Aspects of Greek History (750–323BC)

by Terry Buckley

  Diodorus Siculus, 49, 148, 198, 291, 329, 367, 444, 464, 473;

  on Alexander the Great, 491, 493–94;

  on Delian League/Athenian Empire, 174, 177, 178, 184–85, 202, 204;

  on First Peloponnesian War (462/1–441/5), 266, 267;

  History, 391;

  life and career, 5;

  literary sources, 5–8, 17;

  on Pentecontaetia, 178–79;

  on Sparta, 232, 421;

  World History, 148

  Diogenes Laertius, 24

  Diomedon (general), 410

  Dionysius (tyrant of Syracuse), 41

  Dionysus Eleuthereus, 113, 114

  Dipaea, battle of (460), 232

  dokimasia (investigation), 130, 240, 247, 264, 397, 503

  see also euthuna Dolonci, Miltiades as ruler of, 108

  Dolopes, Scyros, 181, 182

  Dorian Invasion, 6

  Dorian migration, 30

  Dorians, arrival in Peloponnese, 61

  Doris (Sparta’s mythical mother-country), 270

  Dorpfeld foundations, 109

  douloi (slaves), 230, 231

  doves:

  Athenian, 212, 214–15, 237;

  Spartan, 227–28

  Draco, Law Code, 84, 87, 88;

  Solon’s reforms, 98

  Dracontides, 329, 330

  dual hegemony policy, 214, 236, 300, 316;

  and Thirty Years Peace, 355

  Dymanes tribe, 52

  Ecclesia (Assembly), 106, 132, 238, 251–58, 263;

  and Boule of 495, 129, 249–50;

  and Cleisthenes’ reforms, 119, 128;

  deme assembly as miniature of, 123;

  and demise of Areopagus’ secular powers, 242, 243;

  Pericles and Ephialtes reform, 242–43;

  Principal Assembly, 251, 253;

  procedure in, 254–55;

  role of in legislation, 255–58;

  and Solon’s reforms, 94, 95, 102

  Egyptians, 13

  Eion, capture of, 6, 181

  eisangelia (impeachment), 239, 249, 252, 262, 263, 264

  Elatea, Phocis, 466

  Eleans, 45, 52, 437, 439, 440

  Eleusis, 3, 112;

  abortion of invasion of Attica, 80, 137

  Eleutherae, 113

  eleutheria (freedom), 297

  Elis, 230, 360, 439;

  see also Eleans Emporion, 39

  emporion (trading station), 31, 35

  Enneakrounos (Nine Spouts), 112

  Epaminondas:

  literary sources, 8, 14, 27, 29;

  and Thebes, 435, 437–39, 443–44, 446, 447;

  and Third Sacred War, 455

  Eparitoi (federal army), 445

  Ephesus, 393

  Ephialtes, democratic reforms (462/1) 2, 5, 94, 128, 215, 237, 322, 413;

  Areopagus council, 239–42;

  argues against helping Sparta, 233;

  Athenian political institutions following, 242–45;

  political background, 237–38

  Ephorate, 58, 59

  Ephors, 70–72, 358, 416, 498

  Ephorus, 60, 211, 267;

  literary sources, 6, 7, 8;

  and Persian War, 148–49;

  and tyranny/tyrants, 40–41, 45–46, 49, 50

  Epidamnus, 38

  Epidamnus, unrest at, 301–2

  Epidaurus, 79, 361, 438, 439;

  ‘dusty-feet’ at, 52;

  and Peloponnesian War, 342, 347, 359–60, 361, 363

  Epilycus, 386

  Epipolae, heights of, 376, 377, 378

  episcopoi (overseers), 187, 279, 281, 499

  epistates (chief president), 248

  Epitadeus, 73

  epiteichismos policy, 338, 346, 347

  epitomes (summaries), 6, 187

  eponymous archon (chief archon), 7, 92, 99, 102, 105, 112, 114, 129, 180, 259;

  and Cleisthenes’ reforms, 129;

  and Decrees, 180;

  Hipparchus as, 135, 140;

  Isagoras as, 118;

  reduction in power, 144, 245;

