Nuestra América
Page 32
36. León Trachtemberg, “Peru,” in Encyclopaedia Judaica, ed. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolkik, 2d ed. (Detroit: Macmillan, 2007), 15:793–97.
37. “Crisis de maestros y crisis de ideas,” Claridad 1, no. 2: 3–4., reprinted in Mariátegui total, 1:384.
38. Ibid.
39. Carlota Casalino Sen, José Carlos Rivas Harcaya, and Carla Lucía Toche, “La Reforma Universitaria y el movimiento universitario en el Perú de 1919,” Estudios 40 (2018): 36.
40. For a close study of the connection between voting and literacy in nineteenth-century Peru, see José Ragas, “Leer, escribir, votar. Literacidad y cultura política en el Perú (1810–1900),” Histórica 31, no. 1 (2007): 107–34.
41. Casalino Sen, Rivas Harcaya, and Lucía Toche, “La Reforma Universitaria,” 36–37.
42. Jorge del Prado Chávez, Los años cumbres de Mariátegui (Lima: Ediciones Universidad, 1983), 58.
43. Luis Vidales, “Prólogo a la edición de 1945” (my translation), in Brainski, Gentes en al noria.
5: LISA NOEMÍ MILSTEIN
44. Rita Grossman to Claudio Lomnitz, August 14, 2017.
45. Dumitru, State, Anti-Semitism, and Collaboration, 56.
46. Ibid., 57.
47. Hirsch and Spitzer, Ghosts of Home, 73.
48. Ibid., 70.
49. Del Prado, Los años cumbres, 54.
50. José Carlos Mariátegui to Samuel Glusberg, March 9, 1929, in José Carlos Mariátegui, Correspondencia (1915–1930), ed. Antonio Melís (Lima: Biblioteca Amauta, 1984), 2:525.
6: THE AMAUTA
51. Quoted in Del Prado, Los años cumbres, 173–74.
52. Alberto Tauro, “Estudio preliminar,” in Mariátegui total, ed. José Carlos Sandro and Javier Mariátegui Chiappe (Lima: Empresa Editora Amauta, 1994), 2:2018–19.
53. Del Prado, Los años cumbres, 40.
54. Oscar Terán, “Amauta: vanguardia y revolución,” Prismas 12 (1984): 175.
55. For a perceptive review of this period in Mariátegui’s life, see Alberto Tauro, “Estudio preliminar,” in Mariátegui total, vol. 2:2018–2124.
56. Tauro, “Estudio preliminar,” 2:2124.
57. Ibid., 39.
58. J. C. Mariátegui, “Heterodoxia de la tradición,” Mundial, November 25, 1927, in Mariátegui total, 1:324.
59. J. C. Mariátegui, “La tradición nacional,” Mundial, December 2, 1927, in Mariátegui total, 1:326.
60. J. C. Mariátegui, “Crisis de maestros y crisis de ideas,” Claridad 1, no. 2: 3–4, in Maríategui total, 1:384.
61. Quoted in Terán, “Amauta,” 183–84.
62. J. C. Mariátegui, “Estudiantes y maestros,” Mundial, March 9, 1928, in Mariátegui total, 1:387.
63. Jorge Aguilar Mora, “Amauta o Vanguardia,” in La cultura de un siglo: América Latina en sus revistas, ed. Saúl Sosnowski (Madrid: Alianza Editoria, 1999).
64. Del Prado, Los años cumbres, 46.
65. Ibid., 176.
66. José Carlos Mariátegui, “El proceso de la literatura,” in Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana (Lima: Biblioteca Amauta, 1968 [1928]), 193.
67. Martín Bergel, “Tentativas sobre Mariátegui y la literatura mundial,” unpublished manuscript, 1.
68. José Carlos Mariátegui, “Presentación de ‘Amauta,’ ” Amauta 1 (September 1926): 1.
69. Sigmund Freud, “Resistencias al psicoanálisis,” Amauta 1 (September 1926): 11.
70. Mariátegui, “Israel y Occidente,” 4–5.
7: JEWISH AMERICANISM
71. Owing to the effects of guano and, later, nitrate mining booms, Peru was especially slow to industrialize compared to many other Latin American countries. The process began to take off in the 1890s, and industrialization grew at a decent clip of 4–5 percent yearly through the 1920s. See Aurora Gómez Garabatio and Graciela Márquez Colín, “Industrialization and Growth in Peru and Mexico, 1870–2010,” in The Spread of Modern Industry to the Periphery since 1871, ed. Kevin Hjortshoj O’Rourke and Jeffrey Gale Williamson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), 292–93.
