Aristobulus, 473, 474, 477
aristocratic clubs, 401
Aristodamus, 425
Aristogeiton, 114, 115, 135
aristoi (best men), 325
Ariston, reign, 78
Aristophanes’ plays:
Acharnians, 310, 311;
Birds, 194–95, 280;
Ecclesiazusae, 254;
Knights, 24, 330, 334;
Peace, 331–32, 427;
The Thesmophoriazusae, 254, 404;
Wasps, 258, 284
Aristotle, 66, 70, 98, 124, 135, 239, 402;
Athenaion Politeia (Constitution of the Athenians) see Athenaion Politeia (Constitution of the Athenians)
(Aristotle);
on Athenian institutions, 251, 261, 264;
and Athens, 2, 88, 132;
Constitution of the Spartans (lost work), 58, 65;
and Delian League/Athenian Empire, 173, 178;
life and career, 1–2;
on oligarchic movement, 406, 411, 412;
on Peisistratus’ rule, 107, 110;
Politics see Politics (Aristotle);
as pupil of Plato, 58;
on reforms, 117, 118, 126, 245;
on Solon, 2, 4, 85, 89, 90;
on tyranny/tyrants, 41–42, 44–45, 52, 101
armies:
of Alexander the Great see army of Alexander the Great;
Argive see Argives/Argive army;
Athenian, 337;
Eparitoi (federal army), 445;
see also specific wars
armour, hoplite, 43
army of Alexander the Great, 473–76;
cavalry, 474–75;
Gaugamela, battle of (326), 489–91;
Granicus (River), battle of (329), 477–78;
infantry, 476, 478, 482;
Issus, battle of (328), 483–85;
see also Alexander III (Alexander the Great);
Companion Cavalry Arrian, on Alexander the Great, 472–74, 475;
Gaugamela, battle of (326), 493, 494;
Granicus (River), battle of (329), 478, 480, 481;
Issus, battle of (328), 483
Artabanus, 13
Artaphernes, 386
Artaphrenes, 137, 138–39, 141, 149
Artaxerxes I: 268, 386, 387;
Peace of Callias, 268
Artaxerxes II, 148,
Cyrus rebels against, 24, 416;
and Sparta, 416, 418, 419, 426–27, 428, 434;
worries about Athenian imperialism, 427–28
Artemisium, 10, 17;
and Persian War, 155–60, 162
Asia Minor, 1, 8;
from 404 to 389, 415–20;
Spartan campaigns, 25, 26
Aspasia (Pericles’ lover), 16, 329, 330
Athenaion Politeia (Constitution of the Athenians) (Aristotle), 2–5, 93, 134, 247, 252;
and the Boule, 93, 245, 247–51
see also Boule;
and Cleisthenes, 117, 118, 120, 122–23, 124, 126, 129, 130;
and Delian League, 173;
and the Ecclesia, 251–53;
and Ephialtes’ reforms, 238, 240–41;
and the Heliaea, 243, 244, 258–59;
and oligarchic movement, 406, 407;
and ostracism, 117, 131, 132, 133, 134, 142, 143, 145;
and Peisistratids/Peisistratus’ rule, 101, 109;
qualities of, 4–5;
and reform of the archonship, 144;
on Solon’s reforms, 84, 90, 91;
weaknesses of, 3–4
Athena Polias, old temple, 109, 111, 113
Athene (goddess of Athens), 103
Athenian Assembly see Ecclesia
Athenian Assembly, Decrees enacted in, 179, 180;
see also individual Decrees, such as Cleinias Decree
Athenian democracy, institutions of:
Boule see Boule (Council) of 495;
Ecclesia (Assembly) see Ecclesia (Assembly);
Heliaea see Heliaea (People’s Court);
sources, 247
Athenian Empire:
growth from 478/7 to 446/5, 181–95;
atrocities, 205;
economic benefits, 283–89;
fleet, 276, 277;
inscriptions, importance of, 179–81
see also Athenian Tribute Lists;
‘Land Empire’, 185, 195, 235, 271, 272;
literary sources, 177–79;
map, 207–8;
means of control, military and political, 276–82;
Melos, attack on, 203–9;
Mytilene revolt, 198–203;
phoros (tribute), 184, 189–90, 191–92, 193, 194, 201, 203, 218, 250, 279, 281, 283–84, 324, 339, 342;
political benefits, 283, 289–98;
