Masters and Commanders

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Masters and Commanders Page 87

by Andrew Roberts


  Emerson (Royal Marine Lance-Corporal) 408

  English Civil War 13

  English Shakespearean Company 24–5

  Enigma (enciphering machines) 92, 93

  Erne, Lough 140

  Esher, Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount xxxiii–xxxiv

  Esher, Oliver Brett, 3rd Viscount xxxiii

  Essen 116

  Eureka (Teheran) Conference (November 1943) 420, 429, 436, 443–51, 455, 459, 479

  Evening Standard 230

  Fadala 314

  Fala (Roosevelt’s dog) 72

  Falaise gap 503

  falconry 104, 364

  Falkland Islands 296

  Falls, Captain Cyril 536

  Farne Islands 185

  Faroe Islands 531

  Farouk, King of Egypt 558

  Fascist Grand Council (Italian) 390

  Faslane 391

  Fellers, Colonel Bonner F. 205

  Fifteenth Army (US) 564

  Fifth Army (US) 410, 411, 458, 478, 493, 497, 504, 510, 516

  First Army (British) 274, 303, 323, 535

  First Army (Canadian) 283, 563

  First Army (US) 534, 535, 562

  First World War see Great War

  Fisher, Sir John ‘Jackie’ (later 1st Baron Fisher) 44, 72, 236

  fishing 392, 408, 494, 525–6, 562, 563, 569

  Fleming (usher) 365

  Florida 84–5, 87

  Flying Fortress (B-17; bomber) 562, 588

  Foch, Marshal Ferdinand 34, 79, 230, 409

  Foggia 367, 370, 387, 403, 410, 415, 426, 497, 579

  Ford factory 19

  Formosa 474, 475, 523

  Fort Benning, Georgia 24, 26, 37, 94, 95, 562

  Fort Dix, New Jersey 130

  Fort Jackson, South Carolina 207–9

  Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 12, 37, 73

  Fort Monmouth, New Jersey 130

  Fourteenth Army (German) 459

  France

  and Allied Control Commission for Germany 555

  Army 36, 38, 39, 344

  British plans to build into ‘first-class power’ 429–30

  Brooke’s childhood in 12, 14

  civil war predicted 434

  fall of 19, 32, 38–9, 51

  Great War 12

  total mobilization 86

  see also Free French; Vichy France

  Franco, General Francisco 83, 85, 280

  Franco-German War 15–16

  Frankfurt 532, 540

  Frankfurter, Felix 344

  Frantic, Operation 588

  Fraser, Admiral Sir Bruce (later Baron Fraser of North Cape) 416

  Fraser, General Sir David 20, 36, 37, 110, 140, 202, 222

  Frederick II ‘the Great’, King of Prussia 567

  Free French 30, 61, 168, 311, 344, 352–3, 487, 508, 512

  Freehold, Operation 586

  French, Field Marshal Sir John, 1st Earl of Ypres 104, 236

  French Expeditionary Corps 509

  French National Committee 379

  Freyberg, Bernard (later 1st Baron Freyberg) 21

  Friedeburg, Admiral Hans-Georg von 570

  G-2 (US Military Intelligence) 73, 262, 490

  Gallipoli, battle of (1915) 20, 39, 215, 235–6, 237, 424, 425, 575

  see also Dardanelles Campaign

  Gandhi, Mahatma 264, 265, 350–51

  gas warfare 127–8

  Gaulle, General Charles de

  Anglophobia 298

  British distrust of 168

  British reluctant support for 292

  Churchill threatens with arrest 352–3

  demands seat on Combined Chiefs of Staff 76

  and French National Committee 379

  objections to broadcast on French liberation 487

  rivalry with Darlan and Giraud 310, 311, 344

  in Roosevelt and Marshall’s correspondence 30

  Gazala 4, 89, 179, 184

  Gazelle Peninsula 332

  Genoa, Gulf of 466

  George II, King of the Hellenes 528

  George V, King 9, 34

  George VI, King xxxviii, 186, 301, 384, 427, 482, 493, 543, 567, 570

  Georges, General Alphonse 39

  German Confederation 513

  German Navy (Kriegsmarine) 4, 46, 92–3, 553

  see also U-boats

  Germany

  Allied bombing raids on 30, 116, 117, 170, 178, 183–4, 338, 468, 540, 552

  casualties (Eastern Front) 276, 467, 489, 573, (Italian campaign) 460

  declares war on United States 63, 65, 131

  fails to co-ordinate strategy with Japan 127

  invasion of Poland 28, 32

  invasion of Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa) 51, 54, 55, 119, 127, 215

