The Politics of Climate Change

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The Politics of Climate Change Page 30

by Anthony Giddens


  Copenhagen Accord 191–2, 193

  democracy of 209

  environmental performance 87

  ethanol scheme 90, 225–6

  Kyoto negotiations 188

  NGOs within 126

  as oil source 37

  public attitudes 105

  Britain see United Kingdom

  Browne, John 34

  Brundtland, Gro Harlem 59–60

  BSkyB 223

  Bulgaria 197

  Bush, George W. 88, 209

  business and industry

  agriculture and 70

  blocking initiatives 96

  co-operative efforts 72

  connecting with solutions 115–116

  developing countries 93

  energy industry 142, 200

  EU emissions and 196

  fundamental role of 94

  green movement and 5

  green presentations 123–4

  lobby groups 122, 144, 199

  NGOs and 125–6

  obligations of 121

  oil and 8

  R&D 142

  sceptical position of 121–2

  short-termism 99, 128

  see also markets

  Calderon, Felipe 227

  Cameron, David 86

  Canada

  Arctic resources 203–4

  carbon markets 201

  environmental performance 87

  NAFTA 210

  Cancun conference 193–4

  Brazil and 226

  India and 224, 225

  Mexico and 227

  car industry

  energy efficiency 35, 108, 109

  green presentations 124

  hypercars 143–4, 145

  India’s Tata Nano 46

  modern life and 160–2

  plug-in electrics 131–2

  poorer households and 155

  US-China cooperation 223

  see also biofuels

  carbon capture 85

  present technology 131, 135–6

  removal from atmosphere 138–9

  carbon emissions

  big polluters 220–1

  failure to reduce emissions 194

  greenhouse effect 11–12

  per capita emissions 86

  price capping 4

  rationing 157–9

  temperature changes and 12–13

  see also carbon capture; carbon trading; international negotiations; low-carbon living; taxes, carbon

  carbon trading 4, 84, 87–8, 95–6

  EU 197

  projects for 198–202

  sulphur dioxide example 198–9

  transfer of emissions 93

  Carstedt, Per 127–8

  Center for American Progress 149

  Chad

  drought 179–80

  resource conflicts 208

  Challen, Colin 118

  chemical industry 121

  Cheney, Dick 122

  Chicago Climate Exchange 201

  Chile 226

  China 41

  accepting responsibility 9

  authoritarianism 77, 208, 209, 216

  coal and 136

  collaboration with USA 222–4

  Copenhagen Accord 190, 191–2, 193

  economic growth of 46, 214

  flooding 175

  importance of 230, 231

  increasing energy use 7, 45

  international agreements 213

  international relations 44, 207, 208, 209

  Kyoto negotiations 186, 187, 188

  manufacturing 93

  nuclear power 134

  public attitudes 105

  Sudan and 205

  weather events 180

  China Mobile 223

  chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 185

  Citigroup Bank 126–7

  civil society

  adaptation 165

  diversity of 115

  ecological stress and 62

  global 227–8

  guidance role 73

  individual action and 3

  obligations of 121

  transparency of tax 151–2

  Clean Development Mechanism 188, 200

  Clean Energy Research Center 223

  Climate Action Network 87

  climate change

  adaptation 74, 97

  in Europe 166–7

  food supply and 68–70

  greenhouse effect 11–12

  IPCC predictions 15–18

  melting ice 13–14

  periodic flux 18–19

  positive goals 73–4

  radical views of 26–31

  sceptics views of 18–25

  temperature changes 12–13, 16

  threat of 1–2

  tipping points 29, 111

  see also droughts and floods;

  greenhouse gases; polar and

  glacial ice; sea level rise;

  weather events

  The Climate Change Challenge and the Failure of Democracy (Shearman and Smith) 76

