1 In order to encircle the Germans: Jordan (2011), 377–80.
2 Patton was furious: Patton and Blumenson (1974), 510.
3 Leclerc, too, was getting impatient: Prados (2011), 254.
4 In the meantime: Patton and Blumenson (1974), 510.
5 Leclerc, however, objected: Ibid., 511.
6 On Saturday, August 19: (patriotic militia) Rol-Tanguy and Bourderon (1994), 185–86.
7 “Gather yourselves by household”: Ibid., 180–81.
8 A bicyclist going the other way: Noufflard (unpublished), 110–11.
9 Some of the trucks: Bourderon (2004), 394; Ousby (2000), 291.
10 His purpose that day: Ajchenbaum (1994), 90–91.
11 All fifty-six dailies: Ibid., 92.
12 Their authorization to begin: Ibid., 98.
13 In the meantime: Ibid., 93–94.
14 The police and the FFI: Laub (2010), 287.
15 “stamp out without pity”: Collins and Lappierre (1965), 36.
16 To von Choltitz’s surprise: Ousby (2000), 291.
17 Just before dark: Noufflard (unpublished), 111.
18 “The development of operations”: E.M.N. 3o Bureau à Region P1, August 20, 1944. Document courtesy of Geneviève Noufflard, trans. SBC.
19 Monod turned to Noufflard: Noufflard (unpublished), 111.
20 Monod was wrong: Bourderon (2004), 413; Rol-Tanguy and Bourderon (1994), 250.
21 Noufflard bicycled over: Noufflard (unpublished), 114.
22 Before he hung up: Collins and Lappierre (1965), 148; Schoenbrun, (1980), 455.
23 Rol-Tanguy and his subordinates: Bourderon (2004), 413.
24 German vehicles were trapped: Collins and Lappierre (1965), 165.
25 and French sacrifices: Schoenbrun (1980), 456.
26 It was a momentous day: Pétain would later be moved to Sigmaringen in southern Germany. See Rousso (1984), 78.
27 Upon arrival, de Gaulle: Collins and Lappierre (1965), 136–37.
28 De Gaulle was promptly driven: Ibid., 142–43.
29 The next morning, Monod and Noufflard: Noufflard (unpublished), 116–17; Bourderon (2004), 419–25.
30 Monod and Noufflard would each return: Noufflard (unpublished), 119; Monod identity card, courtesy of Olivier Monod, private archives, Monod family.
31 For two days, the Combat staff: Ajchenbaum (1994), 95.
32 Since their July meeting: Combat, August 21, 1944; Camus (2006), 13.
33 Their answer was a France: Ibid.
34 It was a markedly different tone: Ajchenbaum (1994), 99.
35 “Today, August 21”: Combat, August 21, 1944; Camus (2006), 11–12.
36 Indeed, the combat in the streets: Bourderon (2004), 414; Collins and Lappierre (1965), 172–73.
37 Tuesday, August 22: Collins and Lappierre (1965), 184.
38 But German tanks rolled: Rol-Tanguy and Bourderon (1994), 271.
39 The defenders’ main weapon: Pinault (2000), 260.
40 The mixture combined: Collins and Lappierre (1965), 109.
41 Indeed, Joliot-Curie’s lab: Pinault (2000), 260.
42 Rol directed the distribution: Collins and Lappierre (1965), 184–85.
43 To the west in Normandy: Ibid., 165.
44 “Information received today”: Prados (2011), 255.
45 The situation was so critical: Collins and Lappierre (1965), 165–66.
46 While Eisenhower pondered: Ibid., 180.
47 The Falaise Gap: Zuehlke (2007), 32.
48 There was no reason to hold Leclerc: La 2e DB Général Leclerc: Combattants et Combats en France (1945), 44–45.
49 The next morning’s issue: Combat, August 23, 1944, author copy, translation from Camus (2006), 15.
50 “Give through Swiss press”: Noufflard (unpublished), 118.
51 “You know perfectly well”: Ibid., 127.
52 “The Americans are coming”: Collins and Lappierre (1965), 53.
53 “The defense of the Paris”: Ibid., 200.
54 All of the bridges: Ibid., 208–12.
55 “We are coming”: Lottman (1979), 332.
56 Fierce fighting continued: Collins and Lappierre (1965), 234.
57 Monod and Noufflard spent the day bicycling: Noufflard (unpublished), 128.
58 At 9:32, they heard: Collins and Lappierre (1965), 156; 100 Ans de Radio, 24 août, 1944 http://100ansderadio.free.fr/HistoiredelaRadio/1944.html.
