Maurists, 330
Mayakovsky, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 531–3, 549
Mazarin, Jules, Cardinal, 337
Mazzei, Lapo, 301
Mazzini, Giuseppe, 398, 402, 501, 514, 600, 617
Meinecke, Friedrich: on Machiavelli, 276, 278, 282, 322, 325; on Voltaire, 337; on historism, 427n
Mencke, J. B., 365
Mendelssohn, Moses, 404
Merezhkovsky, Dmitry Sergeevich, 441
metaphor: in political philosophy, 75–6; in historical discourse, 131; Vico on, 344–5; in Bible, 404
metaphysics: and history, 182
Meyerhold, Vsevolod Emilievich, 525
Meysenbug, Malwilda von, 517
Michaelis, Johann David, 365
Michelet, Jules: historical viewpoint, 120, 159; restores Vico, 248; and national achievements, 398, 591; friendship with Herzen, 501, 515; view of Russians, 514
Mickewicz, Adam, 546
Mikhailov, Mikhail Larionovich, 444n
Mikhailovsky, Nikolai Konstantinovich, 523
Milbanke, Annabella (later Lady Byron), 572n
Mill, John Stuart: doctrines, ix, 88–9; achievements, 73; and social pressures, 95; and free will, 100; on personal freedom and compulsion, 196, 198–200, 211, 221, 232–3, 236; private and social life, 226; on deprivation of human rights, 229; on self-assertion, 231; on government by the people, 234; and experiments in living, 240; on Bentham, 318; on lifelessness of modern man, 395; on Herder’s influence, 417; Tolstoy on, 469; Herzen meets, 516; shocked by Comte’s freedom of opinion in morals, 554; wariness of rationalism, 583; Auguste Comte and Positivism, 222n; On Liberty, ix, 199n
Millar, John, 363
Milton, John, 350, 362, 389, 573
mimesis, 559
Modigliani, Amedeo, 541, 543
Moleschott, J., 493
Molière, Jean Baptiste Poquelin de, 330, 437
Momigliano, Arnaldo, 9, 390n
Mondrian, Piet, 532
Monge, Gaspard, 489
monism, xxviii–xxix, xxxi–xxxii, 66, 69, 241, 312–13, 322, 553–5, 568
Monod, Gabriel-Jean-Jacques, 37
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem, seigneur de: on universal truths, 244; and cultural history, 351, 353; scepticism over progress, 408; and pluralism, 425; as ‘fox’, 437; and historical study, 361
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de: and spirit of the laws, 53, 363; materialist view of history, 182, 339, 351, 353; on political liberty, 219; on variety of values, 244, 248, 362, 380; accepts rational method, 262; and climate, 384; categorisations, 392–3; and historical judgement, 407; ethical relativism, 428; influence on Catherine the Great, 445; belief in absolute principles, 556; De l’esprit des lois, 380n, 487n
morality: and ideal, 5, 11; and judgement, 135–6, 156–7, 179, 188–90; and specialised knowledge, 223; Kant on compatibility with determinism, 258–9, 561; and human ends, 315
More, Sir Thomas, 313, 357
Morelli, Giovanni di Pagolo, 301
Morelly, 557
Moritz, Carl Philipp, 564
Morley, John, Viscount, 612
Morris, William, 398, 557
Mortier, Marshal Adolphe Edouard
Casimir Joseph, due de Trévise, 501
Moscherosch, Johann Michael, 365
Moser, Friedrich Karl von, 363, 395, 398; Von dem deutschen Nationalgeist, 395n
Möser, Justus: anti-rationalism, 251, 394; on cultural variety, 256–7, 363–4, 368; historical view, 355; on traditions, 373; on German depression, 375; and Herder, 393
Moses: Machiavelli and, 281, 288, 295, 300, 307, 309; Herder and, 399; Tolstoy and, 494; personality, 634
Mosheim, Johann Lorenz von, 365
