heresy: sincerity in, 554
hero, the, 564, 574–5
Herodotus, 270, 331, 336, 437
Hertzka, Theodor, 557
Herwegh, Georg, 509–10, 516
Herzen, Alexander (Aleksandr Ivanovich Gertsen): I. Berlin champions, xi; eloquence, 499; qualities of mind, 499–500; Belinsky on, 500, 502, 552; memoirs, 500, 511–24; birth and upbringing, 501–3; reading, 503–4; career, 504; exiled, 504; love-affairs, 504, 512, 517; marriage, 504; revolutionary views, 504–8, 522; inheritance and financial independence, 506; in Paris, 506, 508; literary style, 507, 518; artistic egotism, 509–10; and wife’s infidelity and death, 509–10; loses mother and child, 510; appearance, 511n; in England, 511, 516–17; political and social ideas, 514–15, 517–19, 522–4; reputation, 514; friendships and private life, 516–18; later beliefs, 519–21; death in Paris, 523; achievements and influence, 524; on Russian literature, 551; and works of creation, 571; From the Other Shore, 13–14; Letters from Avenue Marigny, 507; Letters to an Old Comrade, 521; My Past and Thoughts, 500, 511–13, 516, 524
Herzen, Nataliya (A.H.’s wife), 504, 506, 509–10
Hess, Moses: xi; Rome and Jerusalem, 585
heteronomy, 208–10, 220–1, 562
Hilbert, David, 167
history: as natural science, x, xxxviii, 17–58, 120–1, 164–6, 171, 182–3, 331–2, 335; supposed laws and patterns of, xxvii, 28–37, 40–3, 53–6, 129–34, 139–40, 144–5, 151–2 180–1, 266; and progress towards ideal, 6; Aristotle on, 17; nature and purpose of, 17–18, 152; and cultural differences, 22–3, 50–4, 127–8, 142–3, 157, 176; Herder on, 24, 56, 120, 165n, 355, 361–2, 368, 405–7, 410, 427; Vico on, 24, 48, 50, 56, 165n, 340, 342–3, 349–58; reasoning in, 31–3, 40–5; kinship to art, 47–8; explanation and judgement in, 48–50, 56–8, 178, 187–8; accident in, 70; inevitability in, 119–90; Comte’s view of, 120–1; and individual endeavour, 122–4, 160–1; impersonal forces in, 123–7, 150–3, 161, 183–5, 187, 189; perceived purpose in, 132; objectivity and bias in, 143–4, 161–5, 169–75, 177–8, 187–8; moral judgement in, 158–66, 170–2, 176–8, 188–90; and basic assumptions, 166–7; ideology in, 175; and metaphysics, 182; relevance of, 335–7; Voltaire on role of, 335–9; Tolstoy’s philosophy of, 439–69, 484–8, 491–2, 498; Maistre on, 484–5; Churchill’s view of, 608–9
Hitler, Adolf: character, xiv, 614–15, 632; and final solution, 12; and national self-assertion, 125; in historical process, 141; and historical determinism, 156; actions judged, 163, 168, 187; invades Russia, 604; Churchill on, 621; as threat, 629
Hobbes, Thomas: on lack of purpose in nature, 71; and empiricism of political thought, 73; Rousseau rejects political obligation, 80–1; and free will, 141n, 195n; on knowing reality, 155; on social safeguards, 198; on oppression by sovereign, 235; and Machiavelli, 271, 293, 308, 318–19; on moral values, 290, 293; revolutionary thinking, 315; on self-preservation, 318; on knowledge, 341; on human nature, 350; Leviathan, 195n
Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Amadeus, 575–7
Holbach, Paul H. Dietrich, Baron von: and knowledge, 117; and science of human behaviour, 134; belief in universal civilisation, 255, 359; on benevolent nature, 264, 562; dismisses rites, 346; anti-clericalism, 377; Herder and, 411; Système de la nature (System of Nature), 141, 258, 581
