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Sapiens and Homo Deus

Page 95

by Yuval Noah Harari

helmets: attention 369; ‘mind-reading’ 45

  Henrich, Joseph 43

  Herodotus 173, 174

  Hinduism 90, 182, 185, 188, 198, 207, 263, 270, 271, 272, 352, 386

  Hitler, Adolf 182, 183, 357, 380

  Holocaust 165, 259

  Holocene 72

  Holy Spirit 229, 229, 230, 230

  Homo deus: Homo sapiens upgrade to 43–9, 356–71; techno-humanism and 356–71

  Homo sapiens: conquer the world 69, 21, 43–9; immortality 21–9; loses control 281–402; problems with predicting history of 56–65

  homosexuality 121, 196, 238, 277–8

  Hong Xiuquan 273

  Human Effectiveness Directorate, Ohio 290

  humanism 199, 221; aesthetics and 230, 235, 235, 244, 221, 234, 234; education system and 233, 235, 235, 236; ethics 99; nationalism and 234, 234, 250–2; revolution, humanist 222–79; schism within 248–59; Scientific Revolution gives birth to 97–100; socialist see socialist humanism/socialism; techno-humanism 356–71; value of experience and 259–63; war narratives and 243–8, 244, 247, 255–8; wars of religion, 1914-1991 263–9

  hunter-gatherers 34, 60, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 141, 142, 156, 163, 169, 175, 176, 270, 326, 360, 365, 366, 383

  Hussein, Saddam 19, 311–2

  IBM 318, 324, 335

  Iliescu, Ion 137, 138

  ‘imagined orders’ 143–50 see also intersubjective meaning

  immigration 250–2

  immortality 30, 47, 51, 52, 56, 65, 66, 67, 139, 180, 270, 278, 355, 400

  in vitro fertilisation x, 53–4

  Inanna 157, 328

  India: drought and famine in 3; economic growth in modern 266, 267; Hindu revival, 19th-century 272, 273, 275; hunter-gatherers in 96; liberalism and 266, 267; population growth rate 9

  individualism: evolutionary theory and 104–5; liberal idea of undermined by twenty-firstcentury technology 332–50; self and 296–306, 303, 305

  Industrial Revolution 57, 64, 276, 315, 322, 330, 379, 401

  inequality 56, 264, 382, 402

  intelligence: animal 81, 82, 100, 138; decoupling from consciousness 357, 402; definition of 100, 138; upgrading human 352, 357 see also techno-humanism; value of consciousness and 402

  intelligent design 73, 103

  internet: distribution of power 379, 389; Internet-of-All-Things 386, 387, 394, 395, 398, 400; rapid rise of 50–1

  intersubjective meaning 180, 327, 357

  Iraq 3, 17, 40, 277

  Islam 19, 138, 189, 197, 206, 207, 208, 223, 228, 250, 263, 270, 271, 272, 273, 276, 277, 278, 356, 397; fundamentalist 19, 197, 228, 270, 271, 272, 277, 356 see also Muslims

  Islamic State (IS) 277, 356

  Isonzo battles, First World War 302–4, 303

  Israel 48, 96, 251

  Italy 264, 302–4, 303

  Jainism 94–5

  Jamestown, Virginia 300

  Japan 30, 31, 33, 208, 248, 354, 355

  Jefferson, Thomas 32, 193, 251, 284, 307

  Jeopardy! (game show) 318, 318

  Jesus Christ 155, 184, 188, 273, 276, 299

  Jews/Judaism: ancient/biblical 94, 173, 174, 182, 194, 270, 396; animal welfare and 94; expulsions from early modern Europe 198, 199; Great Jewish Revolt (AD 70) 183