  Themistocles as, 140, 212;

  see also basileus (king-archon) and polemarch

  Eretria, 31, 36, 47, 108

  Erythrae, Councils at, 188

  Erythrae Decree, 187, 190, 191, 193, 277, 279–80

  Eteoboutadai, 123

  Etruscans, 36

  Euboea/Euboeans, 31, 80, 182, 391, 457, 464

  Euboean standard, 97

  Eupatridai (Well-born), 89, 99, 102

  Eupatrid Damasias, deposition, 99

  Euripus, strait of, 155

  Eurotas River, 61

  Euryelus, 376, 379

  Eurymedon, 346, 369, 379

  Eurymedon, battle of (c. 464), 229, 268;

  and Athenian Empire, 276, 284;

  and Athenian politics, 215, 217;

  and Delian League/Athenian Empire, 183;

  literary sources, 6, 7

  Eurypontids, families of, 66

  Euryptolemus, 257

  Eusebius, 112

  euthuna, 131, 240, 241, 252, 263, 265, 504

  see also dokimasia, euthunoi

  euthunoi (public auditors), 241, 245, 249, 265

  Evagoras, King, 427

  factionalism, 121, 122, 126, 128, 134

  First Peloponnesian War (462/1–441/5), 322;

  from 462/1 to 449, 267–72;

  from 454 to 446/5, 272–75;

  literary sources, 5, 7, 11, 266–67;

  outbreak of, 233;

  and Peloponnesian War of 426, 234, 320;

  Sparta’s involvement, 178;

  see also Peloponnesian War (431–404)

  Five Thousand, rule of, 4, 407, 408–9, 410, 411–13

  Five Year Truce (451–446), 235, 268

  Foot-Companions, infantry, 476, 478

  fountain-houses, 112

  Four Hundred, rule of, 4, 21, 391, 406–11;

  Council of Four Hundred, 409;

  establishment of, 402

  Franco, Francisco, 54

  Gallic War (49BC), 5

  Gaugamela, battle of (326), 488–95;

  armies, 489–91;

  details of battle, 491–95;

  map, 490;

  sources, 491

  generals, Athenian see strategoi

  Geographia (Strabo), 148

  Gerousia, 58, 66, 67–68, 69, 236

  gerrymandering, 121

  Gigantomachy (battle between giants and gods), 111

  gnorimoi (notables), 85, 325

  Granicus (River), battle of (329):

  armies, 477–78;

  details of battle, 478–82;

  map, 479;

  sources, 477

  graphe (written charge), 95, 258;

  graphe paranomon, 256, 257, 262–63

  Great Panathenaea, 112, 114

  Great Rhetra, 58, 59, 65–72

  Greek alphabet, 13, 181

  Greek lettering styles, decrees, 180, 181, 192

  Gulf of Pagasae, 159

  Gylippus, 363, 375, 377, 378, 379, 380, 383

  Hadrian (Roman emperor), 110

  Hagnon (associate of Pericles), 331, 402

  Haliartus, battle of (390), 424

  Halieis, battle of, 7, 267, 269

  Halimous, 18

  Hamaxitos, 194

  Hansen, M. H., 254

  Harmodius, 114, 115, 135

  harmost, 279, 418

  Harpocration, 133, 279

  hawks:

  Athenian, 212–14, 237;

  Spartan, 227, 229, 232, 235

  Hecale, deme of, 127

  hectemoroi (one-sixth-parters), 84, 85–89, 96;

  abolition by Solon, 91, 102, 107;

  and hereditary serfdom, 87, 91

  Hegistratus, 108

  Helen of Troy, 10

  Heliaea (People’s Court), 94, 192, 238, 258–65;

  court procedure, 259–62;

  and demise of Areopagus’ secular powers, 242; />
  political role, 262–65;

  and Solon’s reforms, 94, 95, 102

  Hellanicus of Lesbos, 7, 115, 266–67

  Hellenica (Greek Affairs) (Xenophon), 25–29, 391, 414

  Hellenic League, 151, 153, 233;

  and Delian League/Athenian Empire, 171, 175, 176;

  and Persian War, 150, 154, 155, 156

  Hellenistic Age (330–30 BC),17

  Hellenotamiae (Treasurers of the Greeks), 176, 179

  Hellespont:

  attack on by Cersebleptes, 464;

  control of cities, 393;

  and Propontis sea, 457, 464

  helmet, Corinthian, 43–44

  Helots (low status group), 52, 87, 165, 217;

  and ‘Lycurgan’ reforms/rise of Sparta, 55–58, 61, 64–65, 71, 72, 76, 77, 78, 234;

  revolt in Messenia, 232, 233, 235, 270, 272;

  sources, 27, 28, 55;

  Spartans’ siege of, on Mount Ithome, 219–20;

  threat to and importance to Sparta, 165, 217, 222, 227–28, 234, 271, 313, 354, 359, 364, 426, 438,

  Heraclea, 436

  Heracleides Lembos, 75

  Heracles, descendants of, 46

  Heraclides of Clazomenae, 386

  Heraeum Teichos, 457

  hereditary serfdom, and hectemoroi, 87, 91

  Herippidas, 421

  Hermae, mutilation of (410), 13, 264, 286, 362, 371, 382, 399, 401;

  see also Alcibiades

  hermai (images of Hermes), 111

  Hermione (Epidarus city-state), 79

  Hermippos, 329

  Hermocrates, 28

  Herodotus, 3, 31, 33, 45, 66, 148;

  on Alcmaeonids, 105–6;

  on Athenian politics, 132, 137, 142;

  on Cleisthenes’ reforms, 117, 118, 119, 120, 128, 130;

  on Cleomenes I, 56, 67, 71, 80, 108, 119, 136, 138, 139;

  councils of war, 160, 161;

  and Delian League/Athenian Empire, 173, 178;

  and Ephorus, 148–49;