Hölderlin, Johann Christian Friedrich, 409, 574
Homer, 347, 350, 365, 388–9, 399, 558
Hooker, Richard, 364, 417
Hopkins, Harry, 626
Horace, 404n
Horneck, Philipp Wilhelm von, 365
Hotman, François, 279, 333
Hugo, Victor, 262, 501, 515
human behaviour: scientific study of, 19–20
human nature: variability, 214, 347; and freedom, 266
‘human predicament’, 158, 160
humanism: Machiavelli and, 289, 293, 313
Humanität, 410, 423, 426–9, 433
humanities: divorce from sciences, 326–58
Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 371, 398
Hume, David: as ‘fox’, xiv; in linguistic analytical tradition, ix; on empirical knowledge, 77, 82; and scientific method, 80; on descriptive and value statements, 84; and free will, 100, 141n; denies absolute truth, 245, 249; accepts rational method, 262; and benevolent nature, 264, 313, 564; Machiavelli and, 278; and necessity, 319; and Enlightenment spirit, 339; on historical studies, 361; Herder and, 368, 390, 406, 412, 428; on limits of reason, 382; condemns Middle Ages, 407; scepticism over progress, 408; Tolstoy reads, 445; faith in nature and custom, 556
Huovinen, Lauri, 275
Hurd, Richard, Bishop of Worcester, 363, 389
Huxley, Aldous, 168, 539, 585
Iambulus, 557
Ibsen, Henrik, 437, 539, 579
Idealist movement, 422, 470–1, 492, 559
ideas: power of, 191–3
ideologies, 61, 72–3, 89, 175
Il’in, Ivan Aleksandrovich, 441n
imagination (fantasia): Vico on, 346, 351n, 354–6; Herder and, 369; see also empathy (Einfühlung)
Impressionism, 8
individual, the: in society, 226–7
induction, 62
International Working Men’s Association, 600
Ionian philosophers, 76, 86
Iselin, J. C., 408
Isidore of Seville, 350
Italy: nationalism in, 587, 589, 600
Ivan IV (the Terrible), Tsar, 454
Ivan the Terrible (film), 525
Ivanov, Alexander Andreevich, 512
Ivanov, Georgy Vladimirovich, 551
Ivanov, Vyacheslav Ivanovich, 549
Ivinskaya, Olga, 536, 549
Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich, 251, 260, 432n
Jacobins, 219n, 233, 271
Jacoby, Günter: Herder als Faust, 435n
Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig, 376n, 399, 594
James, William, 206
Jansenism, 244
Japan, 604
Jefferson, Thomas, 198
Jesuits: on Machiavelli, 279; Tolstoy’s hatred of, 483
Jews: sense of alienation, xi; and revealed truth, 4; Herder on, 374, 399, 403–4, 433; Hamann and, 382; unifying role, 585; disparaged by classical writers, 589
Job, Book of, 491
John of Salisbury, 364
Johnson, Samuel, 142n, 607–8
Joly, Maurice, 289n
Joseph II, Emperor of Austria, 201n
Joyce, James, 437, 519–30, 532, 546, 579, 614; Ulysses, 531
judgement: faculty of, 31
Julius II, Pope, 303
Justinian: Digest, 319n
Juvenal, 289, 316, 589
Kaegi, Werner, 272
Kafka, Franz, 546, 577, 579
Kamenev, Lev Borisovich, 277n
Kandinsky, Vassily, 525, 532
Kant, Immanuel: on ‘crooked timber of humanity’, xv, 16, 241, 603; and boundaries of natural world, xxvii; explanations of history, 48, 52, 378; and political philosophy, 65, 73, 371; on freedom and obligation, 72, 142n, 207n; rejects Encyclopaedists and lumières, 80, 394; dismisses naturalistic tradition, 81; and empiricism, 82, 148n, 414; validity, 88; and personal freedom and autonomy, 116, 187, 207n, 208–9, 223–4, 227n, 561–2, 566–8; on values, 209; on rationalism in society, 216, 561; on