72. Quoted in Terán, “Amauta,” 182.
73. Del Prado, Los años cumbres, 146.
74. José Carlos Maríategui to Sara Hubner, December 27, 1929, in Mariátegui total, vol. 2.
75. Mariátegui, “El proceso de la literatura,” 256.
76. Miguel Ben-Tzvi Adler, “Presentation,” Repertorio Hebreo 1, no.1 (April–May 1929): 1.
77. Ibid., 2.
78. Ibid.
79. Ibid.
80. Mariátegui, “Israel y Occidente,” 4.
81. Ibid., 5.
82. Ibid., 6.
83. Ibid., 7.
84. Samuel Glusberg to Miguel Adler, June 25, 1929, in Repertorio Hebreo 1, no. 3 (1929): 38–40.
85. In the Spanish original: “Americanistica y judaica, sionismo y americanismo han terminado en fundirse y armonizarse en mi íntimo pensar y sentir, hasta constituirse en ‘reductio ad unums.’”
86. Jorge C. Muelle, “Zamenhof y el idioma internacional,” Repertorio Hebreo 1, no. 2 (1929): 30.
87. Mariátegui, “Semitismo y anti-Semitismo,” in La escena contemporánea, in Mariátegui total, 1:1016.
88. Miguel Ben-Tzvi Adler, “Los judíos en la URSS,” Reportorio Hebreo 1, no. 2: 2.
89. Miguel Ben-Tzvi Adler, “Un estado judío en Palestina,” Repertorio Hebreo 1, no. 3 (1929): 2.
8: EXPULSION
90. Augusto Leguía, Yo tirano, yo ladrón (Lima: Talleres de la Editorial Ahora, 1931), 6.
91. “U.S. Mayor,” Time, December 7, 1925.
92. “Peru: ‘I…Eternal,” Time, May 5, 1930.
93. Pedro Cieza de León, The Discovery and Conquest of Peru, trans. Alexandra Parma Cook and Noble David Cook (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998 [1953]), 37.
94. Richard Halliburton, New Worlds to Conquer (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1929), 152.
95. Hans Otto Storm, Pity the Tyrant (New York: Longmans, Green, 1937).
96. Luis E. Valcárcel, Tempestad en los Andes (Lima, Peru: Populibros Peruanos, 1927), 19.
97. The episode is well narrated by Osmar Gonzales, “José Carlos Mariátegui y los judíos,” http://librosperuanos.com/autores/articulo/0000002166/Jose-Carlos-Mariategui-y-los-judios.
98. Quoted in Gonzales, La presencia judía, 3.
99. Correspondence between Mariátegui and Vallejo can be read at https://socialismoperuanoamauta.blogspot.de/2009/03/dos-cartas-de-mariategui-cesar-vallejo.html.
100. Quoted in Gonzales, La presencia judía, 8.
101. Carlos Aguirre, The Criminals of Lima and Their Worlds: The Prison Experience, 1850–1935 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005), 104–09.
102. Cited ibid., 106.
103. Cited ibid.
104. Alberto Flores Galindo, La agonía de Mariátegui: la polémica con el Komintern (Lima: Centro de Estudios y Promoción del Desarrollo, 1980), 68.
105. Del Prado, Los años cumbres, 93.
106. Mariátegui to Glusberg, November 21, 1929, in José Carlos Mariátegui, Correspondencia (1915–1930), vol. 2, ed. Antonio Melis (Lima: Biblioteca Amauta, 1984).
107. Mariátegui to Adler, July 13, 1929, collection of Manuel Adler.
108. Manuel Adler to Claudio Lomnitz, February 26, 2017.
109. Leguía, Yo tirano, 32.
Part Two: The Debacle
9: ADULTHOOD
110. Porfirio Díaz del Castillo, El Valle del Cauca, historia y realidades de sus municipios (Cali: Imprenta de Márquez, 1937), 194–95.
111. Miguel Adler to Paul Rivet, July 7, 1953, Correspondence of Paul Rivet, ZAP1C1A, Musée de L’Homme.
112. James Clifford, “On Ethnographic Surrealism,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 23, no. 14 (1981): 539–64.
113. Christine Laurière has written the standard work of reference on the life and work of Paul Rivet: Paul Rivet, le savant et le politique (Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle, 2008).
114. Laurière summarizes these events and their strong effect on Paul Rivet and the ethnologists of the Institut d’Ethnologie (ibid.. 487).
115. Curzio Malaparte, Kaputt, English trans. Cesare Foligno (Marlboro, UK: Marlboro Press, 1982), 39.
10: GENOCIDE
116. Naphtoli Rabinovici, Ich und mein Shtetele (Tel Aviv: private edition, 1965), ch. 12, translated for the author by Elisheva Shaul.
117. Ibid., ch. 13.
118. Ibid., ch. 18.
119. Ibid., ch. 25.
120. Jean Ancel, Transnistria, 1941–1942: The Romanian Mass Murder Campaigns, 3 vols. (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press, 2003), 17.