  Climate Change Network 122–3

  Climate Group 223

  Climate Risk Index 179

  Climatic Research Unit, EAU

  email leak 21–3

  Clinton, Bill 87, 186, 199

  Clinton, Hillary 191, 223

  Club of Rome

  Limits to Growth 59

  coal 33–4, 136

  carbon capture 135–6

  ‘clean’ 135

  German use of 80, 91

  high emissions from 92

  nationalization of 42

  returning to 156

  UK use of 83, 85

  US use of 41

  Cobb, Clifford 64

  Coca-Cola 125, 126

  Collier, Paul 214–16

  Columbia University

  Environmental Performance Index 77

  communications technology 129

  community see international negotiations; local governance; public attitudes; states

  conflict and warfare

  Arctic resources 203–4, 206

  civil war and poverty 215

  climate security risks 204–8

  energy security 72

  Kagan on international order 209–13

  naval power and 207

  nonviolence principles 51

  conservationism 5–6

  origins of 50

  precautionary principle and 56

  consumption

  over-development 63–6

  convergence

  adaptation and 165

  and contraction 63, 180

  economic 72–3

  green ideology 72–3

  political 72

  Copenhagen conference 190–2

  Brazil and 226

  Copenhagen Accord 191–2, 193

  email leak and 21

  India and 224, 225

  US-Chinese cooperation 223

  Corporate Watch 123

  Costa Rica

  carbon neutral pledge 227

  environmental performance 77

  Czech Republic 219

  Darfur see Sudan

  Deepwater Horizon oil spill 39–40

  deforestation see forests and deforestation

  democracy

  competing concerns 112

  concert of 210–11

  coping with the environment 76–7

  green principles and 51, 53

  in oil producing regions 9–10

  public opinion and risk 58–9

  rights of future generations 120

  Russia 219

  Denmark

  Arctic resources 203–4

  carbon tax 153

  Copenhagen negotiations 191

  environmental performance 81–2

  political consensus 118

  wind-power 35

  Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)

  clusters of public attitudes 105–8

  developing states 231

  accepting role 9<
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  adaptation 179–84