  History, 9–13, 312;

  life and career, 8–9;

  on Peisistratus’ three periods of tyranny, 4, 115;

  and Persian War, 147, 148, 150, 151, 162;

  on Solon’s reforms, 84;

  on Sparta,

  early history of, 56, 63, 66, 67, 71, 74, 75, 78, 77, 79, 80;

  on tyranny/tyrants, 40, 41, 49, 50–51, 101

  Hesiod of Boeotia, 10, 63, 85, 86;

  and colonization, 32, 33

  hetaireiai (political clubs), 399, 401, 402, 404

  hetairoi (Companion Cavalry), 474

  Hetoemaridas, 226, 227, 228, 229, 318

  hipparchs (commanders of cavalry), 474, 475

  Hipparchus (son of Peisistratus), 111, 115, 134;

  as eponymous archon, 135, 140;

  murder of, 3, 4, 80, 114, 115;

  succeeding of Peisistratus, 103, 114

  Hipparchus (son-in-law of Hippias the tyrant), 135–36, 140, 150:

  ostracism of, 134, 143

  hippeis (property class), 92

  Hippias the tyrant, 3, 45, 80, 81, 108;

  and Artaphrenes, 138–39;

  expulsion, 115, 120;

  fall of, 122;

  and Persians, 135, 136, 139;

  ruthlessness of, 116;

  succeeding of Peisistratus, 103, 105, 114

  Hippocleides, 112, 113

  Hippocrates, 136, 144, 392;

  and Archidamian War, 346, 347

  Histiaeus, 12

  Historiai (Ephorus), 148

  historiography, 10

  History (Diodorus), 391

  History (Herodotus), 9–13, 312

  Hitler, Adolf, 54

  Homer, 10, 42, 44

  Homoioi (Similars/Peers), 68, 76

  hoplite reform, 44

  hoplites (soldiers), 41, 90, 340;

  phalanxes, 42, 43, 152

  hoplite warfare, 42, 46, 320

  horoi (marker stones), 86, 91

  Hyacinthia, religious festival, 166

  Hyampolis, 436

  Hybla, 373

  Hyccara, 373

  Hydarnes, 158

  Hylleis tribe, 52

  hypaspists (elite of Macedonian infantry), 476, 478

  Hyperbolus, 195, 410;

  ostracism of, 134, 321

  hypomasia (allegation under oath), 263

  Hypomeiones (‘Inferior’ non-Spartiate status), 57, 58, 72, 74

  Hysiae, battle of (669), 46, 64

  Iliad (Homer), 42

  Inaros (rebel leader in Egypt), 188, 268, 269

  inscriptions, 11, 158, 247, 255, 277, 279, 367;

  (used as primary sources) 179–81

  Ionian League, 140, 175

  Ionian migration, 30

  Ionian Revolt (499–494), 9, 12, 139, 140, 141, 149, 163, 175

  Ionian War (413–404), 384–97;

  Athenian naval successes, 391, 393, 396;

  literary sources, 5, 19, 25, 28;

  Persia and Greeks (413–404), 387–97;

  Spartan naval successes, 394, 397

  Ion of Chios, 211

  Iphicrates, 425, 426, 427

  Isagoras, 80, 119, 120, 138;

  and Cleisthenes, 117, 128, 133;

  as eponymous archon, 118

  isegoria (equal right to speak), 243, 333

  Isocrates, 6, 148, 198, 232, 241, 278, 288, 293, 444

  Isodice (wife of Cimon), 323

  isonomia (political equality), 130, 131, 135, 262

  isopsephoi (equal in vote), 175

  Issus, battle of (328), 482–88;

  armies, 483–85;

  details of battle, 485–88;

  map, 486;

  sources, 483

  Isthmian Games, 112–13

  Isthmus, 153, 156, 160

  Itamenes, 385

  Ithome, battle of (465/4), 231, 232;

  siege of, 219–20, 232, 233, 234

  Jacobsen, H., 173

  Jason of Pherae, 26, 434, 436, 443, 453, 456;

  assassination of, 441

  Justin, 187, 453, 456, 460, 462, 467, 468, 488

  kaloikagathoi (the noble and the good/gentlemen), 292, 294, 330, 333, 334, 335;

  as a political entity, 325, 336, 399

  Kerameikos, archaeological finds from, 135, 136

  Khalkis Decree see Chalkis Decree

  King’s Peace see Peace of Antalcidas (King’s Peace 387/1)