59 “Parisians, rejoice”: Collins and Lappierre (1965), 256.
60 “Awake! Be done with shame!”: 100 Ans de Radio, 24 août, 1944, http://100ansderadio.free.fr/HistoiredelaRadio/1944.html.
61 Monod and Noufflard opened: Noufflard (unpublished), 128.
62 Noufflard and Monod wanted: Ibid., 129.
63 “You are coming with me”: The walk to the Ministry of War and the scene within are based on Noufflard (unpublished), 130–33.
64 “AFTER FOUR YEARS”: Combat, August 25, 1944, author’s collection.
65 “As freedom’s bullets”: Ibid.; Camus (2006), 17–18.
66 Dawn broke to a perfect: Account of the events at the War Ministry from Noufflard (unpublished), 134–38, and Horace Freeland Judson Papers, interview with Geneviève Noufflard, November 16, 1976.
67 Noufflard went back: Noufflard (unpublished), 137.
68 At last, Monod and Noufflard: Ibid., 138.
69 Then, suddenly, the city lit up: Collins and Lappierre (1965), 323–24, 285; Schoenbrun (1980), 475.
CHAPTER 17: THE TALK OF THE NATION
1 “The first thing for a writer”: Camus (1965), 37.
2 “All Paris in the Street”: Combat, August 27, 1944, author’s collection, trans. SBC.
3 “Albert CAMUS, Henri FREDERIC”: Ibid. Henri Frederic was a pseudonym for Henri Cauquelin.
4 “a unique opportunity”: Combat, September 1, 1944; Camus (2006), 25.
5 “The Paris that is fighting”: Combat, August 24, 1944; Camus (2006), 17.
6 It was, Camus would say: Combat, September 30, 1944; Camus (2006), 54.
7 In his signed editorial: Combat, August 31, 1944; Camus (2006), 21–23.
8 Camus hoped to influence: Combat, September 1, 1944; Camus (2006), 25.
9 “seek to inform”: Combat, September 8, 1944; Camus (2006), 32.
10 “The truth is not the beneficiary”: Ibid.
11 “To ensure that life”: Combat, September 8, 1944; Camus (2006), 31–32.
12 “The affairs of this country”: Combat, September 4, 1944; Camus (2006), 28.
13 “If our American friends”: Combat, September 30, 1944; Camus (2006), 53–54.
14 Days after his fourth: “A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: France,” U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, http://history.state.gov/countries/france.
15 “with a language”: Combat, September 8, 1944; Camus (2006), 34.
16 formed the habit: Aron (1983), 208.
17 Combat often sold out: Lottman (1979), 341.
18 After the liberation: Ibid.
19 When one or the other boy: Letter, Odette Monod to Lucien and Charlotte Monod, October 29, 1944, private archives, Monod Family.
20 “We have enjoyed”: Combat, September 29, 1944; Camus (2006), 51.
21 “It is essential”: Yeide and Stout (2007), 181.
22 By that time: “The Siegfried Line Campaign,” U.S. Army Center of Military History. http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Siegfried/Siegfried%20Line/siegfried-ch01.htm#ch1.
23 “To assist … in the study”: Ordre de Mission, November 13, 1944, signed by Gen. Joinville, MON. Bio. 02, SAIP.
24 He took Toulon and Marseille: Yeide and Stout (2007), 24–26; Davidson (1988), 99–100.
25 “win over this vibrant”: Lattre (1952), 179.
26 “most precious auxiliaire”: Letter, Jacques Monod to Odette Monod, Decemb
er 8, 1944, private archives, Monod family.
27 By February, an impressive: Lattre (1952), 173.
28 “My dear Odette”: Letter, Jacques Monod to Odette Monod, May 1, 1945, private archives, Monod family, trans. H. Dufour.
29 “History is full”: Combat, May 9, 1944; Camus (2006), 195–96.
30 “Many of our comrades”: Combat, September 16, 1944; Camus (2006), 39–40.
31 “Those of us who are still waiting”: Combat, May 9, 1945; Camus (2006), 195–96.
32 “Given the terrifying”: Combat, August 8, 1945; Camus (2006), 237.
33 By the end of the war: Aronson (2004), 46–47.
34 “the French editorialist”: Ibid., 79.
CHAPTER 18: SECRETS OF LIFE
1 Camus and Combat celebrated: Combat, April 17, 1945; Camus (2006), 194–95.
2 “Combat is waiting for you”: Ajchenbaum (1994), 207–8.
