by James Scott
Foul weather: Robert Worthington diary, May 10, 1942, Robert Worthington Papers (NWCL).
The lookouts perched: Silversides deck log, May 10, 1942; Trumbull, Silversides, p. 130.
The skipper pressed: John D. Alden and Craig R. McDonald, United States and Allied Submarine Successes in the Pacific and Far East During World War II, 3rd Ed. (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2009), p. 37.
These trawlers: Commander Submarine Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet, Submarine Operational History World War II, vol. 1, unpublished, pp. 264–65, NDL; Roscoe, United States Submarine Operations in World War II, pp. 110–11.
$10,000 torpedo: Roscoe, United States Submarine Operations in World War II, p. 252.
the thirty-four-pound rounds: Tom Bowser e-mail to author, Jan. 12, 2013.
Petty Officer 3rd Class Patrick Carswell: Patrick Carswell interview with author, Aug. 23, 2009.
Five years older: Muriel H. Wright, “Oklahoma War Memorial—World War II,” part 2, The Chronicles of Oklahoma, vol. 22, no. 1, Spring 1944, p. 26; Trumbull, Silversides, p. 26.
firing thirteen-pound projectiles: John Campbell, Naval Weapons of World War Two (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1985), p. 145.
Carswell hopped: Patrick Carswell interviews with author, Aug. 23, 2009, Aug. 26, 2009, and June 8, 2010.
One missed Burlingame’s head: Creed Burlingame oral history interview with Richard Stone, March 9, 1978, Kentucky Library and Museum, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky.
One of the loaders: Trumbull, Silversides, pp. 34–35.
A wave hit Carswell: Patrick Carswell interviews with author, Aug. 23, 2009, Aug. 26, 2009, and June 8, 2010.
“Suddenly he realized”: Creed Burlingame oral history interview with the Navy, Jan. 4, 1944, Box 5, RG 38, Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War II Oral Histories, 1942–1946, NARA.
“It broke the strap”: David LeMieux, “Brush with Death: Loader Witnessed Only Combat Fatality Aboard Sub,” Muskegon Chronicle, Aug. 14, 2005, p. 1.
His red blood splattered: Trumbull, Silversides, pp. 36–37.
“Get back”: Patrick Carswell interview with author, Aug. 23, 2009.
“His mouth”: Albert Stegall interview with author, Aug. 12, 2009.
the submarine Scorpion: Alden and McDonald, p. 77.
“He was on fire:” Silversides Report of First War Patrol, June 21, 1942. Alden and McDonald’s account records that the attack killed seven enemy sailors and injured two others.
Carswell climbed down: Patrick Carswell interviews with author, Aug. 23, 2009, Aug. 26, 2009, and June 8, 2010.
The gun crew’s tally: Silversides Report of First War Patrol, June 21, 1942.
Sailors carried Harbin: Patrick Carswell interviews with author, Aug. 23, 2009, Aug. 26, 2009, and June 8, 2010.
The men tied a gun shell: The View from the Bridge.
The skipper clutched: Trumbull, Silversides, pp. 40–42.
“We therefore commit”: Ibid.
The rest of the men: Patrick Carswell interview with author, June 8, 2010.
“It was a stupid”: The View from the Bridge.
The sun faded: Trumbull, Silversides, pp. 40–42.
“It was quite a problem”: Creed Burlingame oral history interview with the Navy, Jan. 4, 1944.
The skipper gathered: Trumbull, Silversides, pp. 40–42.
“The first fish”: Ibid.
“Wherever you lead”: Ibid.
“Underway as before”: Silversides deck log, May 10, 1942.
Chapter 2. Drum
“We have every type”: Dudley Morton radio interview transcript, “Johnny Presents: The New Philip Morris Program,” July 13, 1943, Dudley Morton Family Papers, USS Bowfin Submarine Museum and Park (BSMP), Honolulu, Hawaii.
Lieutenant Commander Robert Henry Rice: Drum Report of First War Patrol, June 12, 1942; Operational Order No. 38–42, April 14, 1942, Box 294, RG 38, Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Plans, Orders and Related Documents, NARA; “The Up-Angle Cake,” transcript of an undated speech by Robert Rice.
“It is now your privilege”: H. R. Stark letter to Robert Rice, Oct. 25, 1941, USS Alabama Battleship Memorial Park, Mobile, Alabama.
The two-star admiral: Raymond P. Schmidt, “Ciphers, Subs, Sacrifice, and Success: The Wilson and Rice Navy Families in Two World Wars,” Cryptolog, Winter 2005, pp. 7–12.
“We’ll either get”: Eugene Pridonoff interview with author, Aug. 31, 2009.