121. Ibid., 24.
122. Matatias Carp, The Black Book: The Sufferings of the Jews from Romania, 1940–1944, vol. 1: The Legionary Movement and the Rebellion, trans. Gerda Tanner (Bucharest: Socec & Co. S.A.R. Publishing, 1946), 8.
123. Ibid.
124. Ibid., 9.
125. Carp (The Black Book, 15) calculates the number of dead in the Nova Sulitza pogrom at around 800; the number 975 is from Pinkas HaKehilot, “ ‘Novoselitsa’ (Novoselytsya, Ukraine),” Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities in Romania (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1980), 2:7, and it is based on facts that were not available at the time of Carp’s meticulous treatise.
126. Rabinovici, Ich und mein Shtetele, ch. 44.
127. Carp, The Black Book, 16.
128. Ibid.
129. Malaparte, Kaputt, 144–45.
130. Josef Govrin, In the Shadow of Destruction: Recollections of Transnistria and Illegal Immigration to Eretz Israel, 1941–1947 (London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2007), 23.
131. Malaparte, Kaputt, 143.
132. HaKehilot, “Novoselitsa,” 7.
133. Manuel Adler to Claudio Lomnitz, September 29, 2016.
134. This account — minus the portions that tell directly about my family — comes from HaKehilot, “Novoselitsa,” whose source was one of Nova Sulitza’s deportees, who signs with the initials S.A.G.
135. Rabinovici, Ich und mein Shtetele, ch. 53.
136. Ibid., 8.
11: THE NATIONAL DISEASE
137. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York: Penguin Classics, 2006 [1963]), chs. 4–6.
138. Ibid., 252.
139. Ibid., 43.
140. Matei Calinescu, “Ionesco and Rhinoceros: Personal and Political Backgrounds,” East European Politics and Societies 9, no.3 (1995): 417.
141. A French translation was published in 1998, an English translation in 2001. See Mihail Sebastian, Journal, 1935–1944 (London: Pimlico, 2003).
142. Eugène Ionesco, Present Past, Past Present, trans. Helen R. Lane (New York: Grove Press, 1971), 78–79.
143. Sebastian, Journal, 370.
144. Ibid., 382.
145. Ibid., 385.
146. Mircea Eliade, The Portugal Journal (1941–1945), trans. Mac Linscott Ricketts (Albany: SUNY Press), 8.
147. Ibid., 9.
148. Ibid., 65.
149. Cristiano Grottanelli, “Fruitful Death: Mircea Eliade and Ernst Jünger on Human Sacrifice, 1937–1945,” Numen 52, no. 1 (2005): 119.
150. Mircea Eliade, Journal I, 1945–1955, trans. Mac Liscott Ricketts (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990 [1973]), entry for 11 October 1946.
151. Ionesco, Present Past, 116–18.
CODA: SHURA
152. Rita Grossman to Claudio Lomnitz, August 14, 2017.
153. Rabinovici, Ich und Mein Shtetele, chs. 57 and 58.
154. Ilana Shtar to Claudio Lomnitz, December 12, 2016.
Part Three: Colombian Refuge
12: FAMILY LIFE
155. J. M. Eguren, “María,” Repertorio Hebreo 1, no. 1 (April–May 1929): 8.
156. Gustavo Alvarez Gardeazábal to Claudio Lomnitz, June 16, 2017.
157. Lina María Leal Villamizar, Colombia frente al anti-Semitismo y la inmigración de judíos polacos y alemanes, 1933–1948, master’s thesis, History Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia (2011), 4.
158. Ibid., 5.
159. Ibid., 58.
160. “Nota editorial,” Nuestra Tribuna 4, no. 43 (1937): 1.
161. Quoted in Leal Villamizar, Colombia frente al antisemitismo, 25.
162. Ibid., 30.
163. Prefectura de Lima, Inspección de Investigación y Vigilancia, Mesa de Partes y Archivo, lib. D, fol. 1, núm. 19 (October 7, 1930).
164. Simón Guberek, “El problema de la educación entre nosotros,” trans. from the Yiddish by Miguel Adler. Nuestra Tribuna 4, no. 43 (1937): 26–28.
165. Ibid., 26.
166. Ibid., 27.
167. Ibid., 28.
168. Simón Guberek, A yid in Colombie (Buenos Aires, 1973), chapter “Los Idelmans,” trans. from Yiddish by Elisheva Shaul.
169. Senator Armando Solano, in Nuevo Mundo, December 1, 1938.
170. For the rich history of Jewish publishing in Buenos Aires, see Alejandro Dujovne, Una historia del libro judío: la cultura judía argentina a través de sus editores, libreros, traductores, imprentas y bibliotecas (Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 2014).
