The Proper Study of Mankind
Page 89
Clark, Robert T., Jr: Herder, 435n
class (social): in Marxist theory, 34, 124–5, 457, 587–8; and nationalism, 594
classicism: and formulation of values, 262
Clemenceau, Georges, 625
Cobbett, William, 263, 495
Cochrane, Eric, 297
coercion: limits of, 193–203, 209; and individual freedom, 204–5, 211 & n, 218–23, 229, 232, 235; and education, 220–1; and power, 234; consent to, 235
Cojecki, Charles Edmund, 515n
Coke, Sir Edward, 333
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor: anti-rationalism, 261, 263; on purpose in natural activity, 263; historical sense, 356; and knowledge, 496; rejects revolt, 565, 574
Collingwood, Robin G., 7, 355
common good: Machiavelli on, 304–5, 308
Communists: operational ideas, 89; Pasternak on, 535; reformist ideals, 558; popular appeal, 629; see also Marxism
compulsion see coercion
Comte, Auguste: materialism, 19; and scientific history, 21, 25, 39, 120, 166, 182; classification of sciences, 36; and political philosophy, 66; on empirical knowledge, 77; and free will, 117; achievements and influence, 119–21; optimism, 137, 154, 178, 188; on understanding, 154; and founding of sociology, 185–6, 446; on free thinking in politics and morals, 222–3, 554; and unified reality, 328; and Herder, 360; Tolstoy’s hostility to, 469; calls for authoritarian èlite, 583; on social group, 586
Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de: materialism, 19; and scientific method, 80, 134; and sociological history, 120; on uniform reality, 248, 370; on origins of language, 383
Condorcet, M. J. A. N. Caritat, marquis de: on naturalistic sociology, xxv; optimistic view of world, 4–5, 136–7, 154, 558, 582; materialism, 19–20; on empirical knowledge, 77; on lack of individual rights in classical times, 201; on natural bonds, 238; on attaining human ends, 245, 580; belief in universal civilisation, 255; historical sense, 356; and progress, 408, 428; on benevolent nature, 562; qualities, 634; Esquisse d’un tableau historique, 136, 238n
Confucius, 8n
Constant, Benjamin: on personal freedom, 196, 198, 232, 236; on popular sovereignty, 234–5; criticises Rousseau, 235; and the State, 305
Corneille, Pierre, 350, 363; Médée, 565
Cowen, Joseph, 516
creativity: Fichte on, 72, 422, 570–1; and rules, 261–2; and art, 341, 571; Herder on, 383, 417–23; and spontaneity, 568
Creighton, Mandell, Bishop of London, 163
Crimean War, 513, 516n
Critias, 244
Croce, Benedetto: on Machiavelli, 272, 278–9, 288–9, 297–300, 315, 317; on positivists, 356; and feeling, 389
Cromwell, Oliver, xii, 51, 141, 163, 617
Cujas, Jacques, 333
cultures, plurality of see pluralism
Cyrus the Great, 188, 295, 300, 307, 309
Daniel, Père Gabriel, 333
Danilevsky, Nikolay Yakovlevich, 441
Dante Alighieri: dates, 23; Machiavelli and, 295, 310; and necessity, 310; literary style, 350; celebrated, 389; as ‘hedgehog’, 437; Herzen reads, 504; emotion in, 558
Darwin, Charles, 167, 182, 360, 446
Day Lewis, Cecil, 628
Decembrists, 479, 503
deduction, 62
Deffand, marquise Marie du, 8n
deism, 23
democracy: and oppression, 234–6
Derzhavin, Gavrila Romanovich, 532
Descartes, René: disdains history, 17, 24, 127, 332, 353, 365; and scientific method, 42, 166, 262, 329, 332; physics, 86, 87n; on unified knowledge, 245, 328; categorisations, 381, 390–1; and nature, 393; Fichte rejects, 569; Discourse on Method, 329; Meditations, 329
despotism, 201 & n, 208, 225, 228, 236