Unlike Silversides’s rowdy skipper: Eunice W. Rice, “Thirty Years in the Navy: The Memoirs of Robert H. Rice, Vice Admiral, United States Navy (Ret.),” unpublished, pp. 29–30; Rosamond Rice e-mail to author, May 11, 2010.
His hard work: R. E. Heise letter to the University Club of Syracuse, Sept. 26, 1958, Robert Rice midshipman file, USNA.
“Bob is quiet”: J. S. Heavilin, ed., The Lucky Bag of 1927: The Annual of the Regiment of Midshipmen (Annapolis, Md.: USNA, 1927), p. 201.
But Rice’s academic: Robert H. Rice Navy Bio, Sept. 9, 1957, NDL; Rice, “Thirty Years in the Navy,” pp. 2–41; Robert Rice handwritten draft memoir, pp. 1–40.
The half dozen officers: “The Up-Angle Cake,” transcript of an undated speech by Robert Rice; Maurice Rindskopf unpublished memoir, pp. 1–4; Maurice Rindskopf comments on Robert Rice unpublished memoir, June 9, 1993.
But Ensign Eugene Pridonoff: Eugene Pridonoff did not join Drum until its second war patrol, but Rice always included him in his speeches about the wardroom’s diversity that are framed around the submarine’s first patrol.
One Drum sailor: Ron Thibideau interview with author, Nov. 5, 2009.
Another watched: George Schaedler interview with author, Aug. 28, 2009.
A pharmacist’s mate: Ralph McFadden interview with author, Oct. 28, 2009.
Unlike Burlingame: Details on Rice’s leadership style are drawn from the following author interviews: Maurice Rindskopf (Aug. 14, 2009); Eugene Pridonoff (Aug. 31, 2009, and Sept. 3, 2009); Verner Utke-Ramsing (Oct. 30, 2009, and Nov. 10, 2009).
“What embarrassment!”: Robert Rice handwritten draft memoir, pp. 29–31.
“From the first day”: Maurice Rindskopf interview with author, Aug. 14, 2009.
The submarine had encountered: “The Up-Angle Cake,” transcript of an undated speech by Robert Rice; Drum Report of First War Patrol, June 12, 1942.
one of the principal cities: The United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS), The Japanese Aircraft Industry (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1947), pp. 2, 16.
several thousand smaller ones: Robert P. Porter, Japan: The New World-Power (London: Humphrey Milford/Oxford University Press, 1915), p. 264.
Mountains crowded: USSBS, The War Against Japanese Transportation, 1941–1945 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1947), p. 13.
Many of the nation’s: “Population of Japan up 6.4% in Five Years,” New York Times, April 18, 1941, p. 7; USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japan’s War Economy (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), p. 13; USSBS, The War Against Japanese Transportation, 1941–1945, p. 17.
The slow pace: USSBS, The War Against Japanese Transportation, 1941–1945, p. 1.
The highway system: Ibid., p. 29.
The concentration of shipyards: Ibid., pp. 17–18.
Japan’s merchant fleet: Ibid., p. 31.
a population explosion: “Four Babies a Minute, Japanese Birth Rate,” New York Times, Dec. 25, 1932, p. E7; “Birth Rate Gaining Rapidly in Japan,” New York Times, July 19, 1931, p. N4; “Birth Control in Japan,” New York Times, June 5, 1921, p. 77; “Population of Japan up 6.4% in Five Years,” New York Times, April 18, 1941, p. 7.
This growth made Japan: Herbert Adams Gibbons, “Japan Feels Her Way Toward a Dominant Role in Asia,” New York Times, Jan. 24, 1932, p. XX3.
“Of all Japanese problems”: “Japan’s Record Crop of Babies Adds to Her Grave Problems,” New York Times
, Dec. 10, 1933, p. XX3.
Outside of a few industries: USSBS, The War Against Japanese Transportation, 1941–1945, p. 13.
At the outbreak of the war: USSBS, Oil in Japan’s War (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), p. 11.
The United States in comparison: Ibid.; Harold Callender, “Oil: Major Factor in Another War,” New York Times, Aug. 13, 1939, p. E4.
Investigators even concluded: USSBS, Oil in Japan’s War, p. 1.
“Napoleon’s armies”: Arno Dosch-Fleurot, “Oil to Dominate Next World War,” New York Times, June 19, 1938, p. E5.
Victory over China: USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japan’s War Economy, pp. 5–9; “Japan Is About to Annex Korea,” New York Times, Aug. 18, 1910, p. 4.
“arsenal of Japanese expansionism”: USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japan’s War Economy, p. 7.
Japan interpreted: Ibid., p. 8.
Since Commodore Matthew Perry’s: George E. Sokolsky, “Japan Ponders Her Role in the World,” New York Times, March 27, 1932, p. SM3; Herbert Adams Gibbons, “Japan Feels Her Way Toward Modernity,” New York Times, Jan. 23, 1932, p. XX3; Hugh Byas, “What Japan Thinks of America,” New York Times, Jan. 22, 1933, p. SM1.