political liberty, 219; on paternalism as despotism, 228; Prussian cultural background, 249, 366, 566; hatred of matter, 250; on determinism and morality, 258–9, 561; accepts rational method, 262, 564; and hypothetical imperatives, 297; and Herder, 366, 369, 378–9, 390–1, 407, 429; categorisations, 386, 390–1; and artistic creation, 422; on human imperfectibility, 430; and free will, 433, 561, 564; Herzen reads, 503; Pasternak on, 529; abhorrence of disordered imagination, 564; Anthropologie, 378–9; Critique of Pure Reason, 192; ‘Idee zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte in weltbürgerlicher Absicht’, 224n; Zum ewigen Frieden, 379
Kareev, Nikolay Ivanovich, 441n, 460–2, 464
Katkov, Mikhail Nikiforovich, 505
Kaufmann, Christoph, 564
Kautsky, Karl, 589
Keotz, Christian Adolph, 411
Kepler, Johannes, 21n, 187
Keynes, John Maynard, Baron, 51, 605
Khlebnikov, Velemir Vladimirovich, 550
Khodasevich, Vladislav Felitsianovich., 530
Kierkegaard, Søren, 95, 263, 328, 577
Kipling, Rudyard, 530, 614
Klee, Paul, 532
Kleist, Christian Ewald, 388
Klinger, Friedrich Maximilian von, 257, 419, 564
Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb, 370, 397, 407, 422
Klyuev, Nikolay Alekseevich, 531
Klyun, I. V., 525
knowledge: and attainment of freedom, xxvii, 91, 93–8, 102, 104, 110–17, 213–15; and experience, 29; intuitive, 52; and general propositions, 54; sociology of, 89; and choice, 101–2; and prediction of events, 101, 104–7, 109, 116; and moral judgements, 135–6, 178; and optimism, 154–5; dominance of scientific method, 341–2; and historical understanding, 352–3; Tolstoy on, 486–96; Hamann on, 573, 575
Knutzen, Martin, 366
Kochubeys, the, 532
Kolokol see Bell, The
Körner, Karl Theodor, 376n, 594
Kropotkin, Prince Peter, 398
Kurbsky, Prince Andrey Mikhailovich, 454
Kutuzov, Marshal Mikhail Golenishchev, 457–8, 460, 474, 486–7, 489–90, 496
Lafitau, Père Joseph F., 364
La Fontaine, Jean de, 330
Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis de, 515
Lamennais, Félicité de, 398, 482
La Mettrie, Julien Offray de, 121, 487
La Mothe le Vayer, François de, 331
language: Hamann on nature of, 252–3, 381–2; universal, 266; perfect, 330; Vico on shaping effect of, 340, 344–7, 349, 334–5, 381; Herder on, 381–8
Laplace, Pierre Simon, marquis de, 20, 145, 456, 486
La Popelinière, Henri Lancelot Voisin, sieur de, 333
Laski, Harold J., 364n
Lassalle, Ferdinand J. G., 75, 199, 276, 584
Lavater, Johann Kaspar, 250, 364, 366, 385, 564
Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, 51
law: in political theory, 64; as restraint, 220; acceptance of, 224
Lawrence, David Herbert, 424n
League of Nations, 585, 587, 600
Le Caron, Louis (Charondas), 333
Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste, 515
Lehmann, Rosamond, 528
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von: and science of history, 41, 134, 332; and free will, 100; on liberating value of knowledge, 155; on uniform reality, 248; on Machiavelli, 323; on perfect language, 330; and cosmic nature, 364, 393, 562; supports German language, 365; Herder admires, 390–1, 399, 405, 432; and empiricism, 414; and communal life, 424n; and plurality of values, 425; Nouveaux Essais, 419, 432
Leisewitz, Johann Anton, 257, 564
Lemke, Mikhail, 513