  Jolie, Angelina 340, 352

  Jones, Lieutenant Henry 256

  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 359–60

  Joyce, James: Ulysses 242

  JSTOR digital library 388–9

  Jung, Carl 225–6

  Kahneman, Daniel 296, 343

  Kasparov, Garry 324, 324

  Khmer Rouge 266

  Khrushchev, Nikita 265, 275–6

  Kurzweil, Ray 24, 25, 27; The Singularity Is Near 386

  Kyoto protocol, 1997 216–7

  Lake Fayum engineering project, Egypt 175, 179

  Larson, Professor Steve 329

  Law of the Jungle 14–21

  lawns 59–65, 62, 63

  lawyers, replacement by artificial intelligence of 316–7

  Lea, Tom: That, 2,000 Yard Stare (1944) 246, 247, 248

  Lee Sedol 325

  Lenin, Vladimir 208, 253, 275, 380

  Lenin Academy for Agricultural Sciences 376–7

  Levy, Professor Frank 326

  liberal humanism/liberalism 182, 249; contemporary alternatives to 313; free will and 306; humanism and see humanism; humanist wars of religion, 1914–1991 and 307; meaning of life and 306, 307; schism within humanism and 262, 393; victory of 267–8

  life expectancy 5, 51

  ‘logic bombs’ (malicious software codes) 17

  Louis XIV, King 4, 64, 229

  lucid dreaming 366–7

  Luther, Martin 277, 278

  Luther King, Martin 265–6

  Lysenko, Trofim 376–7

  MAD (mutual assured destruction) 267

  malaria 12, 19, 318

  malnutrition 3, 5, 6, 10, 27, 56

  Mao Zedong 27, 165, 167, 253, 261, 265, 380

  Maris, Bill 24

  marriage: artificial intelligence and 348; gay 277, 278; humanism and 277, 278, 293, 343, 369; life expectancy and 26

  Marx, Karl/Marxism 57–8, 60, 184, 208, 249–50, 273–5; Communist Manifesto 218; Das Kapital 57, 276

  Mattersight Corporation 321–2

  Mazzini, Giuseppe 251–2

  meaning of life 185, 224, 225, 343, 391–2

  Memphis, Egypt 158–9

  Mendes, Aristides de Sousa 164, 164–5

  mental spectrum 365

  Merkel, Angela 250–1

  Mesopotamia 93

  Mexico 11, 265

  Michelangelo 27, 255; David 262

  Microsoft 16, 157, 335; Band 335; Cortana 346–7

  Mill, John Stuart 35

  ‘mind-reading’ helmet 45

  Mindojo 317

  MIT 326, 389

  modern covenant 222

  Modi, Narendra 207, 208

  money: credit and 145, 146, 171, 177; invention of 157, 158, 357, 384–5; investment in growth 210–2

  mother–infant bond 88–90

  Mubarak, Hosni 138

  Muhammad 189, 228, 272, 397

  Murnane, Professor Richard 326

  Museum of Islamic Art, Qatar 64

  Muslims: Charlie Hebdo attack and 228; Crusades and 147, 148, 149, 150; economic growth, belief in 207; evaluating success of 175; evolution and 104; expulsions of from early modern Europe 198, 199; free will and 287; lawns and 64–5; LGBT community and 227–8 see also Islam

  Mussolini, Benito 304

  Myanmar 145, 207

  Nagel, Thomas 362

  nanotechnology 23, 25, 51, 98, 271, 349, 357

  National Health Service, UK 339–40

  National Salvation Front, Romania 137

  NATO 266–7

  Naveh, Danny 76, 96

  Nayaka people 96

  Nazism 182, 183, 249, 380, 382, 401

  Ne Win, General 145

  Neanderthals 50, 156, 263, 275, 361, 384

  Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylonia 173, 311–2

  Nelson, Shawn 257

  New York Times 311, 352, 375

  New Zealand: Animal Welfare Amendment Act, 2015 123

  Newton, Isaac 27, 144, 198

  Nietzsche, Friedrich 236, 256, 270

  non-organic beings 43, 44, 45–6 Norenzayan, Ara 359–60

  Novartis 335

  nuclear weapons 15, 17, 17, 132, 150, 163, 217, 267, 377

  Nyerere, Julius 166

  Oakland Athletics 325–6

  Obama, President Barack 316, 381

  obesity 18, 54

  OncoFinder 327

  Ottoman Empire 198, 208

  ‘Our Boys Didn’t Die in Vain’ syndrome 303

  Page, Larry 28

  paradox of knowledge 56–9

  Paris Agreement, 2015 217

  Pathway Pharmaceuticals 327

  Petsuchos 161–2

  Pfungst, Oskar 130

  pharmacists 320

  p
igs, domesticated 90, 99, 101, 102, 233

  Pinker, Steven 307

  Pius IX, Pope 272–3

  Pixie Scientific 335

  plague/infectious disease 1–2, 6–14

  political famines 4

  politics: automation of 41; liberalism and 231, 234, 234, 236, 249N, 254; life expectancy and 27, 29; revolution and 133–8; speed of change in 58–9