determinism: I. Berlin opposes, x–xi, xxvii–xxviii; in human behaviour, 98–109, 135, 140, 146–9, 493; and existence of world, 135–6; and historical change, 139–40, 146; distinct from fatalism, 141n, 493; and historical judgement, 160–3; as dogma, 179–80; and scientific observation, 179; sociological, 186; Kant on compatibility with morality, 258–9, 561; Herder and, 432; Tolstoy’s belief in, 456, 458, 485, 489–90
Dickens, Charles, 445, 531; David Copperfield, 512
Diderot, Denis: belief in universal civilisation, 255, 359; Herder’s sympathy for, 255; dismisses Homer, 365; and uniformity, 370; on actor and role, 406; scepticism over progress, 408; Tolstoy and, 454, 468; materialism, 487; qualities, 499; on individual freedom, 573; sensibility, 622
Dilthey, Wilhelm, 56, 356, 389
Dio Cassius, 293
Dionysius, tyrant, 296
Disraeli, Benjamin, 583, 613
Dostoevsky, Fedor Mikhailovich: as ‘hedgehog’, xiv, 437; rejects Encyclopaedists, 80; satirises nihilists, 196; and great sinner, 309; and human fantasies, 317; and Tolstoy, 467, 469; and Proudhon, 482n; praises Herzen, 500; Pasternak on, 531, 533, 539; Akhmatova praises, 539, 546; rejects Western values, 567; and underground man, 577; pessimism, 579; The Idiot, 294
Doughty, Charles Montagu, 402
dreams, 174
Dreiser, Theodore, 528
Dubos, abbé Jean Baptiste, 362–3, 418n
du Châtelet, marquise see Châtelet, Gabrielle Emilie, marquise du
du Deffand, marquise see Deffand, marquise Marie du
Dufresnoy, Nicolas Lenglet, 333
Duhamel, Georges, 538
Dumoulin, Charles, 333
Durkheim, Emile, 183n, 281, 435, 585, 600
economics: scientific procedure in, 33, 35–6; history, 37
education: purpose of, 220
Egidio da Viterbo, 282
Eikhenbaum, Boris Mikhailovich, 441n, 463, 468n, 474n, 482n
Einfühlung see empathy
Eisenstein, Sergei Mikhailovich, 525
Eliot, Thomas Stearns, 276n, 530, 532, 546, 550, 614
emotion: expression of, 558–9
empathy (Einfühlung), 389, 405, 426, 428
empiricism: I. Berlin’s belief in, xxv; ideals, 4; and scientific method, 18; and political theory, 60–3, 81–2, 84–5; and history, 182; and liberal rationality, 225n; and rise of science, 559
Encyclopaedists: Herder’s attitude to, 80, 360, 394, 432; and benevolent nature, 313; and unified reality, 328; on social behaviour, 469; see also Enlightenment, French
Engels, Friedrich: and scientific history, 21, 39; and march of history, 126n; idealism, 155; and administration of things, 191; on Machiavelli, 277
England: political idealism in, 212n; sovereignty in, 237n; Herzen in, 511, 516–17; imperialism, 613
Enlightenment, French: opposition to, x, xxxiv, 243, 248–35, 260–8, 351n, 355, 566–7; I. Berlin’s interest in, xxv–xxvi, xxxiii; Voltaire on, 8n, 339; central doctrines, 243–4, 261–3, 426, 597; Vico on, 248; Herder and, 254–7, 359–435; Möser on, 256; and French Revolution, 268; on nature as divine harmony, 562; and German nationalism, 597
Entrèves, Alexandre Passerin d’, 276n
Epictetus, 112–13, 207n, 211
Epicureans: on self-control and will, 92, 99; on human ends, 314; Vico reads, 340
Epicurus, 214, 558
equality: I. Berlin on, xii; as human goal, 10; in political theory, 64; and liberty, 196–7, 205n, 226, 230; in sight of God, 201n
Erasmus, Desiderius, 200, 437
Erigena, Johannes Scotus, 63, 393
Esenin, Sergey Alexandrovich, 531
étatisme, 594
ethics: and ideas, 1–3, 64; Greek, 297–8; see also morality
Euclid, 51
Euripides, 426
evil: and liberty, 219n; Maistre on man as, 265–7, 473, 492