3 Marcel Prenant, Monod’s former FTP chief: Prenant (1980), 245–71.
4 While he had hoped: Letter, Jacques Monod to Odette Monod, May 1, 1944, private archives, Monod family.
5 his papers would not be signed: Letter, Jacques Monod to Odette Monod, July 2, 1944, MON. Bio. 02, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
6 “drew a curtain”: Judson (1979), 368.
7 That fall, Lwoff invited Monod: Ullmann (2003), 5.
8 In the November 1943 issue: Luria and Delbrück (1943), 491–511; Monod (1965), 190.
9 The paper confirmed: See chapter 13.
10 “They have no genes”: Huxley (1963), 131–32.
11 Indeed, so little was known: Mayr (1997), 1–21.
12 “How can the events”: Schrödinger (1992), 3.
13 “The obvious inability: Ibid., 4.
14 Schrödinger speculated: Ibid., 61.
15 “strict and severe-looking”: Ullmann (2003), 37.
16 “At any rate”: Ibid.
17 “We are living in nihilism”: Lottman (1979), 374.
18 “Revolt gives life its value”: Camus (1991a), 55.
19 “feelings and images multiply”: Camus (1963), 210.
20 “From now on”: Camus (1991b), 67.
21 “the true embodiment”: Ibid., 134.
22 “the flail of God”: Ibid., 95.
23 “Calamity has come on you”: Ibid., 94.
24 In the evenings, he would socialize: Lottman (1979), 369; Aronson (2004), 50.
25 “Man is nothing else”: J.-P. Sartre, “Existentialism Is a Humanism,” http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/sartre/works/exist/sartre.htm.
26 “places the entire responsibility”: Ibid.
27 It was a perk for prominent: Lottman (1979), 376.
28 “The Boldest Writer in France”: New York Times, April 7, 1946.
29 “After two wars have shattered”: Ibid.
30 He told his audience: Camus (1946–1947), 19–33.
31 Camus explained that: Ibid., 20.
32 In order to illustrate: Ibid., 21.
33 “the death or torture”: Ibid., 22.
34 Among the many contributors: Ibid., 22–24.
35 “the civilization of death”: Ibid., 27.
36 “The great lesson”: Ibid., 27–28.
37 “It took the war”: Ibid., 30.
38 From this painful experience: Ibid., 28–29.
39 “man and woman”: Ibid., 31.
40 “Those who met”: Lottman (1979), 381.
41 That included nineteen-year-old: Ibid., 388.
42 “I, for one, am practically certain”: Combat, November 30, 1946; Camus (2006), 274.
43 “whose first article would”: Combat, November 29, 1946; Camus (2006), 273.
44 “civilization based on dialogue”: Combat, November 29, 1946; Camus (2006), 273.
45 “Across five continents”: Combat, November 30, 1946; Camus (2006), 275–76.
46 A few weeks after his series: Lottman (1979), 407.
47 “There’s something lacking”: Camus (1991b), 254–55.
48 “resolved to compile this chronicle”: Ibid., 308.
49 “Nonetheless, he knew that the tale”: Ibid.
50 The novel would be a bestseller: Lottman (1979), 427, 431.
CHAPTER 19: BOURGEOIS GENETICS
1 “there is always something”: Ullmann, (2003), 39.
2 Monod and Audureau’s report: Monod and Audureau (1946).
3 During the war: Avery et al. (1944).
4 In early 1946, they reported: McCarty and Avery (1946).
5 “Twelve hours above the water”: Letter, Jacques Monod to Odette Monod, June 25, 1946, private archives, Monod family.
6 “the difficulty in being current: Letter, Jacques Monod to Odette Monod, July 2, 1946, private archives, Monod family.
7 “of understanding how cells”: Monod (1947), 224.
8 “may help in understanding”: Ibid.
9 “Its significance appeared so profound”: Judson (1979), 370.
10 In addition to scientific ideas: Ullmann, (2003), 56.
11 “absolute contempt and hatred”: Judson (1979), 368.
12 By the end of 1945: Ibid.
13 “Heredity Is Not Commanded”: Les Lettres Françaises, August 26, 1948, MON Pol. 1.6, Fonds Monod, SAIP, trans. SBC.
14 “mysterious and unforeseeable fashion”: Ibid.
15 “Human intervention makes”: Ibid.
16 “As in our world”: Ibid.
17 Indeed, two days later in Le Monde: Le Monde, August 28, 1948, MON. Pol. 1.7, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
18 “A shadow has fallen”: “Winston Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech,” The History Guide: Lectures on Twentieth Century Europe, http://www.historyguide.org/europe/churchill.html.
