capture 581
steel industry 513
Rundstedt, Field Marshal Gerd von 533, 536
Russia see Soviet Union
Russian Civil War xxxix, 131, 215
Russo-Japanese War 550–51, 558
Russo-Turkish War 15–16
Rutherfurd, Lucy Mercer 27
Ryukyu Islands 553–4
Saar 513, 581st Lawrence, River 392, 395
Saint-Lô 503
Saint-Nazaire 40, 222
Saint-Valéry 40
Saint-Vith 534
Saipan 519, 523
Saki airfield 545, 549, 556
Sakishima Gunto islands 523
Salerno 221, 385, 386, 388, 408, 410, 411, 413–14, 424, 426, 440, 481, 493
Samos 411
San Francisco 24
San Juan 314
Sandhurst 15, 55, 110
Sarawak 67
Sardinia 284, 299, 303, 312, 319, 360, 371, 373, 377, 378, 379
Operation Brimstone 306, 340–41
SAS (Special Air Service) 588
Saudi Arabia 558
Save Valley 517
Sawyers (Churchill’s valet) 199, 209, 316, 561
Scapa Flow 156
‘scatterization’ 147, 300
Scharnhorst (battle cruiser) 102, 118
Schleswig Holstein 570
Scobie, Lieutenant-General Ronald 527, 528
Scott, Sir Walter 94
Sealion, Operation 126
Second Army (British) 562, 563
Second Front movement 54–5, 118, 119, 163–4, 184
Sedan 37
Seine, River 38, 125
Selassie, Emperor Haile 558
Selective Service Act (United States) 54
Senior Officers Oral History Program (US Army; SOOHP) 95, 141–2, 166, 213, 258, 260, 338, 489
Serent 588
Sète 492
Sevastopol 191, 406, 536, 546, 552–3
Seventh Army (US) 508, 516
Sfax 323
SHAEF (Supreme Headquarters Allied
Expeditionary Force) 535, 544, 555, 566
Shangri-La (Camp David) 365, 387, 429
Shaposhnikov, Marshal Boris 272
Sharpener Camp, West Sussex 506
Shaw, Captain A. P. 526
Shaw, George Bernard 34
Sherwood, Robert 141, 324
Shingle, Operation 451, 457–8, 587
see also Anzio
shipping
Allied losses 4, 92, 93, 182, 238
American production 85, 297, 437
co-ordination of 87
Marshall and Brooke identify as key aspect of war 90, 91–2
Siam 65, 119
Sicily
Allied campaign 385, 388, 389, 390, 403, 410, 424–5
Axis planes based in 182
British plans for attack 299, 300, 312
chosen over Sardinia for Allied attack 340–41
discussions at Casablanca Conference (January 1943) 318–19, 324, 328, 335, 339, 576
discussions at Trident Conference (May 1943) 360, 361, 366, 367, 369, 371
and Operation Torch 260
see also Husky, Operation
Sidi Omar 182
Sigulda Line 467
Sikorski, General Vladyslaw 348
Simon, John, 1st Viscount 384
Simpson, Wallis 374
Sims, Admiral William 162
Sinclair, Sir Archibald (later 1st Viscount Thurso) 154, 183
Singapore
in ‘British area of responsibility’ 124
Churchill hopes will hold out for six months 68
Churchill’s schemes blocked 109, 404–5, 503
defence of 55, 89, 90–91, 116
fall of 116–17, 118, 119–20, 141, 145, 169, 272
recovery of 295, 313, 470, 518, 519, 521
and unified command structure for Pacific theatre 79
Singleton, Major-General Asa 31, 34
Sixth Army (German) 275, 276, 305, 306, 349, 406
Sixth Army (US) 455
Sixty-second Army (Russian) 275
Skliarov, Colonel Ivan 131, 132
Slapstick, Operation 408, 587
Sledgehammer, Operation 587
alternative to Roundup 129–30
authorship 121
British doubtful of success 143–4, 152, 160, 163, 165
British opposition to 141, 146, 149, 154, 158, 165, 167–8, 173–4, 197
Churchill conceals reservations 157, 158, 164–5, 176
clarification of terms 228–9
devised to help Soviet Union 121, 129, 143, 168, 246, 583
division of opinion between Roosevelt and Marshall 180–81, 219
‘killed off’ at Argonaut (Second Washington) Conference 202, 204, 212, 226
Marshall’s memoranda in favour of (July 1942) 245–53
proposed size of British and American contingents 123, 143, 144, 168–9, 170, 229