  Kleinias Decree see Cleinias Decree

  Knights (Aristophanes), 330, 331, 334

  komos (communal revelry), 113

  Labda (lame daughter of Bacchiads), 49–50

  Labdalum, 376, 378

  Laches, 444

  Laconia, Theban invasion (370/64), 27, 438

  ‘Laconian Sayings’,60

  Laconisers (supporters of Sparta), 57

  Lamachus, 372–74, 376, 380–81, 383;

  strategy at Syracuse, 372–73, 374, 380, 382, 383

  Lampsacus, 288

  Landsgemeinde, 254

  land shortage, and colonization, 30, 31–35

  Larissa, Thessaly, 421, 441

  Laws (Plato), 31, 58

  League of Corinth, 467, 472

  Lelantine War, 47

  Leon (general), 77, 410

  Leonidas, King of Sparta, 148,

  and Thermopylae, 156, 157, 158–59

  Leontini, 31, 367, 369, 372

  Leotychidas, King of Sparta, 167, 228, 229

  Lesbos island, 1, 54, 198–203;

  and Athenian Empire, 276, 288

  Leucas, 38

  Leucimme, battle of (430), 302, 303

  Leuctra, battle of (366), 5, 24, 25, 29, 58, 73;

  breaks Spartan power, 430, 435, 436, 437, 447;

  and Xenophon, 26, 27, 29

  Libya, 34

  Lichas, 390

  Life of Alexander (Plutarch), 473

  Life of Artaxerxes (Plutarch), 148

  Life of King Agis IV (Plutarch), 73

  Life of
Lycurgus (Plutarch), 58, 59, 60, 65, 68, 69, 73, 76

  Life of Nicias (Plutarch), 16

  Life of Pericles (Plutarch), 15, 323

  Life of Solon (Plutarch), 4, 84, 90

  literary sources:

  Aristotle see Aristotle;

  Diodorus Siculus see Diodorus Siculus;

  Herodotus see Herodotus;

  Plutarch see Plutarch;

  Thucydides see Thucydides;

  Xenophon see Xenophon

  Lives see Parallel Lives (Plutarch)

  Lives of Agis and Cleomenes (Plutarch), 59

  Lives of Cimon and Themistocles (Plutarch), 211

  Lives of Philosophers (Diogenes Laertius), 24

  Locrians, 156

  Locris, 436

  Lower Macedonia, 451, 452

  Lyceum (philosophical school), 2

  Lycomedes, 439

  ‘Lycurgan’ reforms:

  background, 61–65;

  and First Messenian War (730–710), 62–64, 71;

  kings, 66–67;

  political, 65–72;

  and Second Messenian War (650), 56, 64–65, 71, 72, 78;

  social and economic, 72–77;

  sources, 55–61

  Lycurgus (Spartan law-giver), 57, 63, 65, 74, 108

  see also ‘Lycurgan’ reforms

  Lycurgus (Athenian aristocrat), ‘Men of the Plain’ under, 99, 101, 102, 122

  Lydia, 9, 13

  Lydian empire, 37

  Lygdamis of Naxos, 54, 104, 108

  Lysander, 58, 203, 397, 415;

  and Persian-Greek relations/Ionian War, 393, 394, 395, 396;

  and Spartan foreign policy, 395, 415, 416, 418, 419, 422

  Macedon, 9;

  consolidation of in north (359–354), 451–55;

  growth of power (map), 469, 470;

  hegemony of Greece (338–336), 467–71;

  Persian control, 149, 154;

  rise of in Greece (353–338), 455–71;

  see also Alexander the Great

  Macedonia, 141, 451

  Malis, 436

  Mantias (Athenian commander), 452

  Mantinea, 230, 431, 437, 446;

  battle of (413), 361, 362, 447

  Mantineans, 358, 360, 361

  Marathon, battle of (485), 9, 139, 140, 141, 152

  Mardonius, 12, 141;

  and Persian War, 148, 149, 154, 163–64

  Marmor Parium, 114, 115

  Massagetae, 9

  Massalia (later Marseilles), 39

  Megabazus, 9, 137

  Megacles, (Athenian aristocrat), 103, 143;

  ‘Men of the Coast’ under, 99, 101, 102, 122

  Megalopolis (Big City), 439

  Megara, 31, 48, 49, 80, 103, 269, 274, 347;

  strategic importance to Sparta, 234, 267–68, 270, 271, 274

  Megarian Decree, 17, 309–13, 315, 319;

  as an ‘aitia’, 311;

  Plutarch on, 328, 329;

  importance exaggerated by Sparta, 312, 315, 319

  Megarians, 357

  Megarid, 269, 270

  Melanippus, 53

  Melian Dialogue, 19, 204–5, 208–9