  clusters of agreements and 221–2

  Copenhagen negotiations 191

  development imperative 62–3, 74

  EU help for 169, 195

  India’s policies 224

  public attitudes 104–5

  renewable energy and 123

  strain of growth 7

  development

  concept of 61

  economic growth 62

  imperative 62

  limits to 73

  over-development 63–6, 74

  diversity 51

  Dominican Republic 178

  Climate Risk Index 179

  droughts and floods

  Australia 175

  China 175

  dam failures 170

  East Africa 179–80

  in Europe 167, 168

  GM crops 69

  Lovelock’s view of 30

  El Niño/La Niña 27, 28

  Pakistan 175

  planning for 101–2

  UK 166, 170–2

  Dryzek, John 97

  earthquakes 177

  East Anglia University Climatic Research Unit 21–3

  Eckersley, Robyn 120–1

  ecological footprints 53, 108

  economics

  assessing value 52

  competitiveness 150

  convergence 72–3

  externalities 152 financial incentives 84

  GDP and 62, 63–5

  green thinking and 48

  infrastructure investment 149

  international system 231

  loss aversion 58

  low-carbon framework 96–7

  natural capitalism 139–40

  productivism 51

  taxes and regulations 7

  see also business and industry; taxes, carbon

  Ecuador 226

  Egypt 207, 218

  Emerson, Ralph Waldo 51

  Nature 50

  Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) 84, 195, 198, 199, 201–2

  energy 42, 72

  buildings and 139–40

  clean sources 110

  consumers contribute to 142–3

  consumption of 38

  developing nations 7

  efficiency 92, 108

  feed-in tariffs 79–80, 131

  Lovelock’s view of 30

  new paradigm of 43–5

  planning 72

  rising cost of 82

  smart grids 131

  storage of 145–6

  see also fossil fuels; nuclear power; renewable energy

  energy companies 142

  carbon trading 200

  Energy Policy Conservation Act (USA) 35–6

  Energy Watch 41–2

  Enron 142

  environment and resources

  co-operative efforts 72

  conflict over 18

  ecological systems of 62

  externalities 152

  negative externalities 96

  public attitudes towards 103–5

  scarcities 17

  sustainability 65

  value of 4

  Environmental Performance Index 77

  Ethiopian drought 179–80

  Europe

  climate change in 166–7

  see also European Union

  European Union

  accepting climate change 49

  adaptation 167–70

  carbon tax 197, 198

  co-ordinated planning in 100

  Copenhagen negotiations 192

  developing countries and 169

  energy policy 43

  ETS 84, 195, 198, 199, 201–2

  flood directives 169

  imports gas from Russia 44

  limited control 4

  lowering emissions 17, 69, 195–8

  precautionary principle 55

  Russia and 210, 219

  Smartgrids (European Commission) 146

  Social Fund 169

  Sustainable Development Strategy 60

  transnational cooperation 209, 210

  see also individual countries

  expert knowledge

  pseudo-experts 25

  see also science

  Fawcett, Tina 158

  Finland

  Arctic resources 203–4

  carbon tax 153

  environmental performance 77

  nuclear power 133

  fisheries and fishing 167

  Fleming, David 157

  Florida, Richard 110–11

  Forest Focus programmes 169

  forests and deforestation

  Amazon 27

  Brazilian rainforest 87, 225

  disasters and 178

  economic impact 64

  effect of biofuels 196

  Emerson on 50

  in Europe 167 fire warning systems 168

  greenhouse gas emissions 68–70

  IKEA and 126

  North Asia 23

  fossil fuels

  renewables compete against 7

  Sweden 78

  see also carbon emissions; coal;

  gas; greenhouse gases; oil

  Fourier, Jean-Baptiste Joseph 11

  France

  emissions targets 196, 197

  nuclear power 35, 132

  free-riding 104, 107

  Freeman, Christopher 141

  Friedman, Thomas 217–18

  Friel, Howard

  The Lomborg Deception 19

  Friends of the Earth 123

  future discounting 2–3

  future generations

  rights of in democracy 120

  G20 221

  gas

  dominance of 33

  future generations and 120

  North Sea 85

  price of 7, 156

  from shale 40–1

  state resources of 215

  supply of 36–9, 40

  UK 83

  Gates (Bill and Melinda)

  Foundation 177

  Gazprom 44

  genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

  precautionary principle 56, 57

  Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) 64

  geoengineering

  present technology 131, 137–8

  geothermal energy

  Kyoto projects 189

  present technology 131, 134, 135

  status of 138

  Germanwatch 87

  Germany

  coal sources 41–2

  Czech oil and 219

  emissions and industry 196

  environmental performance 79–81, 91

  geothermal energy 135

  green movement in 5, 50–1

  Meseberg programme 80

  public attitudes 105

  reduces nuclear power 51, 134

  Giddens’s paradox

  defined 2

  future discounting 2–3

  public attitudes 108

  reaction to weather events 10

  Gimpel, Jean 161

  glaciers see polar and glacial ice

  Gladwell, Malcolm 111

  Global Climate Change Alliance 169

  Global Green Network 50–1

  Global Partnership 221

  global warming see climate change

  Goodin, Robert 52–3

  Gore, Al 199

  The Great Global Warming Swindle (television) 20

  The Green Economy (Jones) 149

  Green, Inc (MacDonald) 125–6

  green movement

  absorption into mainstream 48, 54

  anti-growth vs pro-market 60

  concept of ‘green’ 6

  democracy and 53

  hostility to industrialism 5

  ideology 72–3

  origins of 49–51

  philosophical variety 51–5

  return to nature 5–6

  science and technology 51

  value and agency 52–5

  greenhouse gases

  agriculture and 68�
�70

  current trends of 9

  effect of 1

  emissions control 17

  large polluters 220

  market allowances 200

  rise from developing states 7

 

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