by James Scott
He spent his days: Lockwood, Down to the Sea in Subs, p. 263.
“A Former Naval Person”: Ibid., p. 248.
The news arrived: Ibid., pp. 264–65.
“Ordered Home!!”: Charles Lockwood diary, March 5, 1942, Box 1, Charles Lockwood Papers, LOC.
“Lockwood”: Charles A. Lockwood and Percy Finch, “We Gave the Japs a Licking Underseas,” part 1, Saturday Evening Post, July 16, 1949, p. 23.
“Since Germany”: U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Pearl Harbor Attack: Hearings Before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, part 32, Proceedings of Navy Court of Inquiry, 79th Cong., 1st Sess. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), p. 70.
America in the meantime: Morison, History of the United States Naval Operations in World War II, vol. 3, The Rising Sun in the Pacific, 1931–April 1942, pp. 51–52, Morison, The Two-Ocean War, p. 86; USSBS, Summary Report (Pacific War), p. 4.
Japan had relied: USSBS, Japanese Air Power, pp. 4–5, 28–29; USSBS, Summary Report (Pacific War), pp. 2–3.
Japanese planes pounded: Morison, History of the United States Naval Operations in World War II, vol. 3, The Rising Sun in the Pacific, 1931–April 1942, pp. 184–86.
Another battle played out: Ibid., pp. 223–54.
America’s largest forces: Ibid., pp. 164–83; Morison, The Two-Ocean War, pp. 77–86; USSBS, The Campaigns of the Pacific War, pp. 26–28.
The British and Dutch: Morison, The Two-Ocean War, pp. 82–89; USSBS, The Campaigns of the Pacific War, pp. 28–30, 41; Robert J. Cressman, The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2000), pp. 61–80.
Enemy fighters and bombers: USSBS, The Campaigns of the Pacific War, p. 30; “Darwin Is Raided,” New York Times, Feb. 19, 1942, p. 1; “Darwin Raids Rank with London Blitz,” New York Times, Feb. 22, 1942, p. 3; “Java Seen Most Involved,” New York Times, Feb. 21, 1942, p. 3.
“Gem of the Dutch East Indies”: Lillian Dow Davidson, “Java—Gem of the Dutch East Indies,” The Rotarian, Sept. 1931, pp. 28–31, 48–50.
Ninety-seven: Morison, The Two-Ocean War, pp. 88–98; USSBS, The Campaigns of the Pacific War, p. 31.
“The United States plan”: USSBS, Summary Report (Pacific War), p. 4.
Japan had created: Ibid., pp. 1–4; USSBS, The Campaigns of the Pacific War, pp. 2–4.
the Navy had assigned: Roscoe, United States Submarine Operations in World War II, pp. 16, 119–20; Richard G. Voge, ed., “Submarine Commands,” vol. 1, unpublished, 1946, No. 170a of the series U.S. Naval Administrative Histories of World War II, pp. 1–12, NDL.
The submarine force: Roscoe, United States Submarine Operations in World War II, p. 4; Voge, ed., “Submarine Commands,” vol. 1, pp. 47–50; Lockwood, Sink ’Em All, p. 18.
New construction in shipyards: Lockwood and Finch, “We Gave the Japs a Licking Underseas,” part 1, p. 116.
While submarines: Commander Submarine Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet, Submarine Operational History World War II, vol. 1, p. 11.
To manage the vast seas: Roscoe, United States Submarine Operations in World War II, p. 50.
One 10,000-ton merchant ship: Mark P. Parillo, The Japanese Merchant Marine in World War II (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1993), p. 159; Roscoe, United States Submarine Operations in World War II, pp. 491–92.
a Japanese Zero: Parillo, The Japanese Merchant Marine in World War II, p. 41.
“When Japan allied herself”: Lockwood and Finch, “We Gave the Japs a Licking Underseas,” part 1, p. 23.