These tensions led: Hugh Byas, “Japan Quits League to ‘Insure Peace,’ ” New York Times, March 28, 1933, p. 1; Hugh Byas, “ ‘Back to Asia!’ Japan’s New Cry,” New York Times, Oct. 2, 1932, p. SM1; “ ‘Manifest Destiny’ Stirs Japan,” New York Times, Nov. 24, 1935, p. SM1.
Japan’s military successes: USSBS, Summary Report (Pacific War), pp. 1–2; USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japan’s War Economy, pp. 6–10; USSBS, Oil in Japan’s War, pp. 29–31.
In preparation for war: USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japan’s War Economy, pp. 13, 29, 52.
The government ordered: USSBS, Oil in Japan’s War, p. 1.
By the time of the attack: USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japan’s War Economy, p. 13.
That figure counted: USSBS (Pacific), Military Analysis Division, Japanese Air Power (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), pp. 4–5, 28–29; USSBS, Summary Report (Pacific War), p. 9.
Mitsubishi engineers: “Science: What Adds up to a Zero,” Time, Sept. 28, 1942, p. 46.
Aggressive recruitment: USSBS, Summary Report (Pacific War), p. 12.
while the navy’s register: Ibid., pp. 10–11; David M. Kennedy, ed., Library of Congress World War II Companion (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007), p. 257.
The Japanese navy not only: Samuel Eliot Morison, The Two-Ocean War: A Short History of the United States Navy in the Second World War (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press/Little, Brown, 1963), p. 39.
“unholy alliance”: Turner Catledge, “Roosevelt Calls for Greater Aid to Britain,” New York Times, Dec. 30, 1940, p. 1.
Japan seized: USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japan’s War Economy, p. 9.
To Japan’s surprise: Ibid.; “British Empire Joins Our Action; Canada and Netherlands in Move,” New York Times, July 26, 1941, p. 1; “Batavia Risks War,” New York Times, July 29, 1941, p. 1; “Japanese Trade with U.S. to End,” New York Times, July 26, 1941, p. 5; “Japan to Allow Americans to Go; Tokyo Trade Hit,” New York Times, Aug. 23, 1941, p. 1; “Oil Policy Changes,” New York Times, Aug. 2, 1941, p. 1; “U.S. Solidifies Far East Policy,” New York Times, Aug. 17, 1941, p. E5; “Vast Trade Curbed,” New York Times, July 26, 1941, p. 1; “Washington Retaliates,” New York Times, Aug. 3, 1941, p. E1.
“They did not die”: “Text of the President’s Armistice Day Speech,” New York Times, Nov. 12, 1941, p. 3.
Germany’s invasion: USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japan’s War Economy, pp. 10–11; USSBS, Summary Report (Pacific War), pp. 1–4.
Ordered to carry: Operational Order No. 28–42, March 29, 1942, Box 294, RG 38, Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Plans, Orders and Related Documents, NARA.
Rice closed his eyes: “The Up-Angle Cake,” transcript of an undated speech by Robert Rice.
The wiry lieutenant: Maurice Rindskopf unpublished memoir, pp. 4–43; Maurice Rindskopf e-mail to author, May 22, 2010; Joseph Dana Allen letter to A. H. Rooks, March 7, 1934, Maurice Rindskopf midshipman file, USNA; USNA, Annual Register of the United States Naval Academy (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1938), p. 52.
The 9,000-ton: The Joint Army-Navy Assessment Committee (JANAC), Japanese Naval and Merchant Shipping Losses During World War II by All Causes (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1947), p. 2; Anthony J. Watts and Brian G. Gordon, The Imperial Japanese Navy (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1971), pp. 213–14; Hansgeorg Jentschura, Dieter Jung, and Peter Mickel, Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945, trans. Antony Preston and J. D. Brown (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1977), pp. 65–66; Paul S. Dull, A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy (1941–1945) (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1978), pp. 66–67.
Rindskopf dropped: Maurice Rindskopf interviews with author, Aug. 19, 2009, and May 27, 2010.
The analog computer: Maurice Rindskopf interview with author, May 27, 2010; Torpedo Data Computer, Ordnance Pamphlet No. 1056, Arma Corporation Prepared for the Bureau of Ordnance, June 1944, pp. 56–57.
Each of the complex weapons: E. W. Jolie, “A Brief History of U.S. Navy Torpedo Development,” Technical Document No. 5436, Sept. 15, 1978, Naval Underwater Systems Center, Newport Laboratory, Newport, Rhode Island, pp. 34, 45, 81; Roscoe, United States Submarine Operations in World War II, pp. 250–52; Frank Thone, “Speeding Torpedo Production,” Science News-Letter, vol 37, no. 23, June 8, 1940, pp. 362–64.
