Diodorus Siculus, 49, 148, 198, 291, 329, 367, 444, 464, 473;
on Alexander the Great, 491, 493–94;
on Delian League/Athenian Empire, 174, 177, 178, 184–85, 202, 204;
on First Peloponnesian War (462/1–441/5), 266, 267;
History, 391;
life and career, 5;
literary sources, 5–8, 17;
on Pentecontaetia, 178–79;
on Sparta, 232, 421;
World History, 148
Diogenes Laertius, 24
Diomedon (general), 410
Dionysius (tyrant of Syracuse), 41
Dionysus Eleuthereus, 113, 114
Dipaea, battle of (460), 232
dokimasia (investigation), 130, 240, 247, 264, 397, 503
see also euthuna Dolonci, Miltiades as ruler of, 108
Dolopes, Scyros, 181, 182
Dorian Invasion, 6
Dorian migration, 30
Dorians, arrival in Peloponnese, 61
Doris (Sparta’s mythical mother-country), 270
Dorpfeld foundations, 109
douloi (slaves), 230, 231
doves:
Athenian, 212, 214–15, 237;
Spartan, 227–28
Draco, Law Code, 84, 87, 88;
Solon’s reforms, 98
Dracontides, 329, 330
dual hegemony policy, 214, 236, 300, 316;
and Thirty Years Peace, 355
Dymanes tribe, 52
Ecclesia (Assembly), 106, 132, 238, 251–58, 263;
and Boule of 495, 129, 249–50;
and Cleisthenes’ reforms, 119, 128;
deme assembly as miniature of, 123;
and demise of Areopagus’ secular powers, 242, 243;
Pericles and Ephialtes reform, 242–43;
Principal Assembly, 251, 253;
procedure in, 254–55;
role of in legislation, 255–58;
and Solon’s reforms, 94, 95, 102
Egyptians, 13
Eion, capture of, 6, 181
eisangelia (impeachment), 239, 249, 252, 262, 263, 264
Elatea, Phocis, 466
Eleans, 45, 52, 437, 439, 440
Eleusis, 3, 112;
abortion of invasion of Attica, 80, 137
Eleutherae, 113
eleutheria (freedom), 297
Elis, 230, 360, 439;
see also Eleans Emporion, 39
emporion (trading station), 31, 35
Enneakrounos (Nine Spouts), 112
Epaminondas:
literary sources, 8, 14, 27, 29;
and Thebes, 435, 437–39, 443–44, 446, 447;
and Third Sacred War, 455
Eparitoi (federal army), 445
Ephesus, 393
Ephialtes, democratic reforms (462/1) 2, 5, 94, 128, 215, 237, 322, 413;
Areopagus council, 239–42;
argues against helping Sparta, 233;
Athenian political institutions following, 242–45;
political background, 237–38
Ephorate, 58, 59
Ephors, 70–72, 358, 416, 498
Ephorus, 60, 211, 267;
literary sources, 6, 7, 8;
and Persian War, 148–49;
and tyranny/tyrants, 40–41, 45–46, 49, 50
Epidamnus, 38
Epidamnus, unrest at, 301–2
Epidaurus, 79, 361, 438, 439;
‘dusty-feet’ at, 52;
and Peloponnesian War, 342, 347, 359–60, 361, 363
Epilycus, 386
Epipolae, heights of, 376, 377, 378
episcopoi (overseers), 187, 279, 281, 499
epistates (chief president), 248
Epitadeus, 73
epiteichismos policy, 338, 346, 347
epitomes (summaries), 6, 187
eponymous archon (chief archon), 7, 92, 99, 102, 105, 112, 114, 129, 180, 259;
and Cleisthenes’ reforms, 129;
and Decrees, 180;
Hipparchus as, 135, 140;
Isagoras as, 118;
reduction in power, 144, 245;
Themistocles as, 140, 212;
see also basileus (king-archon) and polemarch
Eretria, 31, 36, 47, 108
Erythrae, Councils at, 188
Erythrae Decree, 187, 190, 191, 193, 277, 279–80
Eteoboutadai, 123
Etruscans, 36
Euboea/Euboeans, 31, 80, 182, 391, 457, 464
Euboean standard, 97
Eupatridai (Well-born), 89, 99, 102
Eupatrid Damasias, deposition, 99
Euripus, strait of, 155
Eurotas River, 61
Euryelus, 376, 379
Eurymedon, 346, 369, 379
Eurymedon, battle of (c. 464), 229, 268;
and Athenian Empire, 276, 284;
