2 Just a month after: “Pierre Arrighi,” Ordre de la Liberation, http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_compagnon/32.html.
3 Marcel Peck, Pia’s Combat chief: Frenay (1976), 312.
4 He appointed Joseph Darnand: Time, February 7, 1944.
5 The penalty for being caught: Kupferman (2006), 198.
6 In an interview with Paris-Soir: Germain (2008), 29.
7 A colleague who knew: Judson (1979), 363.
8 Monod shifted his experiments: Letter, Odette Monod to Lucien and Charlotte Monod, December 4, 1943, private archives, Monod family.
9 Always happy to see: Olivier Monod, interview, Paris, August 17, 2010.
10 Monod did decide: Letter, Odette Monod to Lucien and Charlotte Monod, October 22, 1943, private archives, Monod family.
11 “I am living a terribly austere”: Letter, Jacques Monod to his parents, December 13, 1943, private archives, Monod family.
12 Geneviève Noufflard tracked him: Noufflard (unpublished), 67. Note: The circumstances of the meeting are not clear: Judson (1979), 363, indicates that it was after a choir rehearsal in January, but a letter from October 1943 indicates that Monod had quit conducting. Noufflard’s memoir does not mention choir practice, and in her interview in 2010 she indicates that she “found” Monod and asked him.
13 Monod tried to dissuade her: Judson (1979), 363; Geneviève Noufflard, interview by Benjamin Prud’homme, Paris, January 20, 2010.
14 Noufflard snuck back and forth: Noufflard (unpublished), 9, 47; “René Parodi: Ordre de la Liberation,” http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_compagnon/750.html.
15 After returning to Paris: Noufflard (unpublished), 57–61.
16 Among the first American fliers: Bodson (2005), 149.
17 On the morning of January 23: The account of Spence’s mission and rescue are from Escape and Evasion Report No. 16, RG 498, Entry UD 134, Box 1 Location: 290/55/20/4, National Archives, College Park, MD; 303rd BG(H) Combat Mission Report No. 11, accessed at www.303rdbg.com/missionreports/011.pdf; “Allied Aviators Passed Through Comet Line via Pyrenees,” http://www.cometeline.org/fiche087.html; Noufflard (unpublished).
18 Only two weeks earlier: “The Comet Line,” http://www.cometeline.org/comethist.htm.
19 After a long afternoon: Geneviève Noufflard, interview by Benjamin Prud’homme, Paris, January 20, 2010; “Allied Aviators,” http://www.cometeline.org/fiche087.html.
20 Noufflard led Spence: Geneviève Noufflard, interview by Benjamin Prud’homme, Paris, January 20, 2010.
21 Two weeks after arriving: P. Connart et al., “Bidarray, Larresore, Souraïde,” http://www.cometeline.org/PassagesNew.html
22 After some snags: “ ‘Franco’ Nous a Quitté,” http://www.cometeline.org/cometfranco06062008.htm; “Andre de Jongh, Organiser of the Comet Line,” The Independent, December 6, 2007, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/andre-de-jongh-organiser-of-the-comet-line-763264.html.
23 The Noufflards would continue: “Conrad Blaylock of the 381st Bomb Group, shot down Febraury 6, 1944,” in Noufflard (unpublished), 63–65.
24 but Geneviève was determined: Noufflard (unpublished), 67.
25 She told Monod: Geneviève Noufflard, interview by Benjamin Prud’homme, Paris, January 20, 2010.
26 “Okay, all right”: Judson (1979), 363.
27 To conceal whatever she was carrying: Noufflard (unpublished), 68–70.
28 Monod showed Noufflard: Geneviève Noufflard, interview by Benjamin Prud’homme, Paris, January 20, 2010; Judson (1979), 364.
29 That was done by giving some prearranged sign: Noufflard (unpublished), 68.
30 Despite the emphasis on security: The account of Prenant’s arrest is from Prenant (1980), 201–11.
31 The interrogation began: The account of Prenant’s interrogation and torture is from Prenant (1980), 201–11; quotes are translations by SBC.
32 The FTP promoted Georges Teissier: Toulmond (2005), 19.
33 At the same time Monod: Letter, J. Monod to Mme. Thieuleux, June 2, 1970, MON. Bio. 02, item 7, Fonds Monod, SAIP; Monod FFI record “Etat des Services dans bsF.F.I” dated November 26, 1944, MON. Bio. 02, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
34 Monod was made head: Letter, J. Monod to Mme. Thieuleux, June 2, 1970, MON. Bio. 02, item 7, Fonds Monod, SAIP; Monod FFI record “Etat des Services dans bsF.F.I” dated November 26, 1944, MON. Bio. 02, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
35 These would be passed to Geneviève Noufflard: Geneviève Noufflard, interview by Benjamin Prud’homme, Paris, January 20, 2010.