existentialists: discount objective standards, 70, 74; achievements, 73; on importance of individual choice, 187; oppose explanations, 464n; reject Utopianism, 579
experience: and knowledge, 29
expressionism: Herder’s doctrine of, 361, 367–8, 380–97
Faguet, Émile, 266, 519
Faraday, Michael, 20
Fascism
: and nationalism, xxxi, 589, 593; operational ideas, 89; historical theory, 182; and authority, 268; and denial of monism, 568; Communist opposition to, 629; and New Order, 630
Feltrinelli (Italian publishing house), 538
Fénelon, François de Salignac de la Mothe, 333, 557
Ferdinand I of Aragon, King of Spain, 294, 306
Ferguson, Adam, 355, 393; Essay of the History of Civil Society, 364, 572n
Festugière, A. J., 91
Fet, Afanasy Afanasievich (pseudonym of Afanasy Afanasievich Shenshin), 440, 442, 531–2
Feuerbach, Ludwig, 602
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb: and creative spirit, xxx, 72, 422, 570–1; power of ideas, 192; on rationalism in society, 216, 221–3; on education, 220–1; anti-rationalism, 261; on Machiavelli, 272, 274, 292, 307; patriotism, 371, 591, 593; social ideals, 398; and community, 424n; on ambition and achievement, 506; and beginnings of romanticism, 569–72; on dignity of labour, 570; on self and will, 570–2, 574–5
Ficino, Marsilio, 281, 562
Figgis, John Neville, 280
final solutions, 12–14
Fisch, M. H., 330n
Flaubert, Gustave, 440, 451, 460, 539, 579
Florence, 8, 336
Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de, 339, 344n, 364
formal method (of answering questions), 60–3
Forster, Edwin Morgan, 154, 528, 614
Forster, Georg, 371
Foscolo, Ugo, 271
Fourier, François Charles Marie: optimism, 137, 393; Herzen reads, 503, 517; and ideal state, 557; opposes trade and industry, 583
Fox, Charles James, 634
France: political commitment in, 212n; Herzen’s view of, 514–15; cultural dominance, 562–3, 597–8; Churchill on, 612; ancien régime, 622
France, Anatole, 137
Francesca, Piero della, 276
Francke, August Hermann, 253
Franco, General Francisco, 172–3, 621
Franklin, Benjamin, 380n
fraternity: and liberty, 226, 230
Frederick II (the Great), King of Prussia: Carlyle praises, xii; attacks Holbach, 141; tolerance, 201n; promotes Enlightenment values and reforms, 249, 251, 566, 597–8; uniformity of system, 256; on Machiavelli, 279, 304; authoritarianism, 305; Herder and, 373, 397; Maistre on, 477
freedom see liberty
Freemasons: Tolstoy attacks, 471, 486
free will see choice
French Revolution: Condorcet’s influence on, xxvi; causes explained, 46–7, 166; evaluation of, 168–9; aims for positive freedom, 233; and end of Enlightenment, 268; welcomed in Germany, 371; principles, 434; Roman Catholic view of, 481; Maistre on, 494–5; moral effect, 623
Freud, Sigmund, 48, 155, 182, 435, 579
Friedrich, Carl Joachim, 278
Fritzsche, Robert Arnold, 428n
Gabo, Naum, 525
Galileo Galilei: achievements, 20, 79; and rational method, 262; and Machiavelli, 285; and unified reality, 328
Gardiner, Patrick L., 109
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 501, 512, 514, 632
Gassendi, Pierre, 562
Gatterer, J. C., 361
Gaulle, Charles de, xiv, 632
Gay, N. N., Sr, 521n
Geisteswissenchaften, 48
Genghis Khan, 23, 50, 156, 168, 187
genius, 530
Gentili, Alberico, 271
Gentillet, Innocent, 270, 279–80
Gentz, Friedrich von, 371
George, Stefan, 614
German language, 365, 366
Germany: reacts against foreign domination, xi, 597–9; inner life in, xxx, 211, 366; historical writing in, 339; nationalism, 371–2, 563, 586–7, 589, 593–4, 596–600, 602; Herder on spirit of, 375–6, 397–9, 403, 413–14, 433; Moser on as victim, 395n; Herzen on, 516; romantic movement in, 559–65, 569, 574–6, 579; cultural backwardness, 562–3, 566; Churchill on, 612