popularity of, and allied benefits, 287–98;
Samos, 196–98;
transition of Delian League to, 177–209;
see also Delian League
Athenian foreign policy:
in 470s, 212–15;
in 460s, 218–20;
Athenian doves and dual hegemony, 214;
in First Peloponnesian War (462/1–441/5), 266–75;
Athenian hawks, 212;
see also Athenian politics
Athenian politics:
from 508/7 to 485, 136–42;
from 489 to 476, 142–45;
from 478 to 462/1, 211–20;
domestic policy (478–462/1), 215–16;
doves, 212, 214–15;
fall of Themistocles, 214, 217–18;
foreign policy see Athenian foreign policy;
hawks, 212–14;
nature of, and Pericles, 321;
ostracism and its uses (480s), 132–36;
ostracism of Cimon, 220;
political trials, 68;
sources, 132–36, 211;
see also Sicily/southern Italy, Athenian policy
Athenian Tribute Lists (ATLs), 177, 179, 189
Athens, 26, 55, 56, 80;
and Archidamian War, 337–39;
and Aristotle, 2, 88, 132;
Corcyra, alliance with, 303–6;
democracy see Athenian democracy, institutions of;
economic and political crisis in, 84–90;
Empire see Athenian Empire;
imperialism of, 190, 192, 216, 272, 366, 443, 444;
Long Walls, 352, 400;
oligarchic movement in (411–410), 399–413;
and Peloponnesian War, 303–9, 316–20;
Persian relations, 137, 138, 139;
politics see Athenian foreign policy;
Athenian politics;
Potidaea, treatment of, 306–9;
tyranny of Peisistratids, 101–16
Attalus, 468
Atthidographers, 3, 4, 84, 133
Attica, 33, 80, 86, 98, 158;
geographical regions, 102, 121, 124;
and Peisistratids/Peisistratus’ rule, 110, 112
Aulus Gellius, 8
Autocles, speech on Spartan imperialism, 27
Babylon, measurement of time from, 13
Babylonians, 13
Bacchiads, 49, 50, 51;
overthrow of, 92
Bardylis, King, 451, 453
basileus (king-archon), function of, 92, 114, 129, 497
‘Battle of the Champions’ (544), 79
‘Battle of the Fetters’, 78
Battus, 11;
life of, 34
beltistoi (best men), 325
Berisades (Thracian King), 452
Bibliotheke (Library of World History) (Diodorus Siculus), 5–8
Birds (Aristophanes), 194–95, 205, 280, 281
Boeotarchs (public officials of Boeotian League), 432
Boeotia, 15, 32, 166, 234, 271, 389;
and Archidamian War, 346, 347;
and Sparta, 431;
and Thebes, 432, 433, 435
Boeotian Confederacy, 423
Boeotian League, dissolution (381), 27, 428, 430,
434, 467;
aim to restore/restoration, 432, 433, 436
Boeotians, 356, 357, 358, 433–34
Boiotios Treaty (402), 415, 417, 419
Boule (Council) of 395, 93, 94, 106, 119, 129, 136
Boule (Council) of 495, 93, 238, 247–51, 358–59;
and Areopagus, reform of, 240;
and Cleisthenes’ reforms, 121, 123, 124, 128–30;
committees, 249;
decision-making, 255;
and demise of Areopagus’ secular powers, 243;
diplomatic relations, handling, 249–50;
functions, 244–45, 402;
organization, 248;
powers and responsibilities, 248–51
bouleutic oath, 132
Boutadai, clan of, 123
Bradeen, D. W., 293, 294
Brasidas (military commander), 18, 22, 297, 374, 386;
and Archidamian War, 348, 349, 352
Brea Decree, 255, 278, 285
Brygi (Thracian tribe), 149
Byzantium, 31, 171, 198, 228, 391, 427, 455, 465
Cadmeia, 29, 467
Callias, 135, 143, 317
Callicratidas, 28, 395–96
Callimachus, 142
Callisthenes, 473, 483
Callixeinus, 257
Callixenos, 136, 144
Cambyses, 9, 11
Cape Malea, voyage around, 48–49
Cardusii, 494
Carneia, religious feast of, 157
Carthage, 375
Carthaginian Assembly, 69
Carystus, Euboea, 182
Catana, 31, 373
Cecryphaleia, Athenians’ naval victory at, 7, 269