  pollution 20, 176, 346

  poverty 19, 33, 56, 252, 253, 264, 354–5

  Presley, Elvis 159, 159–60

  Problem of Other Minds 120–1, 127–8

  Protestant Reformation 199, 244–6, 245

  psychology: evolutionary 118; humanism and 225–6, 253–4; positive 365–7

  Putin, Vladimir 27, 350, 381

  pygmy chimpanzees (bonobos) 139–40

  Quantified Self movement 336

  quantum physics 104, 171, 183, 236

  Qur’an 170, 175, 271, 272

  rats, laboratory 38, 39, 102, 121–5, 124, 128–9, 288–9

  Redelmeier, Donald 297–9

  relativity, theory of 103, 104, 171

  religion: animals and 173; animist 91, 92, 96, 97, 173; challenge to liberalism 270; Dataism 68, 236, 263, 270; humanist ethic and 173; science, relationship with 99, 276; twenty-first century 178

  revolutions 60, 155, 310, 312–3

  Ritalin 39, 369

  robo-rat 288–9

  Roman Empire 99, 192, 193, 195, 242, 378

  Romanian Revolution, 1989 139

  Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare) 225, 284, 307

  Russian Revolution, 1917 137

  Rwanda 15–6

  Saarinen, Sharon 54

  Saladin 147, 148, 149, 151–2

  Sanders, Bernie 380

  Santino (chimpanzee) 126–8

  Saraswati, Dayananda 272, 273, 275

  Scientific Revolution 213, 385

  Scotland 4, 305, 305

  Second World War, 1939–45 21, 34, 56, 116, 164, 255, 294

  self: animal self-consciousness 348; free will and 225, 232, 249, 306, 307, 308, 343; life sciences undermine liberal idea of 173, 174; single authentic self, humanist idea of 253, 396; socialism and self-reflection 287; techno-humanism and 291

  Seligman, Martin 365

  Senusret III 161, 162

  September 11 attacks, New York, 2001 19, 379

  Shavan, Shlomi 336

  Shedet, Egypt 161–2

  Silicon Valley 24, 25, 269, 276, 356, 386

  Sima Qian 173–4

  Singapore 32, 208

  slavery 96–7

  smallpox 8–9, 10–1

  Snayers, Pieter: Battle of White Mountain 248

  Sobek 163, 171, 179–80

  socialist humanism/socialism 258, 265, 266, 267, 268, 330, 356, 382

  soul 29, 92, 129, 131, 133, 139, 147, 148, 149, 151, 160, 187, 190, 196, 231, 274, 284, 285, 287, 293, 328, 329, 386

  South Korea 33, 152, 266, 268, 296, 325, 354, 401

  Soviet Union: communism and 207, 209, 375, 375, 375, 136, 137, 146, 146, 268; economy and 207, 209, 375, 375, 265

  Spanish Flu 11

  Sperry, Professor Roger Wolcott 294

  St Augustine 277, 278

  Stalin, Joseph 27, 258, 350, 397

  stock exchange 204, 211, 296, 316, 372–3, 374–5, 376

  Stone Age 34, 60, 74, 80, 132, 155, 156, 157, 163, 176, 263

  sub-normative mental spectrum 364, 365

  subjective experience 80, 155, 180, 231, 239, 394, 399

  Sudan 272, 273, 275

  suicide rates 2, 15, 33

  Sumerians 159, 328

  Survivor (TV reality show) 242

  Swartz, Aaron 388

  Sylvester I, Pope 192

  Syria 3, 19, 150, 171, 222, 277, 316

  Taiping Rebellion, 1850–64 273

  Talwar, Professor Sanjiv 288–9

  techno-humanism: definition of 357; focus of psychological research and 358–64; human will and 368–71; upgrading of mind 364–71

  technology: Dataism and see Dataism; inequality; and future 351–5; liberal idea of individual challenged by 332–50; renders humans economically and militarily useless 309–32; techno-humanism and see techno-humanism