36 Monod discovered that: Schwartz (1997), 134; Judson (1979), 361.
37 Late in the afternoon of February 14: N. Chevassus-Au-Louis (2004), 187, 193. Croland was sent to Buchenwald and died in April 1945.
38 The creation of the FFI: Letter, J. Monod to Mme. Thieuleux, June 2, 1970, MON. Bio. 02, item 7, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
39 De Bénouville was very impressed: Guillain de Bénouville (1949), 294–95.
40 In fact, Audureau isolated several: Judson (1979), 362–63; Müller-Hill (1996), 11.
41 She and Monod found: Noufflard (unpublished), 75–76.
42 “has delicate health”: Todd (1997), 170–72.
43 Waiting outside on the street: Lottman (1979), 307.
44 As he settled: Ibid., 295.
45 Camus accepted, and they began: Ibid., 293, 296.
46 Camus was put in charge: The date of the reading was March 19, 1944. Todd (1997), 175; Lottman (1979), 297–98.
47 In appreciation for their efforts: Brassai (1999), 201.
48 She met Camus: Todd (1997), 183.
49 Though just fourteen: “Maria Casarès,” The Independent, December 7, 1996, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituarymaria-casares-1313344.html#; Lottman (1979), 316.
50 After the Germans invaded: Lottman (1979), 316–17.
51 The network had provided: Todd (1997), 178.
52 Jacqueline Bernard was stunned: Bernard (1967).
53 Yvette Bauman was subsequently deported: Guillain de Bénouville (1949), 283–84.
54 It was actually the second time: “André Bollier,” Ordre de la Liberation, http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_compagnon/116.html.
55 He also set up a phony: Lottman (1979), 300.
56 After being tortured: “André Bollier.”
57 In late March: Guillain de Bénouville (1949), 278–79.
58 The Germans caught: Ibid., 302.
59 She managed to alert: Ibid., 296.
60 Claude Bourdet, who had become: Bourdet (1975), 323.
61 The Gestapo almost nabbed: Guillain de Bénouville (1949), 299–300.
62 Camus authored his first: The editorial of issue 55, though anonymous, is generally attributed to Camus: Lévi-Valensi in Camus (2006), 1–3.
CHAPTER 14: PREPARATIONS
1 “If they attack in the west”: Hitler and Domanus (1990), 2,850.
2 In the spring of 1944: Buell, et al (1978), 276.
3 whereas of the roughly 40,000 resistants: Île-de-France figures from Rol-Tanguy et al. (1994), 76.
4 From January to March 1944: Ambrose (1994), 103.
5 Altogether, from June 1943: Rottman and Dennis (2010), 36.
6 In October and November 1943: Harrison (1951), 204.
7 For example, the Paris–Brest: C. Bougeard in Ponty (1996), 292.
8 Instead, the FFI: Harrison (1951), 205.
9 “Here they come!”: Noufflard (unpublished), 72.
10 The primary military effects: Harrison (1951), 206.
11 All German units: Burleigh (2011), 284.
12 “At around 11 that night”: Combat 57, May 1944; Lévi-Valensi in Camus (2006), 5.
13 “is increasing his efforts”: Combat 57, May 1944; Lévi-Valensi in Camus (2006), 6. Eight soldiers were
convicted in 1949 of participating in the mass slaughter and condemned to death, but were later pardoned as part of a reconciliation process. See Gildea et al. (2006), 193.
14 Eisenhower and his planners: Dallas (2005), 86.
15 heavy night raids: Gilbert (2004), 79.
16 After bombs fell: Dallas (2005), 86.
17 “Montmartre and the northern suburb”: Ibid.
18 Despite all that had transpired: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=508EWoNE4fM.
19 “Our country is experiencing”: Le Matin, April 29, 1944, trans. SBC.
20 “the threat from the East”: Harrison (1951), 464.
21 “Only an all-out effort”: Ibid.
22 “throw the enemy back”: Ibid., 465.
23 He ordered the flooding: Rommel defense tactics described in Ryan (1959) 15–30; Ambrose (1994), 112–13.
24 “If, in spite of”: Gilbert (2004), 79.