Gerstenberg, Heinrich Wilhelm von, 257
Gibbon, Edward: as historian, 143, 159, 339, 407; Tolstoy criticises, 458; prose style, 607
Gide, André, 451, 528, 614
Gilbert, Allan H., 271
Gilbert, Felix, 322
Gladstone, William Ewart, 616, 633
Gleim, Johann Wilhelm Ludwig, 370
Gnostics, 155, 183
Gobineau, Joseph Arthur, comte de, 125
Godwin, William, 154, 557
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von: on individual experience, 250; attacks Holbach, 258; anti-rationalism, 261; Herder and, 370, 377, 380, 411, 417, 428, 432; principles, 371; on cultural decline, 395n; social ideals, 398, 403; admires ancient Athens, 409; and unity of man, 421; and artistic creation, 422; on Herder’s personality, 424n; disclaims models for Faust, 435; as ‘fox’, 437; and knowledge, 496; Herzen reads, 503, 516; influence on Pasternak, 529, 531, 550; on Renaissance, 547; praises Kaufmann, 564; rejects revolt, 565, 574; on Holbach’s Système de la nature, 581; and German chauvinism, 599; Werther, 572; Xenien (with Schiller), 377
Gogol, Nikolay Vasil’evich, 437, 467
Goncourt, Edmond and Jules, 515
Gorky, Maxim (pseudonym of Aleksey Maksimovich Peshkov), 482n, 524, 533, 543
Görres, J. Joseph von, 361n, 371, 376n, 399, 495
Gothic architecture, 411
Gothic Revival, 607
Gottsched, Johann Christoph, 404
Gozzoli, Benozzo, 609
Gracchi, 142
Gramsci, Antonio, 275n, 278
Granovsky, Timofey Nikolaevich, 520
Great Chain of Being, 312
Greece (ancient): achievements, 7–9; and personal constraints, 211; ethics, 297; Plutarch glorifies, 331; and origins of art, 396; Maistre on, 485; emotion in, 558; see also Athens
Green, Thomas Hill: ix, 88–9, 221; Lecture on Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract, 205n
Gregorio, Pietro de, 333
Grey, Edward, Viscount, 612
Grimm, Jakob, 361n
Grotius, Hugo, 347, 350, 417
Gryphius, Andreas, 365
Guéhenno, Jean, 538
Guicciardini, Francesco, 276, 286, 292, 319
Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume, 503, 507
Gumilev, Nikolay Stepanovich, 532, 543–4, 546
Gusev, Nikolay Nikolaevich, 446
Haag, Luiza, 501–2, 506
Haldane, Richard Burdon, Viscount, 612–13
Hale, Matthew, 333
Halévy, Élie, 163
Haller, Carl Ludwig von, 432
Hamann, Johann Georg: I. Berlin champions, xi, xxxi; attacks Enlightenment doctrines, xxix, 248–52, 368, 380, 566; on language and symbols, xxix–xxx, 252–3, 365, 381–2, 386; historical view, 355, 357, 370; and Vico’s ideas, 357; and spirit of nation, 363, 397, 592; teaches Herder, 364, 370, 373, 379, 381–2, 409; anti-theory stance, 366; and German tradition, 366, 413n, 566; hatred of State, 373; criticises Kant, 378; on thought and feeling, 381–2; and alienation, 396n; on unity of man, 421; on artistic commitment, 422–3; on Kaufmann, 564; on effects of knowledge, 573, 575; criticises practical man, 575
Hampshire, Stuart N., 103, 105–6, 110, 116–17, 141n
Hancock, Sir William Keith, 273
Hannibal, 296
happiness: as attainable end, 136–7
Hare, Richard M., 100
Harrington, James, 319, 557
Hart, Herbert Lionel Adolphus, 117
Haumant, Émile, 441n, 478n
Hauptmann, Gerhart, 614
Haydn, Hiram, 271
Hayek, Friedrich von: xii; The Counter-Revolution of Science, 126n
health: and value judgements, 64, 69
Hearn, Lafcadio, 402