  Tekmira 204

  terrorism 14, 228, 290, 292, 314

  Tesla 115, 326

  Thatcher, Margaret 58, 377

  Thiel, Peter 24–5

  Third Man, The (movie) 255–6

  Thirty Years War, 1618–48 244–5

  Three Gorges Dam 163, 189, 197

  Thucydides 173, 174

  Toyota 232, 296, 327

  transcranial stimulators 45, 369

  Tree of Knowledge, biblical 76–7, 77, 97–8

  Trump, Donald 380

  tuberculosis 9, 19, 23, 24

  Turing, Alan 121, 372

  Turing Machine 372

  Turing Test 121

  23andMe 341

  Twitter 48, 138, 316, 393

  Uganda 196

  United States: Dataism and 379; energy usage and happiness levels in 34; evolution, suspicion of within 103; Kyoto protocol, 1997 and 249N; nuclear weapons and 163; pursuit of happiness and 174; value of life in compared to Afghan life 101; Vietnam War and 266, 267; well-being levels 34

  Universal Declaration of Human Rights 21, 24

  Urban II, Pope 230

  Uruk 156–7

  US Army 369

  Valla, Lorenzo 193

  Valle Giulia, Battle of 1968 265

  vampire bats 205–6

  Vedas 170, 182, 272

  Vietnam War, 1954–75 58, 246, 266, 267

  virtual-reality worlds 331

  VITAL 327

  Voyager golden record 260–1

  Waal, Frans de 141–2

  Walter, Jean-Jacques: Gustav Adolph of Sweden at the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) 244, 244, 245, 246, 248

  war 1–3, 14–9; humanism and narratives of 243–8, 244, 247, 255–8

  Warsaw Pact 266–7

  Watson, John 90

  Watson (artificial intelligence system) 318, 335

  Waze 346–7

  web of meaning 144–50

  WEIRD (Western, educated, industrialised, rich and democratic) countries, psychology research focus on 358, 364, 365

  West Africa: Ebola and 11, 13, 204

  ‘What Is It Like to Be a Bat?’ (Nagel) 362

  White House lawn 62, 62, 64

  Wilson, Woodrow 311

  Wojcicki, Anne 341

  World Cup Final, 2014 36, 37, 63

  World Food Conference, Rome, 1974 5

  World Health Organization 10, 11, 13

  writing: algorithmic organization of societies and 160–3; invention of 157–60, 384–5; shaping reality through 163–78

  Yersinia pestis 7, 7

  Zeus 47, 177

  About the Author

  YUVAL NOAH HARARI has a PhD in history from the University of Oxford and now lectures at the Department of History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, specializing in world history. His first book, Sapiens, was translated into more than forty languages and became a bestseller in the US, the UK, France, China, Korea, and numerous other countries.

  Discover great authors, exclusive offers, and more at hc.com.

  Also by Yuval Noah Harari

  Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind

  Credits

  COVER DESIGN BY SUZAN NEEAN

  COVER ILLUSTRATION © WWW.STUARTDALY.COM

  Copyright

  HOMO DEUS. Copyright © 2017 by Yuval Noah Harari. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, without the express written permission of Harper
Collins e-books.

  Translated by the author.

  First published as The History of Tomorrow in Hebrew in Israel in 2015 by Kinneret Zmora-Bitan Dvir.

  Previously published in Great Britain in 2016 by Harvill Secker, a division of Penguin Random House Group Ltd.

  FIRST U.S. EDITION

  Print ISBN: 9780062464316

  EPub Edition FEBRUARY 2017 ISBN 9780062464354

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  * The formula takes a multiplication symbol because the elements work one on the other. At least according to medieval scholastics, you cannot understand the Bible without logic. If your logic value is zero, then even if you read every page of the Bible, the sum of your knowledge would still be zero. Conversely, if your scripture value is zero, then no amount of logic can help you. If the formula used the addition symbol, the implication would be that somebody with lots of logic and no scriptures would still have a lot of knowledge – which you and I may find reasonable, but medieval scholastics did not.

  * In American politics, liberalism is often interpreted far more narrowly, and contrasted with ‘conservatism’. In the broad sense of the term, however, most American conservatives are also liberal.

 

 

 


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