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus: The Magic Flute, 225
Muhammad the Prophet, 141, 573
Müller, Adam, 263
Muralt, Beat Ludwig von, 355, 362–3
Muralt, Leonard von, 273
Muslims: and revealed truth, 4
Musset, Alfred de, 574
Mussolini, Benito, 189n, 614
Mussorgsky, Modest Petrovich, 402
mysticism, 328
myths: as vision of world, 247; Fontenelle rejects, 344n; Vico on, 344, 348–9, 351n; Voltaire dismisses, 344, 346, 348, 351n; Herder on, 411
Namier, Lewis B., 53, 56, 146
Napoleon I (Bonaparte), Emperor of the French: historical importance, 169; achievements, 183; massacres, 187; imposes force, 222; authoritarianism, 305; victories in Germany, 371; Tolstoy on, 450, 452–5, 457, 462, 474, 486, 491, 496
nation: and identity, xxxii–xxxiii, 590–4; as term, 131n
nationalism, 581–603; Herder and, xxxi, 197–9, 371–8, 384, 401; rise of, 558–9, 567, 574, 585–6, 589, 593–4, 598–9; as conscious doctrine, 586–9, 591; defined, 590–1; and loyalty, 592; and relativism, 593; and injured pride, 594–5, 597–9, 602; and unifying image, 595–6; spread of, 599–601, 604; and group consciousness, 600–1; ideology of, 602–4; Europocentrism, 603–4; see also State, the
National Socialism, xxxi
natural law: and obedience, 78, 204, 208; and historical inevitability, 134; in Enlightenment thinking, 244–6, 264; unmentioned by Machiavelli, 280; and human ideals, 322; Vico denies, 350; empirical rules, 559
natural science: influence, xxv; history as, xxviii, 17–58, 133, 331–2; and general laws, 28–30, 40, 45, 55–6; models in, 30, 35, 39; reasoning in, 31, 41–2, 45, 62; and answering questions, 60–2; progress of, 73, 326, 582–3; supplants theology and metaphysics, 80; and moral judgement, 188–9; divorce from humanities, 326–58; and single reality, 326–8; Vico opposes, 334; Herder’s attitude to, 360–1, 364, 433
nature: controllability, 217; wildness of, 252, 257; Schelling on, as living organism, 261; harmony in, 264, 313, 562; limited human understanding of, 342; Leibniz on, 364; Herder on, 389, 393; human adaptation of, 558; romantic resistance to, 564–6
Navalikhin, S., 440n
Nazariev, V. N., 446
Nekrasov, Nikolay Alekseevich, 533, 551
neoclassicism, 559
Neoplatonism, 183, 382n, 393
Nerva, Roman Emperor, 287
Nerval, Gérard de, 577
Neuhaus, G. G., 532, 536–7
New Deal (USA), xxxv, 629
Newton, Isaac: general scientific laws, 19, 36; achievements, 20, 21n, 26, 79, 133, 167; general outlook, 51; Blake attacks, 259–60, 573; and unified reality, 328
Nicholas I, Tsar, 479, 503, 511, 513, 515n
Nicholas II, Tsar, 614
Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, 355
Nietzsche, Friedrich: doctrines, xii; and creative spirit, 72; and human relationships, 75; and destructive forces, 138; on cosmic purposelessness, 263, 577, 579; and Machiavelli, 292, 316; anti-rationalism, 328; hatred of State, 377; personality, 424n; as ‘hedgehog’, 437; and Maistre, 473; and Malwilda von Meysenbug, 517
nihilists, 521
Nijinsky, Vatslav Fomich, 530
Nisbet, H. B., 361n, 391n, 414n
nomothetic sociology, 186
Norov, A. S., 440n
Novalis (pseudonym of F. L. von Hardenberg), 263, 371, 575
novels: and scientific writing, 167–8
Nowell-Smith, Patrick H., 100, 141n
Numa, 281
Oakeshott, Michael, xiii
obedience: rationale of, 64–5, 71, 78, 193, 207–8, 221; in children, 218, 220; in ignorant, 221
objective pluralism see pluralism