and Athenian politics, 215, 217;
and Delian League/Athenian Empire, 183;
literary sources, 6, 7
Eurypontids, families of, 66
Euryptolemus, 257
Eusebius, 112
euthuna, 131, 240, 241, 252, 263, 265, 504
see also dokimasia, euthunoi
euthunoi (public auditors), 241, 245, 249, 265
Evagoras, King, 427
factionalism, 121, 122, 126, 128, 134
First Peloponnesian War (462/1–441/5), 322;
from 462/1 to 449, 267–72;
from 454 to 446/5, 272–75;
literary sources, 5, 7, 11, 266–67;
outbreak of, 233;
and Peloponnesian War of 426, 234, 320;
Sparta’s involvement, 178;
see also Peloponnesian War (431–404)
Five Thousand, rule of, 4, 407, 408–9, 410, 411–13
Five Year Truce (451–446), 235, 268
Foot-Companions, infantry, 476, 478
fountain-houses, 112
Four Hundred, rule of, 4, 21, 391, 406–11;
Council of Four Hundred, 409;
establishment of, 402
Franco, Francisco, 54
Gallic War (49BC), 5
Gaugamela, battle of (326), 488–95;
armies, 489–91;
details of battle, 491–95;
map, 490;
sources, 491
generals, Athenian see strategoi
Geographia (Strabo), 148
Gerousia, 58, 66, 67–68, 69, 236
gerrymandering, 121
Gigantomachy (battle between giants and gods), 111
gnorimoi (notables), 85, 325
Granicus (River), battle of (329):
armies, 477–78;
details of battle, 478–82;
map, 479;
sources, 477
graphe (written charge), 95, 258;
graphe paranomon, 256, 257, 262–63
Great Panathenaea, 112, 114
Great Rhetra, 58, 59, 65–72
Greek alphabet, 13, 181
Greek lettering styles, decrees, 180, 181, 192
Gulf of Pagasae, 159
Gylippus, 363, 375, 377, 378, 379, 380, 383
Hadrian (Roman emperor), 110
Hagnon (associate of Pericles), 331, 402
Haliartus, battle of (390), 424
Halieis, battle of, 7, 267, 269
Halimous, 18
Hamaxitos, 194
Hansen, M. H., 254
Harmodius, 114, 115, 135
harmost, 279, 418
Harpocration, 133, 279
hawks:
Athenian, 212–14, 237;
Spartan, 227, 229, 232, 235
Hecale, deme of, 127
hectemoroi (one-sixth-parters), 84, 85–89, 96;
abolition by Solon, 91, 102, 107;
and hereditary serfdom, 87, 91
Hegistratus, 108
Helen of Troy, 10
Heliaea (People’s Court), 94, 192, 238, 258–65;
court procedure, 259–62;
and demise of Areopagus’ secular powers, 242;
political role, 262–65;
and Solon’s reforms, 94, 95, 102
Hellanicus of Lesbos, 7, 115, 266–67
Hellenica (Greek Affairs) (Xenophon), 25–29, 391, 414
Hellenic League, 151, 153, 233;
and Delian League/Athenian Empire, 171, 175, 176;
and Persian War, 150, 154, 155, 156
Hellenistic Age (330–30 BC),17
Hellenotamiae (Treasurers of the Greeks), 176, 179
Hellespont:
attack on by Cersebleptes, 464;
control of cities, 393;
and Propontis sea, 457, 464
helmet, Corinthian, 43–44
Helots (low status group), 52, 87, 165, 217;
and ‘Lycurgan’ reforms/rise of Sparta, 55–58, 61, 64–65, 71, 72, 76, 77, 78, 234;
revolt in Messenia, 232, 233, 235, 270, 272;
sources, 27, 28, 55;
Spartans’ siege of, on Mount Ithome, 219–20;
threat to and importance to Sparta, 165, 217, 222, 227–28, 234, 271, 313, 354, 359, 364, 426, 438,
Heraclea, 436
Heracleides Lembos, 75
Heracles, descendants of, 46
Heraclides of Clazomenae, 386
Heraeum Teichos, 457
hereditary serfdom, and hectemoroi, 87, 91
Herippidas, 421
Hermae, mutilation of (410), 13, 264, 286, 362, 371, 382, 399, 401;
see also Alcibiades
hermai (images of Hermes), 111
Hermione (Epidarus city-state), 79
Hermippos, 329
Hermocrates, 28
Herodotus, 3, 31, 33, 45, 66, 148;