25 The original target date: Eisenhower (1982), 416.
26 It offered thirty kilometers: Ambrose (1994), 72–73.
27 In fact, Eisenhower was: Ibid., 82.
28 It became clear: Eisenhower (1982), 454.
29 On May 2: “Pierre Dejussieu-Pontcarral,” Ordre de la Liberation, http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_compagnon/263.html.
30 The chief of the Paris region: “Pierre Pène,” Ordre de la Liberation, http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_compagnon/758.html; Rol-Tanguy, Liberation de Paris, 62.
31 The arrests necessitated: “Henri Rol-Tanguy,” Ordre de la Liberation, http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_compagnon/947.html.
32 and Monod (“Malivert”) was promoted: Monod FFI record from document “Etat des Service dans les F.F.I.” dated November 26, 1944, MON. Bio. 02, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
33 After more street meetings: Noufflard (unpublished), 81.
34 If someone came unexpectedly: Ibid., 82.
35 Fewer Parisians walked: Letter, Odette Monod to Lucien and Charlotte Monod, May 19, 1944, private archives, Monod family.
36 The Germans had installed: Guillain de Bénouville (1949), 301.
37 He put his new look: Noufflard (unpublished), 86.
38 The short trip: Letter, Odette Monod to Lucien and Charlotte Monod, May 19, 1944, private archives, Monod family.
39 There were German troops: Letter, Odette Monod to Lucien and Charlotte Monod, April 13, 1944, private archives, Monod family.
40 air-raid alerts were very frequent: Letter, Odette Monod to Lucien and Charlotte Monod, May 19, 1944, private archives, Monod family; Philippe Monod, interview, Paris, December 3, 2011.
41 Odette confessed to Jacques’s parents: Letters, Odette Monod to Lucien and Charlotte Monod, April 20, 1944 and May 19, 1944, private archives, Monod family.
42 Plan Vert had identified 571 rail targets: Harrison (1951), 205
43 On May 10, listeners: Crémieux-Brillhac (1975), 5:2.
44 On May 12, commentators: Ibid., 5:3.
45 On May 20, listeners received: Ibid., 5:16.
46 On May 27, they: Ibid., 5:24–25.
47 “Ouvrez l’oeil et le bon”: Ibid., 5:32.
48 Noufflard heard the news: Noufflard (unpublished), 90.
49 On Saturday, June 3: “Pierre Lefaucheux,” Ordre de la Liberation, http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_compagnon/574.html.
50 “Isn’t it terrible”: Noufflard (unpublished), 88–91.
51 the Gestapo had in fact: The genesis of the meeting and the arrests are described by Pierre Bourlier, alias “Guillaume,” who attended and was arrested at the meeting. See P. Bourlier, “Ma Resistance,” http://chezpeps.free.fr/henri/html/buchenwald_matricule_76888.html.
52 As Monod approached: Olivier Monod, interview, Paris August 17, 2010.
53 “Il est sévère mais juste”: Crémieux-Brillhac (1975), 5:41.
54 Each sentence was: It has been widely reported that the invasion signals to the FFI were lines from Paul Verlaine’s poem “Chanson d’Automne,” the first line of which was “Les sanglots longs des violons d’automne” (The long sobs of the violins of autumn) and the second was “bercent mon couer d’une langueur monotone (fills my heart with a langorous sorrow). See, for example, A. Hall and T. Hall, D-Day:Operation Overlord Day by Day, 100. This is not accurate. It was the case that every branch of the Resistance had a distinct message, and the Verlaine lines were directed to the Ventriloquist action group (Brown [1975], 560). In fact, the Germans had learned about this message and were thus tipped off about the timing of the invasion [ibid.]. According to three different sources who were in the Paris region FFI, including Noufflard’s memoir that was written in 1945, they were awaiting the line “Il est sévère mais juste” and the other lines stated in the text. Also see accounts of G. Gilbert, “Rapport de Mon Activité Clandestine,” http://aacvr.free.fr/h_rapport_gg.htm, and P. Boulier, “Ma Resistance.”
CHAPTER 15: NORMANDY
1 “The history of warfare”: Churchill (1964), 8.
2 While one of the two: Brown (1975), 640–41.
3 Rommel did not think an invasion: Ambrose (1994), 88.
4 On June 3, he had: Ryan (1959), 37; Gilbert (2004), 110–11.
5 The Germans had failed entirely: Harrison (1951), 275.
6 The weather was: Ambrose (1994), 183.
7 The invasion fleet: Ibid., 257.
8 “Under the command”: Crémieux-Brillhac (1975), 5:45, trans. SBC.
9 “Now comes the time”: Noufflard (unpublished), 93–94.