President Roosevelt’s shake-up: Roscoe, United States Submarine Operations in World War II, pp. 42–43.
The new Commander: Ernest J. King Navy Bio, July 21, 1965, NDL.
The sixty-four-year-old: Thomas C. Hart Navy Bio, July 29, 1960, NDL; James L. Mooney et al., eds., Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, vol. 7 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981), p. 141.
The tall and slender: Chester W. Nimitz Navy Bio, June 21, 1948, NDL; Noel F. Busch, “Admiral Chester Nimitz,” Life, July 10, 1944, pp. 82–92; Chester Nimitz, The Reminiscences of Admiral Chester W. Nimitz (New York: Columbia University Oral History Research Office, 1967), p. 1; Roscoe, United States Submarine Operations in World War II, p. 43; E. B. Potter, Nimitz (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1976), pp. 26–36.
“The sea”: Potter, Nimitz, p. 32.
On December 31, 1942: Potter, Nimitz, p. 23; Edwin T. Layton with Roger Pineau and John Costello, “And I Was There”: Pearl Harbor and Midway—Breaking the Secrets (New York: William Morrow, 1985), p. 354; “Nimitz Takes Charge of U.S. Pacific Fleet; Command Shifted with Minimum Fanfare,” New York Times, Jan. 1, 1942, p. 7.
sixty-four submarines: Morison, The Two-Ocean War, p. 496.
Japan in contrast: Carl Boyd and Akihiko Yoshida, The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1995), pp. 8–35; Charles Lockwood, “The Misuse of the Japanese Submarine During World War II,” undated memo, Box 17, Charles Lockwood Papers, LOC; Roscoe, United States Submarine Operations in World War II, pp. 7, 449–50.
Rather than order submarines: Interrogation of Vice Admiral Shigeyoshi Miwa, Oct. 10, 1945, in USSBS (Pacific), Naval Analysis Division, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, vol. 2 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), pp. 291–95; Interrogation of Vice Admiral Paul Wenneker, Nov. 11, 1945, in USSBS (Pacific), Naval Analysis Division, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), pp. 284–86.
The affable admiral’s: Charles Lockwood diary, May 5–8, 1942, Box 1, Charles Lockwood Papers, LOC; Lockwood, Sink ’Em All, pp. 13–14; Roscoe, United States Submarine Operations in World War II, pp. 95–96.
The 8,100-ton ship: Clayton F. Johnson et al., eds., Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, vol. 3 (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968), p. 348–49.
“Sink ’em all”: Lockwood, Sink ’Em All, pp. 13–14.
Chapter 4. Silversides
“We have just left”: John Bienia letter to Alpha Bienia, May 21, 1943.
Silversides cut: Silversides Report of Fourth War Patrol, Jan. 31, 1943; Silversides deck log, Dec. 22, 1942.
The men had survived: Details are drawn from Silversides’ patrol reports.
The superstitious skipper: The View from the Bridge.
Lieutenant Commander Roy Davenport: Background on Davenport is drawn from the following sources: Roy Davenport Navy Bio, June 30, 1955, NDL; Roy Davenport midshipman file, USNA; Roy Davenport oral history interview with the Navy, April 18, 1945, Box 7, RG 38, Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War II Oral Histories, 1942–1946, NARA; Roy Davenport interview with Clay Blair, circa 1972, Box 97, Clay Blair, Jr., Papers, AHC; Creed Burlingame interview with Clay Blair, circa 1972, Box 96, Clay Blair, Jr., Papers, AHC; Davenport, Clean Sweep, pp. 6, 19; Bonnie Byhre interview with author, Jan. 4, 2010; John Bienia letter to Alpha Drury, Dec. 14, 1942.
Lieutenant Robert Worthington: Background on Worthington is drawn from the following sources: Robert Worthington Navy Bio, May 27, 1957, NDL; Robert Worthington midshipman file, USNA; USNA, Annual Register of the United States Naval Academy (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1938), p. 54; Robert Worthington letter to Fred Tannenbaum, Nov. 18, 1985; Robert Worthington, Jr., and Robin Worthington joint interview with author, Jan. 2, 2010.