on Alcmaeonids, 105–6;
on Athenian politics, 132, 137, 142;
on Cleisthenes’ reforms, 117, 118, 119, 120, 128, 130;
on Cleomenes I, 56, 67, 71, 80, 108, 119, 136, 138, 139;
councils of war, 160, 161;
and Delian League/Athenian Empire, 173, 178;
and Ephorus, 148–49;
History, 9–13, 312;
life and career, 8–9;
on Peisistratus’ three periods of tyranny, 4, 115;
and Persian War, 147, 148, 150, 151, 162;
on Solon’s reforms, 84;
on Sparta,
early history of, 56, 63, 66, 67, 71, 74, 75, 78, 77, 79, 80;
on tyranny/tyrants, 40, 41, 49, 50–51, 101
Hesiod of Boeotia, 10, 63, 85, 86;
and colonization, 32, 33
hetaireiai (political clubs), 399, 401, 402, 404
hetairoi (Companion Cavalry), 474
Hetoemaridas, 226, 227, 228, 229, 318
hipparchs (commanders of cavalry), 474, 475
Hipparchus (son of Peisistratus), 111, 115, 134;
as eponymous archon, 135, 140;
murder of, 3, 4, 80, 114, 115;
succeeding of Peisistratus, 103, 114
Hipparchus (son-in-law of Hippias the tyrant), 135–36, 140, 150:
ostracism of, 134, 143
hippeis (property class), 92
Hippias the tyrant, 3, 45, 80, 81, 108;
and Artaphrenes, 138–39;
expulsion, 115, 120;
fall of, 122;
and Persians, 135, 136, 139;
ruthlessness of, 116;
succeeding of Peisistratus, 103, 105, 114
Hippocleides, 112, 113
Hippocrates, 136, 144, 392;
and Archidamian War, 346, 347
Histiaeus, 12
Historiai (Ephorus), 148
historiography, 10
History (Diodorus), 391
History (Herodotus), 9–13, 312
Hitler, Adolf, 54
Homer, 10, 42, 44
Homoioi (Similars/Peers), 68, 76
hoplite reform, 44
hoplites (soldiers), 41, 90, 340;
phalanxes, 42, 43, 152
hoplite warfare, 42, 46, 320
horoi (marker stones), 86, 91
Hyacinthia, religious festival, 166
Hyampolis, 436
Hybla, 373
Hyccara, 373
Hydarnes, 158
Hylleis tribe, 52
hypaspists (elite of Macedonian infantry), 476, 478
Hyperbolus, 195, 410;
ostracism of, 134, 321
hypomasia (allegation under oath), 263
Hypomeiones (‘Inferior’ non-Spartiate status), 57, 58, 72, 74
Hysiae, battle of (669), 46, 64
Iliad (Homer), 42
Inaros (rebel leader in Egypt), 188, 268, 269
inscriptions, 11, 158, 247, 255, 277, 279, 367;
(used as primary sources) 179–81
Ionian League, 140, 175
Ionian migration, 30
Ionian Revolt (499–494), 9, 12, 139, 140, 141, 149, 163, 175
Ionian War (413–404), 384–97;
Athenian naval successes, 391, 393, 396;
literary sources, 5, 19, 25, 28;
Persia and Greeks (413–404), 387–97;
Spartan naval successes, 394, 397
Ion of Chios, 211
Iphicrates, 425, 426, 427
Isagoras, 80, 119, 120, 138;
and Cleisthenes, 117, 128, 133;
as eponymous archon, 118
isegoria (equal right to speak), 243, 333
Isocrates, 6, 148, 198, 232, 241, 278, 288, 293, 444
Isodice (wife of Cimon), 323
isonomia (political equality), 130, 131, 135, 262
isopsephoi (equal in vote), 175
Issus, battle of (328), 482–88;
armies, 483–85;
details of battle, 485–88;
map, 486;
sources, 483
Isthmian Games, 112–13
Isthmus, 153, 156, 160
Itamenes, 385
Ithome, battle of (465/4), 231, 232;
siege of, 219–20, 232, 233, 234
Jacobsen, H., 173
Jason of Pherae, 26, 434, 436, 443, 453, 456;
assassination of, 441
Justin, 187, 453, 456, 460, 462, 467, 468, 488
kaloikagathoi (the noble and the good/gentlemen), 292, 294, 330, 333, 334, 335;
as a political entity, 325, 336, 399
Kerameikos, archaeological finds from, 135, 136
Khalkis Decree see Chalkis Decree
King’s Peace see Peace of Antalcidas (King’s Peace 387/1)