Lenin, Vladimir Ilich: on achieving final solution, 13–14; outlook, 51; factory image, 75; on knowing reality, 155; as dominant figure, 183; Europocentrism, 603; qualities, 632
Leningrad: I. Berlin revisits, 540–4;
Akhmatova on, 547
Lenz, Jakob Michael Reinhold, 257, 564, 573
Leo X, Pope, 295, 321n
Leon, Derrick, 441
Leont’ev, Konstantin, 441
Leopardi, Giacomo, Count, 550
Lermontov, Mikhail Yurevich, 532, 550, 574
Leroux, Pierre, 503
Le Roy, Louis, 333
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim: Utopianism, 137; and Herder, 362, 370, 428; supports German language, 365; nationalist value-judgements, 404, 594; and progress, 428; and romantic movement, 565; Minna von Barnhelm, 565; Nathan the Wise, 428
Lewis, Sinclair, 530
Lewis, Wyndham, 430n
liberal humanism, 210
liberalism: and rationality, 224n; and coercion, 235–6
liberty (freedom): and coercion and interference (‘negative’), ix, xxxii, 193–203, 204, 211–12, 219–25, 229, 232, 235–6, 241; I. Berlin on, ix–x, xii, xxviii; ‘positive’, ix–x, xxxii, 203–6, 233–4, 237; knowledge as agent for, xxvii, 91–8, 102–3, 106–7, 111–17, 213–16; as human goal, 10–11; concept of, 65, 108–10, 236–7, 568; and obedience, 71–2; and self-determination, 100–1, 107–8, 140–7, 150, 156, 187, 203–17, 223–4, 237, 241; possibilities of and obstacles to, 111–15; as delusion, 156; equality of, 196–7, 205; and choice, 202n, 242; compatibility with authority and law, 220, 231–2; and individual, 226; and recognition, 229–30; minimum, 235–6; Hegel on, 417
Lincoln, Abraham, xiv, 617, 633, 637n
Linton, W. J., 511n, 516
Lipchitz, Jacques, 525
Lipsius, Justus, 273
Livy, Titus, 283, 289, 305, 309, 404n
Lloyd George, David, xiv, 612–14, 616, 625, 633
Locke, John: achievements, 73, 367; on government as trustee, 76; and scientific method, 80; and free will, 100, 141n; on personal freedom, 196; optimism, 198; on law and freedom, 218; Blake attacks, 260, 573; on confusions from misuse of language, 330; on human nature, 347, 350; and ‘essences’, 384; on man as social, 417; on nature and God, 562; Fichte rejects, 569
Logau, Friedrich, Baron von, 365
logic: as formal discipline, 60
logical positivism, xi
Lothian, Philip Henry Kerr, 11th Marquess of, 618
Louis XIV, King of France, 256, 267, 336, 363, 397, 598
Louis XVI, King of France, 46, 265, 267, 503
Louis XVIII, King of France, 453
Louis-Philippe, King of the French, 507, 584
Lovejoy, Arthur O., 389
Lowth, Robert, Bishop of London, 355, 365, 389, 403
Lubbock, Percy, 441
Lucretius, 340, 351, 404n, 437
Lurié, Artur, 542–3
Luther, Martin, 51, 72
Lycurgus, 281
Mably, abbé Gabriel Bonnot de, 245, 395, 430, 557
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron: historical attitudes, 143, 159, 163; on Machiavelli, 274–5, 277, 305; rationalism, 583; prose style, 607
Machiavelli, Niccolò: and plurality of values, xiii, xxix, 316–17, 320–1, 324, 425; and incompatible ideals, 6–8, 14, 320, 322–4; political philosophy, 73, 86, 301–2, 304–5; originality of, 269–325; varied interpretations of, 269–83, 307–8, 315; positive beliefs and teachings, 283–99, 305–11, 313–16; and moral values, 288–9, 297–8, 300, 302–4, 308, 311, 317; and Christian values, 289–94, 298–9, 306, 308, 309n, 310–12, 321–3; on political method and practice, 299–303, 308–9, 319–20; and raison d’état, 299, 308, 310–11, 319; arouses horror, 305, 307–10; patriotism, 307, 589; assessed, 313–25; non-Utopian, 325; Herder and, 369; and classical values, 430; on social group, 586; Discourses, 269–70, 272, 291, 293, 300–1, 305, 307, 320, 321n, 323; Histories, 270; History of Florence, 277; Mandragola, 318n, 320; The Prince, 269–71, 276, 278–9, 283, 285, 300, 301, 305, 308, 319–20, 323