“Whatever happens”: Robert Worthington letter to mother, Dec. 13, 1941.
Lieutenant John Bienia: Background on Bienia is drawn from the following sources: Massachusetts Nautical School/Massachusetts Maritime Academy cadet file, Massachusetts Maritime Academy, Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts; R. Dudley to Commander Train Squadron SIX, Dec. 9, 1941, Report of Particulars After Battle of Sunday, Dec. 7, 1941; Trumbull, Silversides, pp. 83–84; John Bienia letter to Alpha Drury, Feb. 25, 1943; Jo
hn Bienia interview with author, Jan. 4, 2010.
“Before we knew it”: John Bienia undated letter to Alpha Bienia.
“There were a guitar”: John Bienia letter to Alpha Drury, July 19, 1942.
The young medic: The Silversides Album: A Living History, written and produced by Paul Knutson in cooperation with the Great Lakes Naval Memorial and Maritime Museum, 1985 (USS Silversides Submarine Museum, Muskegon, Michigan) audio cassette.
If the appendix: Mark H. Beers, ed., The Merck Manual of Medical Information, 2nd home edition (Whitehouse Station, N.J.: Merck Research Laboratories, 2003), pp. 781–82; Donna Olendorf, Christine Jeryan, and Karen Boyden, eds., The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, vol. 1 A–B (Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Research, 1999), pp. 313–18.
“Probably no other”: C. W. Shilling and Jessie W. Kohl, History of Submarine Medicine in World War II, May 25, 1947, U.S. Naval Medical Research Laboratory, U.S. Naval Submarine Base, New London, Conn., pp. 103–5.
“the medical officer”: Ibid., p. 96.
“rigorous selection program”: Duff, Medical Study of the Experience of Submariners as Recorded in 1,471 Submarine Patrol Reports in World War II, p. 220.
“above average intelligence”: Shilling and Kohl, History of Submarine Medicine in World War II, pp. 96–97.
“grand slam course”: Thomas A. Moore oral history interviews with Jan K. Herman, March 24, 1993, March 29, 1993, and April 30, 1993.
“quacks”: Roscoe, United States Submarine Operations in World War II, p. 167.
the Navy instructed: Shilling and Kohl, History of Submarine Medicine in World War II, pp. 104–5.
three months earlier: Seadragon Report of Fourth War Patrol, Oct. 20, 1942.
Pharmacist’s Mate 1st Class Wheeler Lipes: Wheeler B. Lipes oral history interview with Jan K. Herman and Robert Bornmann, March 3, 1993, NBMS; Franz Hoskins oral history interview with Jan K. Herman and Robert Bornmann, Aug. 27, 1997, NBMS.
Three days before: Grayback Report of Fifth War Patrol, January 23, 1943.
Chicago Daily News: George Weller, “ ‘Doc’ Lipes Commandeers a Submarine Officers’ Wardroom,” U.S. Navy Medicine, July–Aug. 1986, pp. 13–15. This is a reprint of Weller’s original story, which was published in the Chicago Daily News on Dec. 14, 1942.
Silversides pharmacist’s mate Moore: Thomas A. Moore oral history interviews with Jan K. Herman, March 24, 1993, March 29, 1993, and April 30, 1993.
“fastest day”: Ibid.
“If you ever”: Ibid.
“writhing in pain”: The Silversides Album.
“Doc, we’re not”: Ibid.
Moore felt: Nautilus, Episode No. 3, “Hunters and the Hunted,” directed by Ian Potts, BBC, 1995. Videocassette.
“I probably can”: Thomas A. Moore oral history interviews with Jan K. Herman, March 24, 1993, March 29, 1993, and April 30, 1993.