  Nazi dictatorship 575, 576

  Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact (1939) 119, 215, 278, 304, 451

  plan for post-war deindustrialization 513, 525

  post-war partition 433, 451, 463, 548, 549, 550, 556, 561, 565–6, 568–9

  rise of Nazi party 19–20

  total mobilization 86

  unconditional surrender 570

  see also Luftwaffe; Wehrmacht

  Germany First policy

  adoption of 45, 66, 69–70, 86, 156

  and CCS 94 memorandum 255–6

  and diversion of shipping to Pacific 278

  enshrined in WW1 document 68, 255

  Japan First challenge to 229–35, 240–41, 242, 244, 328, 329–30

  Operation Torch integral to 223

  reiteration of 87, 169, 172, 242, 368

  at risk 121, 126, 331, 335, 583

  Gerow, General Leonard 82

  Gibraltar 83, 261, 272, 277, 328, 348, 374, 375

  Straits of 83, 261, 280, 318

  Gibson, Wing-Commander Guy 391

  Gilbert Islands 333, 404

  Gilbert, Sir Martin 122, 123

  Giraud, General Henri 292, 299, 310, 311, 326, 344, 352–3, 379

  Giza 435, 439

  Gneisenau (battle cruiser) 102, 118

  Goebbels, Joseph 3, 343, 567

  Göring, Hermann 130, 305

  Gort, John Vereker, 6th Viscount 21, 23, 36, 162, 287

  Gosport 41

  Gothic Line 426, 491, 492, 494, 509, 510, 580

  Gott, Lieutenant-General William ‘Strafer’ 265, 266, 268, 348

  GPO Research Station, Dollis Hill 108

  Graham, Philip 30

  Grant, General Ulysses S. 70, 196, 343

  Great War

  American involvement 18

  Ancre, battle of (1917) xxxix

  Brooke family’s service 13, 15, 23, 140

  Burgis’ service xxxiv

  Canadian Corps 15

  Cantigny, battle of (1918) 12

  casualties 213, 487

  Dardanelles Campaign 16, 20, 22, 106, 220, 235–7

  dissension between politicians and soldiers 43, 455

  Dykes’ service 94

  Foch as supreme commander 79

  Gallipoli, battle of (1915) 20, 39, 215, 235–6, 237, 424, 425, 575

  importance of convoys 182

  influence on British strategy in Second World War 213–15, 236–7, 394, 581

  Jutland, battle of (1916) 44, 106

  Kennedy’s service xxxix

  Marshall’s service 12, 24

  Passchendaele, battle of (1917) 214, 394, 487

  Roosevelt’s experience 324–5

  Somme, battles of (1916) xxxix, 15, 213, 214, 397

  Vimy Ridge, battle of (1917) 274

  War Cabinet meetings xxxv

  Soldiers and Statesmen (Robertson) 235–7

  Greece

  Britain defeated in (April 1941) 4, 67, 214, 215, 220, 272

  Communist insurgency 526, 527–8

  discussions at Trident (Third Washington) Conference (May 1943) 371

  German divisions in 410

  plans for liberation 388, 485

  post-war proposals 555, 558

  Greenla
nd 63, 206

  Greenock 512

  Greenwood, Arthur 81, 141

  Grigg, Sir James

  on British Expeditionary Force (1940) 37, 38

  and Brooke 41, 57, 301, 398

  Cabinet meetings 310, 350, 351

  and Marshall’s first mission to London (Modicum; April 1942) 154

  and Marshall’s second mission to

  London (July 1942) 253

  and Operation Bolero 309, 310

  Secretary of State for War 62, 118, 153–4

  on Stalin 215

  and success of Operation Torch 293

  Grossdeutschland panzer division 219

  Groton School 188

  ‘group-think’ 167, 260, 346, 580

  Grubworm, Operation 588

  Guadalcanal 255, 261, 288, 318, 322

  Guam 523

  Guderian, General Heinz 130, 214

  Gulf of Mexico 182

  Gulf of Sirte 63

  Gustav Line 426, 435, 447, 451, 456, 457, 458, 459, 466, 467, 481

  Gymnast, Operation 586

  American opposition to 82–3, 84, 85, 166, 186–7, 190, 195, 198, 218, 223, 230–31, 239, 241–2