Machon, Canon Louis, 272
madness, 83
Maeterlinck, Maurice, 530
Maistre, Joseph de: doctrines, xi–xii, xxxi; image of executioner, 75, 267; attacks Enlightenment, 264, 380; on men as evil, 263–7, 473, 492; on authority, 266–8, 482–3, 497; draws moral lessons, 435; background and views, 472–5, 480–1, 483, 493–4, 496–8; influence on Tolstoy, 472–84, 491, 497; view of history, 484–5, 488–91; destructive power, 493–5, 498; and knowledge, 496; and nationalism, 592; Correspondance diplomatique, 473; Soirées de Saint-Pétersbourg, 473–4, 476n, 477n
Maistre, Rodolphe de, 473
Malebranche, Nicolas de, 332
Malevich, Kazimir Severinovich, 525, 532
Malia, Martin, 505n, 508n
Mallet du Pan, Jacques, 363, 407
Malraux, André, 528, 538, 629
Mandel’shtam, Nadezhda, 526, 534n, 551
Mandel’shtam, Osip Emilievich, 531–4, 543–4, 546–7, 549–50
Mannheim, Karl, 89
Manzoni, Alessandro, 579
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Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor, 287, 296
Maritain, Jacques, 279, 308n
Marrast, Armand, 515
Marsilio of Padua, 270, 280, 308, 320
Marx, Karl: and need for leaders, xii; 1. Berlin writes on, xxv–xxvi; on historical change, 5, 48, 126, 137–8, 578, 584–5; knowledge of human behaviour, 53; and historical sense, 56, 182, 353, 356, 446–7, 456; and political philosophy, 66, 73; and creative spirit, 72, 422; rejects Encyclopaedists, 80; discards Bentham’s morality, 81; Tolstoy disdains, 81; and self-knowledge, 95, 214; and moral freedom, 110; and social class, 124, 138, 456; materialism, 137, 558; and idealism, 155; and historical relativism, 157; and growth of sociological mythology, 183n; on obstructive nature of social institutions, 214–15; on understanding, 215; on rationalism in society, 217; appeal to colonial subjects, 231; views of, 269; and Machiavelli, 277, 308; revolutionary thinking, 315; doctrines, 367; on oppression, 376; on cultural decline, 395n; and alienation, 420; and Herzen, 506–7, 512, 517; friendship with Herwegh, 516; on State socialism, 584; on social group, 586; and generic identity, 602; Europocentrism, 603; German Ideology, 420n
Marxism: decline, xxxvi; on finding solutions, 12; and class struggle, 34, 124–5; and science of politics, 69; and human purpose, 70, 556; historical theory, 182, 608; and withering of State, 191; on material deprivation, 195n; and abandonment of final harmony, 238; and false consciousness, 317, 587; Herzen’s supposed leanings towards, 519n, 520; rejects pessimistic writers, 579; opposes nationalism, 587, 600; Aron attacks, 602
Masaryk, Thomas, 633
mathematics: as model, 35; as formal science, 60; progress of, 73; and reasoning, 212–13; Vico on, as human invention, 246, 341
Matisse, Henri, 532
Mattingly, Garrett, 271, 273
Maude, Aylmer, 441
Maupassant, Guy de, 452n
Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de, 383
The Proper Study of Mankind Page 90