observation: of data, 60, 62, 73
Occam, William, 200, 201n, 384
occultism, 328
Odoevsky, Prince Aleksandr Ivanovich, 550
Oenamaus, 99n
Ogareva, Nataliya, 517
Ogarev, Nikolay Platonovich, 503–5, 511, 513, 517
Oliverotto da Fermo, 296, 300, 319
Olschki, Leonardo, 273
oppression see coercion
optimism, 136, 154
Origen, 165n
original sin, 69, 264, 492, 556
Orsini, Felice
, 514
Orwell, George, 316, 585
Ossian (pseudonym of James Macpherson), 363, 386, 388, 395n
Owen, Robert, 137, 512, 516, 557
Paine, Thomas, 198
palaeontology: extrapolation in, 25
Palmieri, Matteo, 317
Paolucci, Henry, 318n
Pareto, Vilfredo, 182, 317, 435
Paris: 1848 revolution, 506, 508–9, 515; Herzen in, 506, 508, 523
Parnell, Charles Stewart, 632
Pascal, Blaise: on society as organism, 364; as ‘hedgehog’, 437; on knowledge, 496; and scientific truths, 577
Pascal, Roy, 395n, 521n
Pasquier, Etienne, 333
Pasternak, Boris Leonidovich: post-war status, 526–7; I. Berlin meets, 527–31, 533, 536–8, 552; eloquence, 530; patriotism, 532–3, 536; Akhmatova on, 533, 534n, 535–6, 546, 549–50; conversation with Stalin, 533–4, 551; disavows Communist Party, 535; The Childhood of Lüvers, 529; Dr Zhivago, 423, 529, 533, 536–8, 550; On Early Trains, 535–6
Pasternak, Leonid Borisovich, 527
Pasternak, Zinaida (Boris’s wife), 527, 532, 537–8, 549–50
Pasteur, Louis, 163
paternalism, 208, 228, 395
patriotism: and German romantics, 371, 377, 403; Herder and, 371–2; and nationalism, 589
Patrizi, Francesco, 305n, 331
Paulucci, General Filipp Osipovich, marquis, 450, 474, 486, 489
Peacock, Thomas Love, 607
Pears, David F. (ed.): Freedom and the Will, 105n
Pellico, Silvio: Le mie prigioni, 512
Percy, Thomas, 389
Pericles, 289, 299, 307, 322, 634
Perisev, V. N., 441n
Pertinax, 306
Pétain, Marshal Philippe, 621
Peter I (the Great), Tsar, 3, 265, 505, 518, 598
Pevsner, A., 525
Pfuel, General Ernst von, 450, 486, 489
Philip of Macedon, 296, 302, 321n
philosophes: aim for empiricism in moral philosophy, 79; on morality, 223; and future perfection, 241; see also Enlightenment, French
philosophy: status and nature of, 62–3; doctrincs, 86–8; and politics, 192–3
physics: and purposelessness, xxvi; as model, 35
Picasso, Pablo, 532
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni, 281, 320, 562
pietism, 248
Pisarev, Dmitry Ivanovich, 469
Pisistratus, 287–8, 296
Plato: and world picture, xxvi; on rule by élite, 4; influence, 9; and objectivity in ethics and aesthetics, 64; and obedience, 72; political philosophy, 86–8; and causation theory, 99; and moral freedom, 110; on Sophocles, 210; and abandonment of final harmony, 238; on uniform reality, 248, 312–13, 326–7, 392, 555; views of, 269; on wicked, 270; on human ends, 314, 431; revolutionary thinking, 315; on political power, 319; on mathematics, 341; on good and evil, 392; Herder on, 405; as ‘hedgehog’, 437; and ideal city, 557, 568; and will to power, 577; and social group, 586
Platonic ideal, 5, 557
Platonists, 69, 178, 204
Plekhanov, Georgy Valentinovich, 21, 155
pluralism: I. Berlin’s belief in, xii, xxxii, xxxiv–xxxv; objective, xxv, xxxii, xxxv, 390n; Herder’s idea of, xxx, 361, 368, 398–401, 403–12, 415–17, 424–32, 567–8; and social values, xxxi, 7–10, 68, 242; defined, 9; and negative liberty, 241; Machiavelli and, 316–17, 320–4; and romantic movement, 559–60