He chose: Albert H. Stegall oral history interview with the Navy, Nov. 9, 1944, Box 27, RG 38, Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War II Oral Histories, 1942–1946, NARA; Albert Stegall interview with author, Aug. 12, 2009.
“I’ll tell you”: Albert H. Stegall oral history interview with the Navy, Nov. 9, 1944.
To remedy it: Ibid.; Trumbull, Silversides, p. 74.
Moore instructed: Thomas A. Moore oral history interviews with Jan K. Herman, March 24, 1993, March 29, 1993, and April 30, 1993.
Stegall visited: Albert H. Stegall oral history interview with the Navy, Nov. 9, 1944.
The pharmacist’s mate: Thomas A. Moore oral history interviews with Jan K. Herman, March 24, 1993, March 29, 1993, and April 30, 1993.
“really ripped him open”: Nautilus, Episode No. 3, “Hunters and the Hunted.”
“killed a lot of time”: The Silversides Album.
Worthington not only: Robert Worthington oral history interview with Jan K. Herman, April 13, 1993, NBMS.
“It was a helluva mess”: Thomas A. Moore oral history interviews with Jan K. Herman, March 24, 1993, March 29, 1993, and April 30, 1993.
“Is this operation”: Ibid.
“I can feel you”: Walter B. Clausen, “Sub Officer Performs His First Appendectomy, Taking 5 Hours,” The Palm Beach Post, Feb. 17, 1943, p. 6.
“God is our refuge”: Robert Trumbull. “Pharmacist’s Mate, 22, Operates on an Appendix in a Submarine,” New York Times, Feb. 14, 1943, p. 34; Roy Davenport speech, Feb. 6, 1979, National Museum of the Pacific War, Fredericksburg, Texas; Davenport, Clean Sweep, pp. 8–20.
“we were wheeling”: Thomas A. Moore oral history interviews with Jan K. Herman, March 24, 1993, March 29, 1993, and April 30, 1993.
“I sweated blood”: Ibid.
“I thought, well, hell”: Nautilus, Episode No. 3, “Hunters and the Hunted.”
“lonely endeavor”: Thomas A. Moore oral history interviews with Jan K. Herman, March 24, 1993, March 29, 1993, and April 30, 1993.
At 1:50 a.m.: Silversides Report of Fourth War Patrol, Jan. 31, 1943; Silversides deck log, Dec. 23, 1942.
“bright moonlight”: Silversides action report, December 23, 1942, Box 742, RG 38, Records of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War II Action and Operational Reports, NARA.
“I thought”: Silversides Report of Fourth War Patrol, Jan. 31, 1943.
Silversides dove: Silversides deck log, Dec. 23, 1942; Robert Worthington diary, Dec. 23, 1942.
“the most unpleasant day”: Creed Burlingame oral history interview with the Navy, Jan. 4, 1944.
“The patient convalesced”: Silversides Report of Fourth War Patrol, Jan. 31, 1943.
“We added it to powdered eggs”: Clay Blair, Jr., Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan (1975; repr., Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2001), p. 347.
Chapter 5. Drum
“Wish I was going”: Eugene Malone letter to Elinor Ives, Dec. 7, 1943.
a twenty-nine-pound bird: Ira Dye letter to Evelyn Dye, Dec. 28, 1942.
Two weeks earlier: Drum report of Fourth War Patrol, Jan. 23, 1943; Alden and McDonald, p. 56.
Workers had hustled: Norman Polmar, Aircraft Carriers: A History of Carrier Aviation and Its Influence on World Events, vol. 1, 1909–1945 (Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2006), p. 208; Paul E. Fontenoy, Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated History of Their Impact (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2006), p. 247.
The skipper had put: Drum report of Fourth War Patrol, Jan. 23, 1943.
just twenty-five miles: Ira Dye, “Christmas off Kyushu: The U.S.S. Drum in 1942,” unpublished article.