rejected by War Cabinet 250–51
ruled out in CCS 94 memorandum 254–5
Stimson’s defence of 187
Slessor, Assistant Chief of the Air Staff John 209–10, 315, 317
Smith, Governor Al 19
Smith, F. E., 1st Earl of Birkenhead 34, 42
Smith, Harold 506
Smokey (Churchill’s cat) 113–14
Smolensk 54
Smuts, Jan Christian
and British plans for offensive action in Mediterranean 298, 299
and Brooke 162, 216
career and reputation 264
friendship with Churchill 44, 313, 419
and Hess affair 289, 290
London Combined Chiefs of Staff talks (June 1944) 493
and plans for Operation Overlord 418
visits Cairo with Churchill (August 1942) 264–5, 266, 267, 269
War Cabinet meetings xxxv
Smyrna 300
Snow, C. P. (later Baron Snow) 119
Soames, Mary, Baroness 22
Socrates xxxiv, 264
Sollum 182, 186
Solomon Islands 261, 278, 288, 289, 318, 321, 332, 371
Somaliland 110
Somervell, General Brehon 83, 314, 317, 333, 362, 435, 452
Somerville, Admiral of the Fleet Sir James 358, 539, 569
Somme, battles of the (1916) xxxix, 15, 213, 214, 397
sonar 540
SOOHP (US Army Senior Officers Oral History Program) 95, 141–2, 166, 213, 258, 260, 338, 489
Soong, Dr T. V. 366
Sotheran’s (booksellers) 59
South Africa 4, 44, 238, 264
South African brigades 3, 184
South-East Asia Command (Allied; SEAC) 395, 407, 470
Soviet Union (USSR)
air superiority over Germany 64
Allies’ naivety about post-war intentions 356, 376
American military supplies to 288
Beaverbrook’s negotiations with 119
convoys to 178, 179, 283–4, 285, 553
declaration of war on Japan 64, 451, 548, 550
German invasion (Operation Barbarossa) 51, 54, 55, 119, 127, 215
German summer offensive (1942) 217, 241
invades Poland 504–5
Navy 553
Nazi–Soviet non-aggression pact (1939) 119, 215, 278, 304, 451
occupation of Germany 568–9
Operation Sledgehammer as support for 121, 129, 143, 168, 246, 583
policy towards Poland 526–7
post-war domination of eastern Europe 556, 557–8
Prague Spring (1968) 525
proposals for post-war borders 451, 550–51
total casualties 565
total mobilization 86, 485, 536
US–Soviet relations 485–6
see also Red Army
Spaatz, Commander Carl ‘Tooey’ 243, 482
Spain
Italian ships take refuge in 415
neutrality 187
North African territor
ies 85
possible German attack through 83, 276, 280, 291, 306, 318, 322
relations with Axis 4
Spanish Armada 112
Spanish Civil War 83, 85
Spanish–American War 11, 18, 93
Special Operations Executive 38
Spion Kop, battle of (1900) 23
Spitfire (fighter aircraft) 118
Staff College, Andover 110
Staff College, Camberley xxxix, 15, 16, 21, 94, 530
Staff College, Quetta 110
Stalemate, Operation 588
Stalin, Joseph
Allies’ naivety about post-war intentions 356, 557–8, 559
and battle of Stalingrad 276
Brooke’s views on 162, 443–4
and Casablanca Conference (January 1943) 314, 349–50
claim to have won German war single-handed 215
declaration of war on Japan 64, 451, 548, 550, 555
First Moscow Conference (Bracelet; August 1942) 270–72, 277, 278, 283–4
increasing autonomy of Stavka 576
joint Roosevelt–Churchill telegram to (April 1944) 478
Marshall’s communiqué to (May 1943) 374–5, 379
and Molotov’s mission to Washington (May 1942) 175
Nazi–Soviet (Molotov–Ribbentrop) non-aggression pact (1939) 119, 215, 278, 304, 451
and Operation Jupiter 284, 285–6
‘percentages deal’ with Churchill 526, 527, 528
‘promise of Second Front in 1943’ 284–5, 304, 309, 349–50
purges 126–7
and Quadrant (First Quebec) Conference (August 1943) 391
