and ‘unity of command’ strategy 67, 79–81, 576
and creation of Combined Chiefs of
Staff system 75, 576
and Operation Gymnast 85, 157, 165, 173, 194, 196, 197–8, 212
and defence of Singapore 89, 90–91, 116
replaces Pound with Brooke as chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee 102–3
support for bombing campaign on Germany 116, 178, 183–4, 307
and fall of Singapore 117–18, 119–20, 141, 169
Cabinet reshuffle (February 1942) 102, 118
opposition to plans for early invasion of France 5, 120, 137–8, 141, 164, 166
Marshall’s and Hopkins’ first mission to London (Modicum; April 1942) 140–41, 146–7, 149–59, 164–6, 169–70, 576
support for Operation Jupiter 173, 179, 185, 226–7, 233, 517
meeting with Molotov 176–7
and Mountbatten’s meetings with Roosevelt 180–81, 185
Argonaut (Second Washington) Conference (June 1942) 1–3, 186, 188, 189, 194, 196, 197–207, 210–211, 216, 576
news of fall of Tobruk 3–4, 185, 200–201, 204, 208–9, 218, 360
inspection of troops at Fort Jackson 207–9
and Anglo-American Air Agreement (1942) 209–10
Commons debate on fall of Tobruk 224–5
scheme to execute Hitler xxxvii, 225
summary and clarification of operations Sledgehammer, Roundup, Gymnast and Jupiter 226–30, 233
and Marshall’s Japan First alternative 233–5, 240–41
and Marshall’s reading of Soldiers and
Statesmen (Robertson) 235–6
addresses Pacific War Council 238
Marshall’s and Hopkins’ second mission to London (July 1942) 242, 243–5, 248, 250–51, 252–3, 257, 576
supports CCS 94
memorandum 256–7
planning and preparation for
Operation Torch 260, 277–9, 282–8
visits Cairo (August 1942) 263–9
division of Middle East Command 266, 268–9, 277
First Moscow Conference (Bracelet; August 1942) 264, 270–72, 277, 278, 283–4, 304
argues for further consideration of
Operation Jupiter 283–4, 285, 299, 301, 574
and battle of El Alamein 289
answers accusations about Hess’ flight to Britain 289–90
celebrates success of Operation Torch 292–4, 295
and Eisenhower’s policy towards Darlan 298, 299–300, 310
development of Mediterranean strategy after Torch 298–303, 306–9, 310–14
Casablanca Conference (January 1943) 314, 316–19, 322, 323, 325, 326, 335, 341–3, 344–5, 349, 576
visits Marrakesh with Roosevelt 347–8
and Turkey with Brooke 348, 351
Trident (Third Washington) Conference (May 1943) 358–60, 362, 364, 366, 371–3, 379, 393, 576
Algiers strategy talks (May–June 1943) 372–4, 377–8, 379–80, 577
offers Brooke command of Operation Overlord 381–2, 384
amends Roosevelt’s proclamation to Italian people 383
plans for invasion of mainland Italy 385–8
Quadrant (First Quebec) Conference (August 1943) 391–2, 395–8, 404–5, 407–8, 573, 577
and appointment of Eisenhower as supreme commander of Overlord 395–8, 448, 452–4, 577
visits Washington, Boston and Hyde Park (September 1943) 411
scheme to attack in Dodecanese thwarted 341, 411–13, 432, 577
planning for Overlord 420–23
First Cairo Conference (Sextant; November 1943) 418, 420, 421, 431–2, 439–41, 442–3, 463, 473
Teheran Conference (Eureka; November 1943) 443, 445–6, 448, 450–51, 458–9, 479, 562
Second Cairo Conference (December 1943) 452–4
convalesces in Marrakesh (January 1944) 457, 460, 469
doubts about value of Operation Anvil 457–8, 461
Balkan ambitions 458–9, 485, 498–9, 505, 511, 516
fears regarding Overlord 461, 479–80, 487