Cersebleptes, 457, 459, 464
Chaeroneia, 274, 467;
battle of (333), 466
Chalcedon, 31, 393, 427
Chalcideus, 388
Chalcidian League, 431;
dissolution (374), 25;
and Philip II, 453, 454, 457, 458, 467
Chalcidians, 137, 138, 357;
oath of, 191, 198
Chalcidice, 149, 154
Chalcis, 2, 31, 36, 47, 159, 191
Chalcis Decree, 180, 190, 191, 198, 250, 282, 292, 216
Charitimides, 187
Chersonese, 15, 140
Chians, 94
Chigi vase, 44
Chileos, 166
Chios, 93, 403, 444, 455, 465;
and Athenian Empire, 276, 288
choes (unit of measure), 261
chrestoi (useful), 325
Cimon of the Philaids, 106, 182, 237, 238;
and Athenian politics, 216, 218, 219;
and decline, 219–20;
and Delian League/Athenian Empire, 172;
fatal flaws in policies, 216, 218–19;
as leader of Athenian doves, 214–15;
literary sources, 2, 6, 15, 16, 17, 18;
and Pericles, 322
Cinadon, conspiracy of, 57, 426
Citizenship Law (446), 245
City Dionysia, 113
city-states, 30, 32
Classical Greece, Roman Greece distinguished, 16
class struggle, 99
Cleandridas (of Sparta), 235, 236
Cleinias Decree (also known as the Tribute Decree):
and Boule of 495, 250;
and Delian League/Athenian Empire, 180, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195
Cleisthenes, as author of ostracism law, 133;
as ‘father of democracy’, 131;
deme reforms of,122–24;
democracy, advancing, 125–26, 128–31;
and Isagoras, 117, 128, 133;
local government, 122–23;
map, 125;
mixing-up policy, 128;
motives for, 119–22, 133;
political background (511/0–502/1), 117–19;
tribal reforms of, 5, 9, 12, 100, 117–31, 215
Cleisthenes of Sicyon, 41, 108;
tyranny, 52–53
Cleisthenic Boule (Council) of 500
see Boule (Council) of 495
Cleitarchus, 464, 473
Cleoboulos, 358
Cleombrotus, King of Sparta, 432, 434, 435
Cleomedes, 203
Cleomenes I, King of Sparta, 12, 56, 67, 71, 230;
and Arcadian league, 230;
called in against Cleisthenes, 80;
invasions of Attica, 81, 116, 119, 133, 136, 212, 223;
rise of Sparta, 79–80;
‘suicide’, 230
Cleomenes III, King of Sparta (third century), 59–60, 79
see also ‘third-century revolution’
Cleon, 20, 22, 195, 249 330, 338;
as a demagogue, 286, 330–31, 333–36;
and Mytilene revolt, 200, 201, 202, 290, 291;
on tyranny of empire, 200–201, 316
Cleonymos Decree, 193
clepsydra (water clock), 261
cleroi (equal plots of land), 72, 74, 75
cleruchies, 180, 189, 277, 367, 444, 457
Cnidus, battle of (389), 419
Coeranus, 491
coinage, 13, 86, 89, 97
Coinage Decree (also known as the Standards Decree), 190, 193–95, 279, 287
colonization, causes, 30–39;
cultivable land, desire for, 39;
land shortage, 30, 31–35;
and over-population, 32;
trade, importance, 30–31, 35–39
Colonus, 406, 408
Colophon Decree, 190–91;
and revolt, 188, 190, 385
comic poets, 16
Common Peace, 441, 446, 463, 468
Companion Cavalry, 474, 475;
and Gaugemela battle, 489, 491, 493, 495;
and Granicus River battle, 478;
and Issus battle, 484, 485, 487;
Royal Squadron, 481, 482;
see also army of Alexander the Great Congress Decree, 189, 190
Congress of Gela (419), 369
Conon, 21, 419, 423, 426
Constitution of the Lacedaemonians (Xenophon), 57, 70, 74, 76
Constitution of the Spartans (Aristotle’s lost work), 58, 65
Corcyra, 20, 36, 49, 153, 301–2, 369, 434;
Athens’ alliance with, 251, 256, 302, 303–6
Corinth, 31, 77, 80, 92, 301, 414;
and Argos, 426, 428–29;
and Corcyra, 49, 51, 301–6;
and First Peloponnesian War, 267, 271;
League of, 467;