10 Camus also heard: Todd (1997), 185; Lottman (1979), 318.
11 “The whole country is”: “Frankin Roosevelt’s Press Conference on D-Day,” Our Documents: D-Day, http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/odddaypc.html.
12 “So far the Commanders”: “D-Day,” Winston Churchill Leadership, http://www.winston-churchill-leadership.com/speech-d-day.html.
13 “The German and Anglo-Saxon”: Le Matin, June 7, 1940, trans. SBC.
14 Laval compounded Pétain’s warning: Le Matin, June 7, 1940.
15 “The supreme battle”: Crémieux-Brillhac (1975), 5:47–48, trans. SBC.
16 Eisenhower had composed: “Message Drafted by General Eisenhower in Case the D-Day Invasion Failed,” National Archives, http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/d-day-message.
17 at least 4,400 killed and 5,000 wounded: These numbers vary widely among sources. See D-Day Museum Online, http://www.ddaymuseum.co.uk/faq.htm#casualities.
18 By the time offloading paused: “Message Drafted by General Eisenhower.”
19 By the day after D-Day: Harrison (1951), 206.
20 Designed to prevent the movement: Beavan (2006), 144; Asprey (1975), 318.
21 “SUBJECT: SABOTAGE OF RAIL LINES”: Document courtesy of Geneviève Noufflard, trans. SBC and H. Dufour.
22 Monod set up an intelligence channel: Noufflard (unpublished), 98–101.
23 Monod used his previous: Noufflard (unpublished), 103–4.
24 For security, the transmitter-room door: Olivier Monod, interview, Paris, August 17, 2010.
25 These compromising papers: Noufflard (unpublished), 95–97.
26 The Germans and the French were arresting: Mitchell (2008), 104–9.
27 “irreparable loss”: Camus, Combat, October 27, 1944; Camus (2006), 92.
28 a “dreadful death”: Brée (1961), 42–43.
29 Four days later in Lyon: “André Bollier,” Ordre de la Liberation, http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_compagnon/116.html.
30 But before doing so: Ajchenbaum (1994), 87; “André Bollier”; http://www.lajauneetlarouge.com/article/andre-bollier-38-dit-%E2%80%9C-velin-%E2%80%9D.
31 In early July: Lotttman (1979), 323; Todd (1997), 185. The exact date of the meeting is uncertain, but it prece
ded July 11 by some short time.
32 She saw Camus with his hands: Todd (1997), 187. The date of the incident is not certain, but it appears to have preceded July 11 because of subsequent actions that Camus is reported to have taken first in response to his close call, and then after Jacqueline Bernard’s arrest on July 11; in any case, the incident must have preceded Camus’s hasty departure from Paris after Bernard’s arrest.
33 Camus and Marcel Gimont: Ajchenbaum (1994), 88.
34 “The time is fast approaching”: Camus, Combat 58, July 1944; Camus (2006), 7–9.
35 Earlier that day, she had gone: Lottman (1979), 323.
36 Camus had to leave town: Ibid., 324–25.
37 His battalion reached: http://www.marinettes-et-rochambelles.com/pages/JDM-1944-3trimestre.html.
38 After more than four years: Jacob (1988), 106.
39 “The soil of France”: Ibid., 106–7.
40 “People of France”: Fondation Leclerc, http://www.fondation-leclerc.com/52/leclerc-et-ses-hommes/colonne-leclerc-2eme-db/2eme-france-allemagne.htm, trans. SBC.
41 As the DB passed through: Jacob (1988), 108; C-C Notin, 1061 Compagnons, 686, trans. SBC.
42 Despite the widespread destruction: Patton and M. Blumenson (1974), 489.
43 Patton’s 3rd Army: Blumenson (1993), 195.
44 Leclerc seized the offer: Fondation Leclerc, http://www.fondation-leclerc.com/52/leclerc-et-ses-hommes/colonne-leclerc-2eme-db/2eme-france-allemagne.htm.
45 “an opportunity that comes”: Ripley (2003), 111.
46 On the night of the eighth: Jacob (1988), 110.
47 He then heard the cries: http://www.francaislibres.net/liste/fiche.php?index=54646.
48 He and Jacob had become: Jacob (1988), 109.
49 Jacob looked once more: Ibid., 110–11.
50 Jacob, Benillouz, and several other: http://www.marinettes-et-rochambelles.com/pages/JDM-1944-3trimestre.html.
51 As Jacob drifted: Jacob (1988), 111.
52 When Jacob woke up: Ibid., 166–67.
CHAPTER 16: LES JOURS DE GLOIRE
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