  British preference for 91, 157, 173, 250–51

  clarification of terms 228–9

  discussed and then deprecated by Combined Chiefs of Staff 191–2, 193–4, 195, 196, 200, 201

  initially agreed with Roosevelt 87

  Marshall’s Pacific alternative 229–35

  political imperatives 203

  postponement 122, 124

  renamed Operation Torch 253

  resurrected by Churchill 196, 197–8, 201, 217

  role of French and Spanish 187, 192, 203

  Roosevelt considers reactivating 165–6, 186–7

  Roosevelt’s support for 202–4, 217, 223, 226, 238–9, 242

  ‘Semi-Gymnast’ 228, 229

  size of British and American contingents 226

  see also Super-Gymnast, Operation; Torch, Operation

  Habbakuk (floating airfield) 405

  Habsburg, Archduke Karl-Ludwig von 30

  Haffner, Sebastian 258

  Hagerstown, Maryland 365–6

  Haig, Douglas, 1st Earl xxxiv, 34, 287

  Haiti 121

  Halifax, E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of

  Ambassador to Washington 76

  on American ‘sphere of influence’ 555

  Arcadia (First Washington) Conference (December 1941–January 1942) 84

  Argonaut (Second Washington) Conference (June 1942) 188

  Attlee visits (October 1941) 203

  and bombing raids on Germany 170

  and Churchill 17, 71

  death of son 484

  diary xxxviii

  on Ismay 530

  and Marshall 61, 168, 239, 374, 476, 510

  meetings with Roosevelt 128–9

  on unconditional-surrender policy 343

  Halifax, Nova Scotia 392, 512, 514

  Hamilton, Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of 290

  Hamley, Sir Edward, Operations of War 15

  Hampshire 483, 507, 545, 563

  Handy, General Thomas

  on Anglo-American co-operation 258

  on appointment of Eisenhower as supreme commander 453

  Arcadia (First Washington) Conference (December 1941–January 1942) 71, 73–4

  and Bedell Smith 95, 543

  on Casablanca Conference 337

  on Churchill 237

  on Dykes 95

  education and career 71

  on effects of Great War on British 213

  First Cairo Conference (Sextant; November 1943) 435

  and Italian campaign 511

  on Marshall 27, 97

  in Marshall’s clique 95

  and Operation Anvil 466–7, 492, 496

  on Operation Gymnast 212

  and Operation Overlord 489

  and Operation Torch 261, 274

  and plans for an early invasion of

  France 121, 129

  views on Brooke 141–2

  Hanover 564

  Harriman, Averell

  and appointment of supreme commander of Operation Overlord 448–9

  Casablanca Conference (January 1943) 317, 324, 344

  and Churchill’s fears of Hitler’s domination 3

  First Moscow Conference (Bracelet; August 1942) 270, 271

  and Marshall’s mission to London (Modicum; July 1942) 258

  Riviera Conference (August 1941) 52

  Second Moscow Conference (Tolstoy; October 1944) 527

  Teheran Conference (Eureka; November 1943) 444, 448, 450

  Yalta Conference (February 1945) 537, 546

  Harris, Marshal of the RAF Sir Arthur ‘Bert’/‘Bomber’ 482

  Harrow School 15, 502

  Hartle, Major-General Russell P. 165

  Harvard University 18, 73, 175, 188

  Harvey, Oliver (later 1st Baron Harvey of Tasburgh) xxxviii, 231, 279, 307

  Harwood, Admiral Sir Henry 3

  Hassett, William D. ‘Bill’ 349

  Hastings, Sir Max 215

  Hastings, Warren 374

  Hasty, Operation 588

  Haushofer, Professor Karl 130

  Haverfordwest 348

  Hawaii 51, 122, 155, 170, 288, 404

  Heliopolis 268

  Hendon Aerodrome 140

  Herbstnebel (Autumn Mist), Operation 532, 535, 586

  see also Ardennes Offensive

  Hertfordshire 421

  Hess, Rudolf 289–90, 374

  Heydrich, Reinhard 183

  Higgins, Lieutenant-Colonel Lawrence 73

  Himalayas 438, 552

  Himmler, Heinrich 566

  Hitler, Adolf

  on Allied coalition 583

  Churchill’s scheme to execute xxxvii, 225

  declaration of war on United States 65

  defence of Italy 93, 305, 383, 420, 459, 463, 471, 494, 495

  dictatorship 575

  in Great Contemporaries 34

  July (1944) Bomb Plot 509

  launches Ardennes Offensive 532, 533

  loyalty of staff 112

  Mediterranean strategy 410–11

  mistrust of Franco 280

  ‘no withdrawal’ policies 291, 299, 322, 346, 349, 576

  and Operation Barbarossa 54

  preparations for Allied invasion in west 456

 

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