171. Manuel Adler to Claudio Lomnitz, June 20, 2017.
172. Guberek, “El problema de la educación,” 26.
13: THE NEED FOR A NEW WORLD
173. “Normas y propósitos,” Nuevo Mundo 1, no. 1 (April 1943): 1.
174. “Nuestra portada,” Nuevo Mundo 1, no. 1 (April 1943): 1.
175. Miguel Adler, “El destino del nuevo continente,” Nuevo Mundo 1, no. 1 (April 1943): 3.
176. Miguel Adler, “El caso de Agustín Tisoy,” Nuevo Mundo 1, no. 1 (April 1943): 57.
177. Agustín Tisoy, “Lo que me contó mi abuelita,” Nuevo Mundo 1, no. 1 (April 1943): 57.
14: THE LIMITS OF ADAPTATION
178. Larissa Adler to Claudio Lomnitz, February 6, 2016.
179. Alberto Flores Galindo, La agonía de Mariátegui: la polémica con el Komintern (Lima: Centro de Estudios y Promoción del Desarrollo, 1980), 194–97.
180. “Trotski reconoce la necesidad de una patria hebrea,” Nuestra Tribuna 4, no. 43 (April 1937): 35.
181. Lazar Jeifets and Víctor Jeifets to Claudio Lomnitz, August 29, 2017. See also Lazar Jeifets and Víctor Jeifets, “América latina en la Internacional Comunista, 1919–1943,” Diccionario biográfico (Santiago de Chile: Adriadna Ediciones, 2004).
182. Terry Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001).
183. Ibid., 9.
184. Diana Dumitru, The State, Anti-Semitism, and Collaboration in the Holocaust: The Borderlands of Romania and the Soviet Union (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 97.
185. See Marianne Hirsch and Leo Spitzer, Ghosts of Home: The Afterlife of Czernowitz in Jewish Memory (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010), 105.
186. Miguel Adler, “Los judíos en la URSS,” Repertorio Hebreo 1, no. 2 (June 1929): 2.
187. Dumitru, State, Anti-Semitism, and Collaboration, 95.
188. Ibid.., 57.
189. Ibid., 90–92.
190. Ibid., 181.
191. Robert Weinberg, Stalin’s Forgotten Zion: Birobidzhan and the Making of a Soviet Jewish Homeland: An Illustrated History, 1928–1996 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
192. Ibid., 67–71 and 82–85. See also Masha Gessen, Where the Jews Aren’t: The Sad and Absurd Story of Birobidzhan, Russia’s Jewish Autonomous Region (New York: Schocken, 2016).
193. M
iguel Ben-Tzvi Adler, “Grancolombia del mundo judío,” Grancolombia 1, no. 1 (July 25, 1947): 11.
194. Ibid.
195. Ibid., 3.
196. María Victoria Uribe to Claudio Lomnitz, August 14, 2017.
197. Adler, “Grancolombia del mundo judío,” 11.
198. Thomas Williford, Armando los Espíritus: Political Rhetoric in Colombia on the Eve of La Violencia, 1930–1945, PhD thesis, Department of History, Vanderbilt University (2005), 149 and passim.
199. Daría Betancourt Echeverry, “El 9 de abril en Cali y en el Valle,” www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/35700/1/36113-149818-1-PB.pdf.
200. Miguel Adler to Paul Rivet, July 7, 1953, Correspondance de Paul Rivet, 2A1C1A_Adler, Biblioteque Musée de l’Homme.
15: THE LIMITS OF TRANSLATION
201. Manuel Adler to Claudio Lomnitz, June 20, 2017.
202. Gustavo Alvarez Gardeazábal, Cóndores no entierran todos los días (Barcelona: Ediciones Destino, 1972), 57.
203. Ibid., 60.
204. Ibid., 135.
205. Manuel Adler to Claudio Lomnitz, June 20, 2017.
206. Gustavo Alvarez Gardeazábal to Claudio Lomnitz, June 19, 2017.
16: DIALECTIC OF SILENCE
207. Ilana Shtar to Claudio Lomnitz, August 15, 2017.
Part Four: National Liberation
208. Miguel Adler to Paul Rivet, July 7, 1953.
209. Bronislawa Aronsfrau Lomnitz, “Autobiographie,” unpublished ms., in English (c. 1963), Barbara Lomnitz Collection.
210. Ibid.
211. Cinna Lomnitz, “Mi vida,” unpublished ms. (1987), 100–01.
212. Ibid., 101.
213. Ibid.
214. Ibid.
215. Ibid.
216. Miguel Adler to Paul Rivet, July 7, 1953.
217. Victor Perlman to Claudio Lomnitz, August 9, 2017.