19 In March 1947: “Truman Doctrine (1947),” Our Documents, http://ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=81.
20 “Our policy is directed”: “Marshall Plan Speech,” George C. Marshall Foundation, http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/MarshallPlanSpeechfromRecordedAddress_000.html.
21 The Communist Information Bureau: Tiersky (1974), 162–63.
22 At the meeting: Boterbloem (2004), 312.
23 There was pressure: Medvedev (2006), 196.
24 Under Zhdanov: Boterbloem (2004), 253–57, 305.
25 The sealing off: Ibid., 293.
26 In the realm of science: Medvedev (2006), 196–97.
27 Well before the war: Carroll (2006), 219–25. See also Z. Medvedev (1969), The Rise and Fall of T.D. Lysenko, and V. Sooyfer (1994), Lysenko and the Tragedy of Soviet Science.
28 When Lysenko came under criticism: Medvedev (2006), 190–95.
29 “The Michurin position”: Ibid., 202.
30 “is a return to the Middle Ages”: Molenaar (1981), 67–100.
31 Camus and most of its editorial leadership: Ajchenbaum (1994), 295.
32 Its stated aim: Tirard (1997), 98.
33 “The recent Moscow debates”: Ibid.
34 “According to Professor Marcel Prenant”: Combat, September 14, 1948, MON. Pol. 1, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
35 “The really new point”: Ibid.
36 “The important thing”: Combat, September 15, 1948, MON. Pol. 01, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
37 “hardly be suspected”: Ibid.
38 “Lysenko’s claim”: Davies (1947), 344.
39 “To every scientist”: Ibid., 343.
40 “The system by which he”: Fyfe (1947), 348.
41 “These judgments”: Combat, September 15, 1948, MON. Pol. 01, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
42 “What emerges most clearly”: Ibid.
43 The PCF continued: Europe (1948), 31–68.
44 Poet Louis Aragon: Ibid., 3–30.
45 The “debate” raged on: Unidentified newspaper clippings, MON. Pol. 1.6, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
46 “a purely theological affair”: Judson (1979), 372.
47 pivotal because it started: Ibid.
; 48 For a time, he spent one Thursday: Cohn (1978), 2.
49 Cofounded by Camus: Lottman (1979), 459–62; G. Walusinski, “Manifeste des Groupes de liaison internationale,” A Contretemps: Bulletin de Critique Bibliographique, 22–24, www.acontretemps.org/spip.php?article238.
50 He brought the scientist: The exact timing of Camus and Monod’s first meeting is not known, but is most likely between September 1948 and June 1949. Because of a newly discovered letter from Camus to Monod, it is certain they met prior to December 1949. Monod’s recollection was that they met after he had published in Combat in September 1948 (H. F. Judson, “Transcript of Interview with Jacques Monod, December 1975,” Judson Collection, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia). Also, Lottman reports that Camus went to South America in June 1949 and was sick for a time thereafter, so a meeting prior to June, when the Lysenko affair was still fresh, would be most consistent. It is not correct that they met when Camus was at Combat, nor that Camus was editor when Monod published his article (Debré [1996], 200); Camus had been gone from Combat for over a year at the time of publication.
51 “We are a group of men”: Walusinski, 22–24.
CHAPTER 20: ON THE SAME PATH
1 The two former resistants: Debré (1996), 200. La Closerie des Lilas was one of Monod’s favorite brasseries: Melvin Cohn, e-mail to author, January 5, 2010.
2 A Communist activist: Scammell (2009), 162.
3 From 1936 to 1938: Aronson (2004), 70.
4 The book was a sensation: Scammell (2009), 286.
5 Koestler visited Paris: Ibid., 292.
6 “It must be said”: Camus (1965), 145.
7 Camus had met Louis Aragon: Todd (1997), 165.
8 and Camus’s critic Emmanuel d’Astier: See chapter 12.
9 In 1948, d’Astier: “Emmanuel d’Astier de la Vigerie,” Ordre de la Libération. http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_compagnon/36.html.
10 He asked Camus: Lottman (1979), 436–37, 447–48.
11 “The camps were part”: Camus Actuelles I. Ecrit Politique, second response to Emmanuel d’Astier de la Vigerie.
12 “The majority among”: Ibid.
13 “My role is not to transform”: Ibid.
14 Upon encountering Merleau-Ponty: Lottman (1979), 405.
15 More than two years later: Todd (1997), 248.
16 “Whatever the nature”: Aronson (2004), 110–11.
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