To End All Wars

by Adam Hochschild

  "This little pig stayed at home": 4 May 1918.

  "an occupation to which": Tribunal, 3 January 1918.

  "asked my religion": Russell 1, p. 30.

  [>] "Dear Brockway—": Brockway, p. 113.

  [>] "Only those who have": Brockway, p. 113.

  "people steeped to the neck": French to Esher, 26 May 1918, John French, p. 296.

  "like nothing so much": French to Lloyd George, 5 March 1918, quoted in Dangerfield, p. 272.

  327 "by the public hangman": Britannia, 30 August 1918, quoted in Bullock and Pankhurst, p. 85n91.

  "Some talk about": Britannia, 8 November 1918, quoted in Purvis 1, p. 312.

  "I only look in wonder": Sylvia Pankhurst to Adela Pankhurst Walsh, 11 July 1918, quoted in Purvis 1, p. 311.

  "a conflict between the two": Toland, p. 317.

  "We must be prepared": Milner to Lloyd George, 9 June 1918, quoted in Gollin, p. 565.

  [>] "What would this mean?": Sir Henry Wilson Diary, 1 June 1918, quoted in Trevor Wilson, p. 579.

  21. THERE ARE MORE DEAD THAN LIVING NOW

  [>] "Any hesitation or": French to King George V, 10 September 1918, quoted in Holmes, p. 343.

  "the complete removal": French to King George V, 12 July 1918, quoted in Holmes, p. 343.

  [>] "The threat of an American": Rudolf Georg Binding, A Fatalist at War (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1929), p. 220, quoted in Sheffield, p. 219.

  "Retreat? Hell, we": Captain Lloyd Williams. Keegan 1, p. 407.

  [>] "Our victorious army": Major General Max Hoffmann, Chicago Daily News, 13 March 1919, quoted in Wheeler-Bennett, p. 352.

  "eyes glued to telescopes": Churchill 1, p. 802.

  "They looked larger": Brittain, p. 420.

  [>] "became furious and shouted": Toland, p. 381.

  [>] "was the black day": Livesey, p. 166.

  Several hundred thousand: The number of these men is commonly cited as a million or more, but Alexander Watson, in Enduring the Great War: Combat, Morale and Collapse in the German and British Armies, 1914–1918 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 207–208, 212, convincingly shows why the actual number is probably far lower.

  [>] "nearer to Bolshevism": Porter 3, p. 143.

  Millman suggests that: Millman, pp. 4, 170. See Chapter 11 for most of his description of British plans for containing revolution at home.

  [>] "really extends from": Milner to Lloyd George, 20 March 1918, quoted in Gollin, p. 563.

  "Much talk with Milner": Sir Henry Wilson Diary, 4 November 1918, quoted in Marlowe, p. 318.

  "The cemetery has been shelled": Cecil, p. 280.

  [>] "They ... lived the span": Kipling 1, vol. 1, introduction.

  "Here 2nd Lieutenant Clifford": Kipling 1, vol. 2, chap. 1.

  [>] "To every single one of us": Toland, pp. 412–413.

  "My senses are charred": Gilbert, p. 476.

  338 "save us from the grave danger": Toland, p. 372.

  [>] "I shall remain at Spa": Toland, p. 558.

  "Treason, gentlemen!": Toland, p. 565.

  [>] "Twenty years time": James 1, p. 557.

  "It is important that": Haig to Lady Haig, 31 October 1918, quoted in De Groot 1, p. 394.

  [>] "I remember sitting on": Brockway, p. 116.

  "An airman suddenly swooped": Corder Catchpool, Letters of a Prisoner: For Conscience Sake (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1941), p. 123.

  "The crowd was frivolous": Russell 1, p. 35.

  [>] "Lady Edward dined": Milner Papers, Bodleian Library, Oxford, dep. 89.

  "A world to be remade": Holt, p. 166.

  "I never realised how tired": Adam Smith, p. 214.

  "There are far more dead": Adam Smith, p. 217.

  22. THE DEVIL'S OWN HAND

  [>] Most other counts are higher: For a breakdown by country of one such estimate—at least 9.4 million total military deaths—see Spencer C. Tucker, ed., World War I Encyclopedia, vol. 1 (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2005), pp. 272–274.

  "Every day one meets": Margaret Cole, ed., Beatrice Webb's Diaries (London: Longmans, Green, 1952), p. 137 (17 November 1918), quoted in Hew Strachan, The First World War (London: Penguin, 2005), p. 337.

  [>] "As a mother deprived": Times, 3 January 1919.

  civilian war deaths: 12 million: Hanson, p. 284; 13 million: "World War I," in Encyclopedia Britannica (online), accessed 28 March 2010.

  [>] 400,000 died: Ferguson 1, p. 301. See also Paice, pp. 392–398, whose various death figures add up to a higher total, although they include civilian deaths other than those of porters.

  in the hundreds of thousands: Paice, p. 288.

