFFRAS), Balochistan: Denial of Destiny, London: European Media, 2012. pp. 56-57.

  4. IOR.LVP+S/13/1847 cited in Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism: Its Origin and Development, Karachi: Royal Book Company, 2004, p. 246.

  5. Mir Ahmed Yar Khan Baluch, Inside Baluchistan: A Political Autobiography of His Highness Baiglar Baigi: Khan-E-Azam-XIII, Karachi: Royal Book Company 1975, pp. 255–56.

  6. Ibid., pp. 275–79.

  7. Ibid., p. 306.

  8. Ibid., p. 146.

  9. Ibid, p. 147.

  10. Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan: A Study of Baluch Nationalism, Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden Gmbh, 1987, p. 256.

  11. Foreign Policy Centre, ‘Balochis of Pakistan: On the Margins of History’, London: Foreign Policy Centre, November 2006, pp. 17–18, https://fpc.org.uk/publications/balochis-of-pakistan-on-the-margins-of-history/, (accessed on 3 March 2018).

  12. Yaqoob Khan Bangash, A Princely Affair: The Accession and Integration of the Princely States of Pakistan, 1947-1955, Karachi: OUP, 2015, p. 168.

  13. Abdul Majeed Abid, ‘The question of Kalat’, The Nation, 21 December 2015, http://nation.com.pk/columns/21-Dec-2015/the-question-of-kalat, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  14. Ziauddin to Jinnah, 8 July 1947, PS-77, Jinnah Papers, Vol III, cited in Yaqoob Khan Bangash, A Princely Affair, p. 165.

  15. Yaqoob Khan Bangash, ibid.

  16. Mountbatten to Listowel, Personal Report No 14, 25 July 1947, L/PO/6/123, IOR, cited in Yaqoob Khan Bangash, A Princely Affair,
pp. 165–66.

  17. Yaqoob Khan Bangash, A Princely Affair, p. 167.

  18. Ibid.

  19. Memo on Kalat’, R/1/1/4922, IOP, cited in ibid.

  20. Yaqoob Khan Bangash, A Princely Affair, pp. 171 and 179.

  21. Mir Ahmed Yar Khan, ‘Baluch kaum ke naam Khan-e-Baluch ka paigam’, cited in Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan, p. 61.

  22. Yaqoob Khan Bangash, ‘Recalling Baloch History’, The Express Tribune, 14 June 2011, http://tribune.com.pk/story/188798/recalling-baloch-history/, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  23. Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan, pp. 181–82.

  24. Ibid., p. 184.

  25. Ibid.

  26. Ibid., p. 182.

  27. Martin Axmann, Back to the Future, p. 180.

  28. Dawn, 18 July 1946, cited in Yakoob Khan Bangash, A Princely Affair, p. 190.

  29. Foreign Policy Centre, Balochis of Pakistan, p. 23.

  30. Ibid, pp. 23–24.

  31. Martin Axmann, Back to the Future, p. 197.

  32. Selig S. Harrison, In Afghanistan’s Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations, Washington D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1981, p. 24.

  33. R.C. Money also recorded a detailed note on Balochistan’s economy as would be seen in a later chapter.

  34. Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan, p. 174. Incidentally, according to Baloch, the file of Gen. R.C. Money was regarded a confidential, secret file in the War Office Library.

  35. Foreign Policy Centre, Balochis of Pakistan, p. 22.

  36. Naseer Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan, p. 336.

  37. International Forum for Rights and Security (IFFRAS), Balochistan: Denial of Destiny, London: European Media Ltd, 2012, p. 59.

  38. Narendra Singh Sarila, The Shadow of The Great Game: The Untold Story of India’s Partition, NOIDA, HarperCollins India, 2005, p. 28.

  39. Naseer Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan, pp. 334–35.

  40. IOR L/P+S/13/1846 cited in Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan, p. 257.

  41. Yogeena Veena, ‘How Balochistan became a part of Pakistan—a historical perspective’, The Nation, 5 December 2015, http://nation.com.pk/blogs/05-Dec-2015/how-balochistan-became-a-part-of-pakistan-a-historical-perspective, (accessed on 2 March 2018).