Plutarch, 331
Pobedonostsev, Konstantin Petrovich, 483
poetry: as vision of world, 247, 251; Herder on, 421–2
Poggio Bracciolini, Gian Francesco, 281
Pogodin, Mikhail Petrovich, 469
Pokrovsky, K. V., 457n, 478n
Pol Pot, 13
Poland, 363, 523, 600
Pole, Reginald, Cardinal, 270, 279
Pole Star, The (periodical), 511
polis, 297–8, 372, 398
political philosophy: as ethics, 1; and human purpose, 66–70
political theory: question of existence, 59–90; concerns, 74; and philosophical ideas, 192
Polybius, 309, 351, 586
Pontano, Giovanni (or Jovianus Pontanus), 282, 317, 425
Popper, Karl: denounces Plato’s political philosophy, 87; on self-knowledge, 105–6; on ‘essentialism’, 125n, 281; criticises metaphysical historicism, 126n; and Machiavelli, 278, 281; The Open Society and its Enemies, 126n; The Poverty of Historicism, 126n
populism: Herder’s doctrine of, 361, 367, 370–80, 399–403, 414, 417; rise of, 567
Posidonius, 116
positivists, 69, 328; see also Comte, Auguste
Poulet, M. de, 443n
power: and oppression, 234
praise and blame, xxviii, 127–8, 135–6, 140, 141n, 146–7, 156, 159–60, 171, 175, 177; see also morality
predictability, 101, 104–7, 109, 116
Preen, Friedrich von, 380n
Prezzolini, Giuseppe, 271, 285n, 289n, 292, 321n, 323n
Priam, King of Troy, 92
privacy, 201
progress: and ideal, 6; Herzen on, 13; Vico on, 348, 351; Herder on, 378, 407–10, 428, 429; and natural sciences, 582
Prometheus, 560
Protagoras, 244
Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, 289n
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph: anarchism, 398; Tolstoy visits, 482n; Herzen and, 506–7, 510, 515, 517; La Guerre et la Paix, 471
Proust, Marcel, 167, 437, 530–1, 550, 614
Prussia, 249, 366, 566; see also Germany
psychology: as natural science, 19–20, 61, 63
Ptolemy, 35
Publilius Syrus, 319n
Pudovkin, Vsevolod Illarionovich, 525
Pufendorf, Samuel, Baron von, 338, 365
purpose (human), 66–72, 84, 92, 129–30
Pushkin, Alexander S., 196, 437, 531–2, 546, 550–1
Pyat, Félix, 515
Pyatkovsky, A. P., 440n
Pythagoras, 341, 555
questions: answering, 60–7, 79; legitimacy of, 62
quietism, 211n, 212n
Racine, Jean, 8, 167, 330, 350, 363
Rainborow, Thomas, 227n
raison d’état, 299, 308, 310–11, 319
Ramat, Raffaello, 275, 286
Ranke, Leopold von, 54n, 120, 163, 274, 431
rationalism and reason: I. Berlin’s attitude to, xiii–xiv, xxv, xxxi, xxxiii; Herder attacks, xxxi, 360; and reorganisation of society, 4–6, 213–18, 220; and answering questions, 60–1; and understanding, 89, 104; and human freedom, 93, 213–16, 218–19, 225n, 577–8; and human behaviour, 103–4; and Enlightenment doctrines, 244; opposed by anti-Enlightenment thinkers, 249–51, 256–8, 261–6; Machiavelli on, 313; and human ends, 314; and scientific method, 327, 334; and unified reality, 328
Read, Herbert, 529; English Prose Style, 605n
reason see rationalism and reason
recognition: human need for, 227–31
Reformation: Machiavelli and, 292; and mystical movements, 328; and beginnings of diversity, 554
Reimarus, Hermann Samuel, 359
relativism: cultural, 9–10; in political theory, 64; and inevitability, 171; and collapse of ideals, 179–80; opposition to Enlightenment, 243, 248; Herder advocates, 255, 390, 407n, 427–9; Vico propounds, 351; and differing objectives, 425; and nationalism, 593
Religious Maxims … from … Machiavelli, 272
Remus, 307