and Potidaea dispute with Athens, 306–9
Corinthian colonies, 38
Corinthian helmet, 43–44
Corinthians, 11, 49, 79–80, 340, 357, 420;
and Athens’ alliance with Corcyra, 303–6;
and colonization, 35, 36
Corinthian War (395–387/1), 5, 423, 424–29, 431;
and Quadruple Alliance, 414, 424;
sources, 24, 25, 28
Coroneia, battle of (442), 274
Cos, 465
Council of 400 see Boule (Council) of 395
Council of 500 see Boule (Council) of 495
Council of Four Hundred (406), 409
Crenides, 454
Critias, 57, 60
Crocus Field, battle of (347), 456
Croesus, King of Lydia, 79, 84, 137
Croton, 31, 367
Ctesias of Cnidus, 148, 187
cults, 110, 112, 113
Cumae (old Greek colony), 36
Cunaxa, battle of (396), 24
Cyclades, 183
Cylon, 84, 98
Cynoscephalae, battle of (359), 445
Cynossema, battle of (406), 392, 413
Cyprus, 140, 171, 189, 228
Cypselus of Corinth, 38, 72;
tyranny of, 40, 41, 43, 49–52, 92
Cyrene, 9, 11, 33–34, 35
Cyrus (Persian prince), 9, 24, 137, 393, 394, 416
Cythera, island of, 346–47, 357, 361
Cyzicus, 392, 393
Damaratus, 67, 80<
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Darius I, King of Persia, 9, 137, 141, 147;
Darius II (Darius the Bastard), 386–87, 396, 415
Darius III, 477, 487, 488, 489, 492, 495
Dark Ages (1200–1900), 45, 87;
and colonization, 30, 33, 35
Datis, 141, 149
death penalty, 84
debt, and hectemoroi, 85–89
debt-bondage/debt-bondsmen, 88–89, 96, 102
decarchies, 415–16
decate (tax), 107
Decelean War (413–404), 19, 362–65, 384;
outbreak of, 362–65
deiloi (cowardly), 325
Delian League, 5, 17, 183, 189, 190, 215;
from 478/7 to 446/5, 181–95;
aims, 172–73, 185, 214;
Chalcis Decree, 180, 190–91, 250, 282;
changing nature of, 182–85;
Cleinias Decree, 190, 191–92;
Coinage (Standards)
Decree, 190, 193–95, 279, 287;
constitution, 173;
Erythrae Decree,
establishment/founding of, 52, 171–77, 212, 226;
Eurymedon, importance of, 183;
finance, 176–77, 189;
and First Peloponnesian War, 271, 272, 273;
Methone Decree, 277 284–85, 296–97, 310;
oaths and iron bars, 173;
rise of, 145;
sources, literary 177–79;
sources, inscriptions, 179–81;
structure (unicameral or bicameral), 174–76;
transition to Athenian Empire, 177–209;
see also Athenian Empire
Delium, hoplite battle (419), 43, 386
Delos, island of, 108;
treasury at, 176
Delphi, Apollo’s temple at, 13
Delphic oracle, 11, 34, 116, 230, 302;
and ‘Lycurgan’ reforms, 70, 78;
and tyranny, 46, 50
demagogues, 4, 20, 332–36, 399
De Malignitate Herodoti (Plutarch), 148
Demaratus, 12, 56, 137, 138
demes (local communities), 120, 121, 122;
and Cleisthenes’ reforms,122–24, 126, 127, 128
demiourgoi (artisans), 99
democracy:
Athenian, see Athenian democracy, institutions of;
Cleisthenes’ reforms, 125–26, 128–31;
Ephialtes’ reforms, 240, 242–44, 263,
radical, 55, 128, 400
democratia (power of the people), 130
demos, 325;
and Athenian institutions, 248, 252, 258;
and oligarchic movement, 399, 400, 402
Demosthenes (fifth century general), 16, 21, 22, 285, 379;
and Archidamian War, 338, 345–46, 347;
and Sicily, 360, 379, 380–81, 382, 383
Demosthenes (fourth century orator), and Philip II, 458, 462–64, 466, 468;
Seventh Speech, 463
Dercylidas, 24, 25, 417, 418, 421
Description of Greece (Pausanias), 60
de Ste. Croix, G.E.M., 291–95, 311
Dicaeopolis, 310
dikasteria (law courts) see Heliaea (People’s Court)
dike (private prosecution), 95
Aspects of Greek History (750–323BC) Page 74