possible cancellation of Anvil 465, 478
‘Bay of Bengal Strategy’ 468–75, 518, 520
joint telegram to Stalin about date of Overlord 478
London Conference of Dominion prime ministers (May 1944) 480–81
build-up for Overlord 482
D-Day 487
favours forcing Ljubljana Gap 490–91, 562, 577
London Combined Chiefs of Staff talks (June 1944) 493
battles with Americans over Anvil/Dragoon 495–501, 504, 507, 508
further disagreements with Chiefs of
Staff over Far East strategy 503–4, 506–7
Octagon (Second Quebec) Conference (September 1944) 512, 514–16, 518–20, 521–2, 524–5
Second Moscow Conference (Tolstoy; October 1944) 526, 527
‘percentages deal’ with Stalin 526, 527
and Communist insurgency in Greece 527–8, 528–9
visits SHAEF 535
proposes Alexander as deputy commander 537–8, 560
Malta Conference (Cricket; January–February 1945) 537, 539, 540–41, 544–5
Yalta Conference (February 1945) 552–3, 554–5, 559, 577
visits Athens, Alexandria and Cairo 556, 558–9
views Allied forces crossing Rhine 560–61, 562–3
disagreement over Eisenhower’s plans for advance into Germany 564–5
discussions with Americans over post-war partition of Germany 565–6, 568–9
news of Roosevelt’s death 567
tribute to Roosevelt 568
celebration of unconditional surrender 570
loses election (1945) 406, 578
at Coronation (1953) 584
Character & characteristics anti-Bolshevism 127
appearance xxxv, 347–8
‘bad judge and terrific advocate’ 117
‘black dog’ depression 62, 89, 200
charisma 40, 582
codenames 243, 588
confidence as strategist 16, 40, 236
correspondence with Roosevelt 34, 316, 431, 537, 545
dislike of foreign pronunciation 383–4
drinking 63, 277, 322, 481, 501
fascination with military strategy 15–16
friendships 44, 419
genius 575
humour 48, 53, 109, 225, 227, 287, 351
ill health 351, 481, 513–14
late hours 43, 142, 150, 151, 416
moods xxxv
obstinacy 302
optimism 38, 51, 236, 486
oratory 80, 146, 147, 150, 407
painter 347, 502
power of persuasion 40, 54
religious beliefs 42
rudeness 111, 112
ruthlessly critical 111
self-centredness 17
self-confidence 80, 106
social life at Chartwell 42
verbal dexterity 272
views on Marshall 375, 379
views on Roosevelt 34–5, 441, 568, 574
views on Stalin 557–8, 559
willingness to compromise 106
‘won the decathlon of human existence’ 9
working methods 17, 35–6, 43, 44, 146–7, 186, 266, 301
working relations with Brooke xxxvii, 17, 41–2, 43, 48–9, 56, 58, 91, 100–101, 107, 110–14, 301, 302–3, 407, 415, 475, 507, 514, 574–5
working relations with Chiefs of Staff Committee 47, 104–6, 109, 111–14, 468–75, 574
working relations with Marshall 80, 374
Writings
Great Contemporaries 34–5
Marlborough: His Life and Times 295
My Early Life 15, 23
The Second World War (war memoirs) xl, 9, 106, 186, 208, 238, 241, 413, 418–19, 454, 501
Their Finest Hour 40, 455
The Grand Alliance 66
The Hinge of Fate 66, 212, 240, 241, 267–8, 375
Closing the Rin
g 214, 397, 413, 446, 471, 479
The World Crisis 9, 16, 41
Churchill Archives, Cambridge xxxvii
Churchill tank 224, 354
Ciano, Galeazzo, Count 296
Citadel, Operation 382–3
civil aviation rights 555
Civilian Conservation Corps 25
Clark, General Mark
Argonaut (Second Washington) Conference (June 1942) 190
Casablanca Conference (January 1943) 317
commander of II Corps in Europe 177–8
Italian campaign 45, 409, 410, 411, 455, 459, 462, 481, 490, 497