  [>] 50 million: Barry, p. 397; Jeffery K. Taubenberger and David M. Morens, "1918 Influenza: The Mother of All Pandemics," Emerging Infectious Diseases 12:1 (January 2006), p. 15.

  [>] "Mrs. Wheeldon was": Derby Daily Express, 26 February 1919.

  [>] "it was a misnomer": CAB 23 WC 523.

  [>] "A majority of these men": Adam Smith, p. 215.

  [>] He also proposed: French to Long, 1 July 1920, quoted in Holmes, p. 352.

  "The pore lady": Mrs. Philip Snowden, A Political Pilgrim in Europe (London: Cassell, 1921), p. 263.

  [>] "With her I was able": Gonne to Quinn, 21 February 1921, quoted in Nancy Cardozo, Lucky Eyes and a High Heart: The Life of Maud Gonne (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1978), p. 343.

  [>] "Everywhere lies the ordinary": Wilfrid Ewart, Scots Guard, quoted in Cecil, pp. 294–295.

  "the tragedies of the future": American Diplomacy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), p. 69.

  358 "'We will have arms again!'": Quoted in Winter and Baggett, p. 341.

  war to end all wars: Several of Wilson's biographers contend that he never actually said the phrase. John Milton Cooper Jr. ascribes it to Lloyd George, J. W. Schulte Nordholt to H. G. Wells.

  "a Peace to end Peace": O'Brien, p. 335. The phrase has also been attributed to several other people.

  "our conversations were": Russell 1, pp. 141–142.

  "for believing in Soviets": Diary, 19 May 1920, quoted in Ronald W. Clark, pp. 378–379.

  "more vividly vital": E. Sylvia Pankhurst 2, p. 109.

  "the Russian people": E. Sylvia Pankhurst 3, p. 184.

  [>] "inflicted by a court": Russia Diary, Despard Papers 7/CFD, Women's Library, London.

  Thousands of them vanished: See Hochschild, pp. 153–185, for accounts of some American-born victims.

  Willie Wheeldon: My thanks to Julian Hendy for sharing with me Willie Wheeldon's Comintern personnel file, from which some of these details come.

  23. AN IMAGINARY CEMETERY

  [>] "The difficulty is": Milner to Lloyd George, 28 December 1919, quoted in Gollin, p. 591.

  [>] "Here the ladies tend us": Omissi, p. 38.

  "attend to our wants": Anjamuddin Khan to Muhammad Suraj-ud-Din Khan, 20 December 1915, Omissi, pp. 126–127.

  "Nothing we can do": Morrow, p. 312.

  "The participation of West Indian": 22 October 1919, CO 123/296/65767.

  "in connection with the preservation": CO 318/350/8426.

  [>] "she-edited magazine": Kipling to Crewe, 27 September 1932, Pinney, vol. 6, p. 131.

  "I hate your generation": Gilmour, p. 310.

  [>] military historians argue: The Holts argue this at length, backed by several other historians.

  [>] not allowed to see him: Despard to French, 19 May 1925, French Papers, Imperial War Museum.

  "I've only got to send": Cicely Hamilton, as quoted by Harold Frederick Bing, interview, Imperial War Museum #000358/11, p. 46.

  "I have to go to Ireland": Linklater, p. 220.

  [>] "an act in violation": Time, 18 January 1926.

  [>] "to follow up certain information": Times, 6 January 1926.

  "the crowds of spectators": Time, 18 January 1926.

  "that I was to be": Haig 1, 30 November 1918, p. 489.

  "Some enthusiasts to-day": B. H. Liddell Hart, The Tanks: The Histo
ry of the Royal Tank Regiment and Its Predecessors, Heavy Branch Machine-Gun Corps, Tank Corps and Royal Tank Corps, 1914–1945, vol. 1 (New York: Praeger, 1959), p. 234.

  "very lazy on the question": Ian F. W. Beckett, "Haig and French," in Bond and Cave, p. 60.

  368 "I found him most pleasant": Haig to J. P. Allison, 27 February 1926, quoted in De Groot 1, p. 405.

  [>] "I shall never be able": Purvis 1, p. 350.

  [>] "In those irresistible": Anthony Mockler, Haile Selassie's War: The Italian-Ethiopian Campaign, 1935–1941 (New York: Random House, 1984), p. 150.

  [>] a number of British military: See, for example, the books in the Bibliography by Bond and Cave, Sheffield, Terraine, and Todman.

  "the worst thing the people": Ferguson 1, p. xxi.

  [>] only a single memorial: On November 11, 2008, some time after my own travels on the Western Front, a small plaque about the Christmas Truce was dedicated at Frelinghien, France. It is the only other such memorial I know of.

  [>] "I knew that it was my business": Russell 1, p. 7.

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