Rice estimated: Robert Rice handwritten draft memoir, pp. 45–46; “The Up-Angle Cake,” transcript of an undated speech by Robert Rice; Maurice Rindskopf interviews with author, Aug. 19, 2009, and May 27, 2010; Maurice Rindskopf e-mail to author, June 1, 2010.
The skipper studied: Robert Rice handwritten draft memoir, p. 46; “The Up-Angle Cake,” transcript of an undated speech by Robert Rice.
“strange, tinny sound”: Robert Rice handwritten draft memoir, p. 46.
“The officers and men”: “The Up-Angle Cake,” transcript of an undated speech by Robert Rice.
“This was the greatest”: Matome Ugaki, Fading Victory: The Diary of Admiral Matome Ugaki, 1941–1945, ed. Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon, trans. Masataka Chihaya (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1991), pp. 118–19; JANAC, p. 12 of the appendix; Alden and McDonald, p. 36. Alden and McDonald note a discrepancy among sources over Mizuho’s actual tonnage; the two figures they list are 9,000 tons and 10,930 tons. JANAC records Mizuho’s tonnage as 9,000.
“This attack was”: Drum Report of First War Patrol, June 12, 1942.
The two-and-a-half-foot: Submarine Report: Depth Charge, Bomb, Mine, Torpedo and Gunfire Damage Including Losses in Action, 7 December, 1941 to 15 August, 1945, vol. 1, War Damage Report No. 58, Preliminary Design Branch, Bureau of Ships, Navy Department, January 1, 1949, pp. 10–12.
A depth charge that exploded: Kimmett and Regis, U.S. Submarines in World War II, p. 87.
“Captain”: “The Up-Angle Cake,” transcript of an undated speech by Robert Rice.
the Japanese heavy cruiser Takao: Ugaki, Fading Victory, pp. 118–19; Janusz Skulski, The Heavy Cruiser Takao (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1994), p. 10.
The last of the depth charges: Drum Report of First War Patrol, June 12, 1942.
“Throughout the long night”: “The Up-Angle Cake,” transcript of an undated speech by Robert Rice.
Chapter 3. Submarines
“Submarine war against”: “War on Neutral Shipping,” editorial, New York Times, April 13, 1916, p. 12.
Rear Admiral Charles Lockwood, Jr.: Charles A. Lockwood, Sink ’Em All (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1951), pp. 13–14.
The five-foot, eight-inch Lockwood: Andy Lockwood e-mail to author, May 21, 2011.
Jap
an had overrun: Lockwood, Sink ’Em All, p. 13.
“Must admit”: Charles Lockwood diary, May 3, 1942, Box 1, Charles Lockwood Papers, (LOC), Washington, D.C.
“The Japanese know”: Samuel Flagg Bemis, “Submarine Warfare in the Strategy of American Defense and Diplomacy, 1915–1945,” unpublished paper, Dec. 15, 1961, Box 65, Samuel Flagg Bemis Papers, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library, New Haven, Connecticut.
“Execute against Japan”: Ibid.
Born in rural Virginia: Background on Lockwood is drawn from the following sources: Lockwood, Down to the Sea in Subs, pp. 11–32; Charles Lockwood, Jr., midshipman file, USNA; Charles A. Lockwood, Jr., Navy Bio, March 22, 1957, NDL; William R. Denslow and Harry S. Truman, 10,000 Famous Freemasons from K to Z, Part Two (1957; repr., Whitefish, Mont.: Kessinger Publishing, 2004) p. 98.
“unwanted stepchildren”: Lockwood, Down to the Sea in Subs, p. 26.
“Sailor, few people”: Ibid., p. 34.
“At that moment”: Ibid., p. 39.
There Lockwood witnessed: “Diary of Captain (Later Vice Admiral) C. A. Lockwood for the Period 20 March 1941 to 22 March 1942, Inc. While Serving as U.S. Naval Attache, London,” Box 1, Charles Lockwood Papers, LOC; Lockwood, Down to the Sea in Subs, pp. 242–45.
“I wish to God”: Charles Lockwood diary, April 22, 1941, Box 1, Charles Lockwood Papers, LOC.
“It has been a fine job”: C. A. Lockwood, Jr., to Arthur S. Carpender, Dec. 8, 1941, Box 12, Charles Lockwood Papers, LOC.
“Forgive personal communication”: C. A. Lockwood, Jr., to Detail Officer, Dec. 9, 1941, ibid.
“Submarine warfare”: Lockwood, Down to the Sea in Subs, p. 257.
Inundated by requests: A. H. Gray to C. A. Lockwood, Jr., Dec. 27, 1941, Box 12, Charles Lockwood Papers, LOC.