‘refuses to leave Russia’ 307
requests for aircraft support 288, 301
Second Moscow Conference (Tolstoy; October 1944) 526, 527
Teheran Conference (Eureka; November 1943) 420, 443–5, 448, 450–51, 455, 491, 577
views on Churchill and Roosevelt 486
Western strategists’ admiration for 444
Yalta Conference (February 1945) 536, 546–7, 550, 551, 552, 554, 555–6
Stalingrad 263, 275–6, 282, 305, 306, 346, 349, 367, 406, 410, 435
Stanwell Place, Surrey 492
Stapleton-Cotton, Admiral Richard 287
Stark, Admiral Harold R. ‘Betty’
Arcadia (First Washington) Conference (December 1941–January 1942) 72
codename 94
Great War service 162
Malta Conference (Cricket; January–February 1945) 540
and Marshall’s mission to London (Modicum; July 1942) 243, 257
‘Plan Dog’ 45, 69
replaced by King 88
Riviera Conference (August 1941) 52
and Trident (Third Washington) Conference (May 1943) 365
Stavka (Soviet High Command) 576
steel 513
Stendal 564
Stern Gang 558
Stettinius, Edward 554
Stewart, Brigadier Guy 317, 348
Stilwell, General Joseph ‘Vinegar Joe’
Anglophobia 83
British demands for recall from Burma 30
Brooke despises 494
character 83
diary xxxviii
First Cairo Conference (Sextant; November 1943) 423, 437–8
in Marshall’s clique 95
and Operation Gymnast 82–3, 203
problems over 502
on Roosevelt 203
suspicious of Britain 358
Trident (Third Washington) Conference (May 1943) 362
Stimson, Henry L.
and Algiers strategy talks (May–June 1943) 373
on Anglo-American co-operation 582
appointed secretary of war 33–4
and appointment of supreme commander of Operation Overlord 397, 414, 452–3
Argonaut (Second Washington) Conference (June 1942) 195, 203–4, 205, 206, 211
bitterness at postponement of
Marshall’s plans 206
and creation of Combined Chiefs of
Staff system 71, 75, 78
defence of Operation Sledgehammer 187
diary xxxviii
eclipsed by Marshall 393
and Germany First policy 69
inspection of troops at Fort Jackson (June 1942) 207, 209
lunches with Marshall (1943) 61
and Marshall Memorandum 149, 157
and Marshall’s Japan First alternative 233, 239–40
and Marshall’s mission to London (Modicum; July 1942) 251
and Morgenthau Plan 513
and Operation Overlord 580–81
opposes Operation Gymnast 186–7, 190, 231, 239, 240
outlines advantages of Operation
Bolero 189–90
and plans for an early invasion of
Europe 123, 128–9, 189
protests against Operation Torch 257, 259, 269–70, 291–2
and Quadrant (First Quebec) Conference (August 1943) 393–4
and Roosevelt’s memorandum on future strategy (May 1942) 171
trip to London and Algiers (July 1943) 386–8, 390, 409
and ‘unity of command’ strategy 67
Victory in Europe Day 571
Stoler, Mark 284
Stranraer 186, 215
Stranraer Academy xxxix
Strasbourg 530
Suckley, Margaret ‘Daisy’ 52, 53, 54, 339, 344, 347
Sudan 16
Suez Canal 3, 4, 126, 127, 263, 266, 443
Suez Crisis (1956) 527
Sumatra
Churchill’s schemes blocked 109, 112, 404, 466, 503, 506, 574, 577
and fall of Singapore 118
Japanese invasion 120
Operation Culverin 391, 466, 469, 474, 476, 501, 504, 514, 574
Sun Tzu 139, 492
Sunday Telegraph xxxix
Sunday Times 37
Super Fortress (bomber) 523
Super-Gymnast, Operation 211, 229, 505, 587
Supercharge, Operation 587
Suvorov, Soviet Order of 30
Sweden 588
Syracuse 383, 385
Syria 126, 171, 263, 266, 443
Taft, William Howard 34
Talleyrand, Charles-Maurice de 137
Taman peninsula 305
Tangier 85
Taranto 106, 408, 413, 420
Tarkhanhut Cape 545
Tarzan, Operation 438, 587
Task Force 57 523
Taxable, Operation 588
Masters and Commanders Page 93