Renaissance: art in, 8; cultural individuality, 50; on nature as divine harmony, 562
Renan, Ernest, 21, 37
Renaudet, Augustin, 273–4
responsibility: and choice, 95–6, 108, 145–6, 156; and determinism, 99, 135, 140–5, 149–61, 182; seen as delusion, 179
revolution of 1848, 506, 508–9, 515
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 261, 571
Ricci, Luigi, 271
Richelieu, Cardinal Jean Armand du Plessis, duc de, 22, 50
Ridolfi, Roberto, 272–4, 321n
&nbs
p; rights, 64, 201, 236
Rilke, Rainer Maria, 531, 550, 614
rites: Vico on, 344, 346–7
Ritter, Gerhard, 302, 432
Robertson, William, 406
Robespierre, Maximilien, 51, 169, 192, 267
Roerich, Nicholas, 532
Rolland, Romain, 517, 547
Roman Catholic Church: and rational language, 330; and Western decadence, 481; historicism, 608
romanticism: and human purpose, 70, 579–80; anti-rationality, 251, 256–7, 577–9; self-expression, 261; and creativity, 262; anti-authoritarianism, 264; German beginnings, 559–65, 569–76, 579, 598
Rome (ancient): and personal constraints, 211; Machiavelli on, 287–9, 291, 300, 303, 307, 312, 322–3; Plutarch on, 331; achievements, 336; and Athenian law, 354; Herder on, 374–5, 433; Maistre on, 485
Romulus, 288, 295, 300, 307, 309
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 636
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano: political achievements, xii, xxxv, 629–30, 632, 635–6; personality and qualities, xiv, 615, 628–36; relations with Churchill, 613–17, 619, 621–2, 624–6; illness, 636
Rossetti, Christina, 545
Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio, 402
Rothschild, James, 506, 516n
Rouché, Max, 361n, 397n, 407n, 427
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: on true freedom, x, 210; ideals, 3, 73; influence on French Revolution, 46; rejects Hobbes’s political obligation, 80–1; Babbitt denounces, 87; on cultural inhibitions and innocence, 114; Heine attacks ideas, 192; on ill will, 195; on obedience to law, 208; influence on liberal humanism, 210; on rationalism in society, 216, 219, 366, 394, 558; on universality of self-direction, 223; on austerity of laws of liberty, 233; Constant opposes, 235; on corrupting effect of civilisation, 245, 327, 566; pleads for natural feeling, 252, 558; on will, 259; accepts rational method, 262; demands revolutionary change, 264; Faguet ridicules, 266, 519; Maistre denounces, 266, 484; views of, 269; and Machiavelli, 271, 292; revolutionary thinking, 315; letter to Poles, 363; denounces stage, 366; doctrines, 367; on State, 377; and social units, 380; praises primitive societies, 389; and populism, 401; personality, 424n; and plurality of values, 425; on man’s imperfectibility, 430; Tolstoy and, 445, 455, 468–9, 472; on knowledge, 496; idealises independence and freedom, 561–2, 566; on people as organic whole, 591; Discourses, 366, 395; Émile, 195n, 259, 264, 468; Social Contract, 208n
Royal Society of London, 330
Rubens, Peter Paul, 547
Rubinshtein, M. M., 441n, 445n
rules (socio-political), 64, 78
Ruskin, John, 395, 398, 583
Russell, Bertrand Arthur William: in linguistic analytical tradition, ix; and human purpose, 67; and empirical knowledge, 82; and free will, 100, 141n; on uniform reality, 248; on Machiavelli, 279; talking, 530; attacks Victorian metaphysicians, 605
The Proper Study of Mankind Page 91