and Marshall’s mission to London (Modicum; July 1942) 243
North African campaigns 381–2
on Operation Anvil 458
and Operation Gymnast 82–3
and Operation Torch 274, 280, 291
and Trident (Third Washington) Conference (May 1943) 370
Calculated Risk 458
Clark Kerr, Archibald (later Baron Inverchapel) 304
Clarke, Colonel F. W. 408
Clausewitz, Carl von 139, 194, 196, 235
Clemenceau, Georges 34, 344
Clyde, River 66, 512
Cobbold, Ivan 494, 544
codebreaking 92, 93, 221
codenames
operations and conferences 586–8
people 93–4, 242–3
Cold War 485, 566
Colebrooke Park, Co. Fermanagh 12, 13
Cologne 116, 170, 178, 529
Colombo 263
Colossus, HMS 44
Columbia, South Carolina 208
Columbia Law School 188
Colville, (Sir) John ‘Jock’
and American military aid 46
on Brooke 55, 398
on Churchill 42, 44, 105–6, 346
on Cunningham 419
and death of Roosevelt 567
diary xxxviii
on Hopkins 237–8
on King 98
on Marshall 80, 398
Octagon (Second Quebec) Conference (September 1944) 512
on Portal 104
and Roosevelt’s failing health 516, 549
Combined Chiefs of Staff Committee (British and US)
creation of 71, 74–6, 81, 87, 576
first meeting 91
Joint Planning Staff 75, 128, 166, 223, 321, 328, 330, 340, 341, 392
Joint Secretariat 73, 75
minutes 94, 95
number of meetings 108
parameters of powers 99, 102
Communism 153, 356, 526, 527, 528, 529, 539, 544, 556, 557
Communist Party (British) 54, 119, 184
Compoleone 483
Coningham, Air Marshal Sir Arthur 534
Conservative (Tory) Party 59, 89, 90, 286, 557
Constantinople 424
Convoy PQ-17 227
Convoy PQ-18 285
Cooke, Rear-Admiral Charles ‘Savvy’ 190, 317, 326, 328, 333, 337, 338, 362, 435, 489
Corbett, Lieutenant-General Thomas 268
Cornwallis, Charles, 1st Marquess 364
Corregidor 12
Corrèze 588
Corsica 312, 340, 373
Cos 411
COSSAC (Supreme Allied Commander’s
Chief of Staff) 382, 394, 403, 427, 433
Cossacks 551
Cotentin Peninsula 133, 176
see also Cherbourg
Coward, (Sir) Noël 60
Cox, Governor James M. 19
Cozzens, J. G., Guard of Honor 393
Craig, General Malin 26, 27, 28, 73
Cranborne, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount (later 5th Marquess of Salisbury) 183, 264, 313
Crawford, (Sir) Stewart xxxviii, 547, 550
‘creeping barrage’ 15, 113
Crerar, General Henry 563
Crete 4, 67, 220, 264, 272, 303, 416, 419, 425, 426
Crimea 477, 536, 545, 546
Crimean War 537, 546, 552–3
Cripps, Sir Stafford 118, 131, 150, 184, 256, 289, 290
Cromwell, Oliver 258
Cross, Samuel H. 175
‘Crossbow’ (anti-V weapon) 490
Cruikshank, Isaac 189
Cruiser tank xxxvii
Cuba 16
Culverin, Operation 391, 404, 466, 469, 474, 476, 501, 504, 514, 574, 586
Cunningham, Admiral Sir Andrew (later Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope)
on Alexander 502, 530
Algiers strategy talks (May–June 1943) 376
appearance and character 419–20
background and career 106, 419–20
on Balkans strategy 516
and British role in Pacific campaigns 520–21, 521–2, 523
on Cabinet rows 60
Casablanca Conference (January 1943) 317
on Churchill 486, 501, 506–7, 513
at Coronation (1953) 584
death 483
diary 476, 524
and Eisenhower 511, 512, 529, 532, 563, 565
on Far East strategy 503
First Cairo Conference (Sextant; November 1943) 435, 442
fishing 525–6, 562
on de Gaulle 487
handling of Churchill 104, 466
on Himmler 566
Masters and Commanders Page 85