Rice had followed up: JANAC, p. 12 of the appendix. JANAC lists one of those ships as probably sunk, though that ship and the tonnage are included in the Drum’s overall totals of ships sunk.
send a personal note: Chester Nimitz letter to Russell Willson, June 26, 1942.
“Bob Rice did a grand job”: Slade Cutter letter to Frances Cutter, June 24, 1942, Slade D. Cutter Papers, NDL.
McMahon grew up: Details on McMahon’s background are drawn from the following sources: B. F. McMahon interview with author, Nov. 9, 2009; Bernard McMahon Navy Bio, March 25, 1958, NDL; Bernard McMahon midshipman file, USNA.
“Great White Father”: George Schaedler interview with author, Oct. 29, 2009; Norman Style interview with author, Nov. 2, 2009.
McMahon was warm: Background on McMahon’s leadership is drawn from author interviews with Verner Utke-Ramsing (Oct. 30, 2009, and Nov. 10, 2009), George Schaedler (Oct. 29, 2009), Eugene Pridonoff (Aug. 31, 2009), and Phillip Williamson (Sept. 2, 2009).
“Take her down”: Maurice Rindskopf unpublished memoir, p. 76.
“The message came”: Ibid., p. 69.
“Son born”: COMINCH to USS DRUM, July 27, 1942.
Japan’s lightning success: USSBS, The Campaigns of the Pacific War, p. 32.
Japan’s first objective: Ibid., pp. 52–53; Morison, The Two-Ocean War, pp. 137–41.
American intelligence, however, deciphered: Morison, The Two-Ocean War, pp. 141–4
7; USSBS, The Campaigns of the Pacific War, pp. 52–57; Watts and Gordon, The Imperial Japanese Navy, pp. 184–86.
“Scratch one flattop!”: “There Were the Japs,” Time, June 22, 1942, pp. 25–28.
The battle intensified: Morison, The Two-Ocean War, pp. 145–47; USSBS, The Campaigns of the Pacific War, p. 53; Interrogation of Captain Mineo Yamaoka, Oct. 19, 1945, in USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, vol. 1, pp. 53–55.
A Japanese bomb: Elliot Buckmaster to Chester Nimitz, May 25, 1942, Report of Action of Yorktown and Yorktown Air Group on May 8, 1942.
Two torpedoes ripped: Frederick C. Sherman to Chester Nimitz, May 15, 1942, Report of Action—The Battle of the Coral Sea, 7 and 8 May 1942.
The Battle of the Coral Sea: USSBS, The Campaigns of the Pacific War, p. 53.
Japan had anticipated: Interrogation of Captain Mitsuo Fuchida, Oct. 10, 1945, in USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, vol. 1, pp. 122–31; Hiroyuki Agawa, The Reluctant Admiral: Yamamoto and the Imperial Navy, trans. John Bester (New York: Kodansha International, 1979), p. 264; Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, pp. 65, 166.
Japanese commanders should have: Chester Nimitz, “Pearl Harbor Attack,” undated observations, NWCL.
The five-foot, three-inch: Agawa, The Reluctant Admiral, pp. 2, 73, 82–86.
“We are far from”: Ibid., pp. 285–86.
Yamamoto’s top priority: Morison, The Two-Ocean War, pp. 147–78.
Japan planned an armada: Henry F. Schorreck, “Battle of Midway, 4–7 June 1942: The Role of COMINT in the Battle of Midway,” SRH-230, June 1972, NDL.
America in contrast: Morison, The Two-Ocean War, pp. 148–49.
More than 1,400: Ibid., p. 149; Norman Polmar, Aircraft Carriers, vol. 1, 1909–1945, p. 227.
Cryptanalysts had unraveled: Schorreck, “Battle of Midway,” 4–7 June 1942; Morison, The Two-Ocean War, pp. 148–50; Polmar, Aircraft Carriers, vol. 1, 1909–1945, pp. 225–30.
“unsinkable aircraft carrier”: Morison, The Two-Ocean War, p. 149.