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: on freedom, ix, 417, 568; on historical change, 5, 50, 76, 126, 137–8, 578; and historical laws, 33, 41, 56, 435; on reason and understanding, 57; and creative spirit, 72, 124, 137, 422; and self-knowledge, 95, 116, 213–14; and structure of history, 181; and laws of institutions, 214; on rationalism in society, 217; on obedience of rationali
ty, 221; and individual in society, 232n, 371, 586; anti-rationalism, 261; views of, 269; and Machiavelli, 271, 274–6, 307, 308; ethics, 309n; on history and morality, 317; and Vico’s ideas, 353; Herder’s influence on, 361n; doctrines, 367; on progress, 378; social ideals, 398; admires ancient Athens, 409; Ranke criticises, 431; as ‘hedgehog’, 437; Tolstoy reads, 444; influence on Slavophils, 470; Herzen studies, 505, 507, 510, 518, 520; on State, 591; and nationalism, 593, 599; Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, 433n
Hegelians: anti-individualism, 123, 125n; and cosmic design, 178; historical theory, 182; and slavery to nature, 204, 296; determinism, 222; and abandonment of final harmony, 238
Heine, Heinrich, 192, 407, 506, 509, 537, 584–5; ‘Zum Lazarus’, 445n
Heinse, Johann Jacob Wilhelm, 419, 564; Ardinghello und die glückseligen Inseln, 258
Helvétius, Claude Adrien: and empiricism of political thought, 73, 77, 414; on freedom, 194n; on human enslavement to passions, 209; belief in universal civilisation, 255, 355, 359, 370; on benevolent nature, 264, 562, 564
Hemingway, Ernest, 530
Hemsterhuis, Frans, 364
Heraclitus, 12
Herder, Caroline, 388
Herder, Johann Gottfried: I. Berlin champions, xi, xxx–xxxi, xxxv; on plurality of cultures, xxx, 8–9, 14, 254–7, 361, 368, 378–9, 398–401, 403–12, 415–17, 424–32, 567; nationalism, xxxi, 371–8, 384, 397–8, 591, 594, 596; belonging, xxxii–xxxiv, 412–17, 586; concept of history, 24, 56, 120, 165n, 355, 361–2, 368, 405–7, 410–12, 427; compares family and political life, 75; rejects Encyclopaedists, 80, 360; and individual in society, 125, 214, 405; Prussian cultural background, 249, 366, 566; attacks Voltaire, 252, 255, 362; opposes Enlightenment doctrines, 253–4, 359–435; advocates relativism, 255, 390, 407n, 427–9; on importance of feeling, 258, 367–8, 370, 389, 567; influence on Goethe, 258; on Machiavelli, 274–5; and historical writing, 339, 362, 405; and Vico’s ideas, 347, 357, 361, 405; anti-rationalism, 359–60; attitude to natural science, 360–1, 364; beliefs and doctrines, 360–9, 432–5; and populism, 361, 367, 370–80, 399–403, 414, 417; on society as organism, 364; defends German language and culture, 365–6, 398–400, 403, 413–14, 433, 566–7, 596; and self-expression, 367–8; on unity of fact and value, 369–70, 412–13, 419; and progress, 378, 407–10, 429; expressionism, 380–97, 417–18; on language, 381–8; sea voyage to France, 387–8; attacks Kant, 391; Kräfte doctrine, 393–4, 400, 414, 424n; social ideals, 397–8; and Humanität, 410, 423, 426–9, 433; empiricism, 414; aesthetics, 417–22; influence, 417; on unity of man, 419–23; character, 423n; assessed, 432–5; praises Kaufmann, 564; and Muhammad, 574; denounces multinational empires, 600; Adrastea, 413, 422; German National Glory, 376n; God: Some Conversations, 432n; Ideas about the Philosophy of History of Mankind (Ideen), 368, 393, 395, 413, 426–7; Kalligone, 413, 422; Letters on the Advancement of Mankind, 375; Metakritik, 391; On Hebrew Poetry, 413; Stimmen der Völker in Liedern, 418; Yet Another Philosophy of History (Auch eine Philosophie der Geschichte), 361n, 362, 375, 396n, 403, 405, 408, 424, 427