Kleinias Decree see Cleinias Decree
Knights (Aristophanes), 330, 331, 334
komos (communal revelry), 113
Labda (lame daughter of Bacchiads), 49–50
Labdalum, 376, 378
Laches, 444
Laconia, Theban invasion (370/64), 27, 438
‘Laconian Sayings’,60
Laconisers (supporters of Sparta), 57
Lamachus, 372–74, 376, 380–81, 383;
strategy at Syracuse, 372–73, 374, 380, 382, 383
Lampsacus, 288
Landsgemeinde, 254
land shortage, and colonization, 30, 31–35
Larissa, Thessaly, 421, 441
Laws (Plato), 31, 58
League of Corinth, 467, 472
Lelantine War, 47
Leon (general), 77, 410
Leonidas, King of Sparta, 148,
and Thermopylae, 156, 157, 158–59
Leontini, 31, 367, 369, 372
Leotychidas, King of Sparta, 167, 228, 229
Lesbos island, 1, 54, 198–203;
and Athenian Empire, 276, 288
Leucas, 38
Leucimme, battle of (430), 302, 303
Leuctra, battle of (366), 5, 24, 25, 29, 58, 73;
breaks Spartan power, 430, 435, 436, 437, 447;
and Xenophon, 26, 27, 29
Libya, 34
Lichas, 390
Life of Alexander (Plutarch), 473
Life of Artaxerxes (Plutarch), 148
Life of King Agis IV (Plutarch), 73
Life of
Lycurgus (Plutarch), 58, 59, 60, 65, 68, 69, 73, 76
Life of Nicias (Plutarch), 16
Life of Pericles (Plutarch), 15, 323
Life of Solon (Plutarch), 4, 84, 90
literary sources:
Aristotle see Aristotle;
Diodorus Siculus see Diodorus Siculus;
Herodotus see Herodotus;
Plutarch see Plutarch;
Thucydides see Thucydides;
Xenophon see Xenophon
Lives see Parallel Lives (Plutarch)
Lives of Agis and Cleomenes (Plutarch), 59
Lives of Cimon and Themistocles (Plutarch), 211
Lives of Philosophers (Diogenes Laertius), 24
Locrians, 156
Locris, 436
Lower Macedonia, 451, 452
Lyceum (philosophical school), 2
Lycomedes, 439
‘Lycurgan’ reforms:
background, 61–65;
and First Messenian War (730–710), 62–64, 71;
kings, 66–67;
political, 65–72;
and Second Messenian War (650), 56, 64–65, 71, 72, 78;
social and economic, 72–77;
sources, 55–61
Lycurgus (Spartan law-giver), 57, 63, 65, 74, 108
see also ‘Lycurgan’ reforms
Lycurgus (Athenian aristocrat), ‘Men of the Plain’ under, 99, 101, 102, 122
Lydia, 9, 13
Lydian empire, 37
Lygdamis of Naxos, 54, 104, 108
Lysander, 58, 203, 397, 415;
and Persian-Greek relations/Ionian War, 393, 394, 395, 396;
and Spartan foreign policy, 395, 415, 416, 418, 419, 422
Macedon, 9;
consolidation of in north (359–354), 451–55;
growth of power (map), 469, 470;
hegemony of Greece (338–336), 467–71;
Persian control, 149, 154;
rise of in Greece (353–338), 455–71;
see also Alexander the Great
Macedonia, 141, 451
Malis, 436
Mantias (Athenian commander), 452
Mantinea, 230, 431, 437, 446;
battle of (413), 361, 362, 447
Mantineans, 358, 360, 361
Marathon, battle of (485), 9, 139, 140, 141, 152
Mardonius, 12, 141;
and Persian War, 148, 149, 154, 163–64
Marmor Parium, 114, 115
Massagetae, 9
Massalia (later Marseilles), 39
Megabazus, 9, 137
Megacles, (Athenian aristocrat), 103, 143;
‘Men of the Coast’ under, 99, 101, 102, 122
Megalopolis (Big City), 439
Megara, 31, 48, 49, 80, 103, 269, 274, 347;
strategic importance to Sparta, 234, 267–68, 270, 271, 274
Megarian Decree, 17, 309–13, 315, 319;
as an ‘aitia’, 311;
Plutarch on, 328, 329;
importance exaggerated by Sparta, 312, 315, 319
Megarians, 357
Megarid, 269, 270
Melanippus, 53
Melian Dialogue, 19, 204–5, 208–9
Aspects of Greek History (750–323BC) Page 75