The Science of Interstellar
Page 27
Broderick, Avery, 281
Brown, Julian R., 287, 306
Caine, Michael, 12, 14, 213
Carroll, Sean, 277, 289, 305
Carter, Brandon, 84
Chastain, Jessica, 12, 14, 213
Chen, Yanbei, 147, 309
Cherry, Amy, 300
Choptuik, Matthew W., 227–229, 287, 305
Davies, P. C. W., 287, 306
Drasco, Steve, 72, 101
Drever, Ronald, 151
Druskin, Julia, 299
Duez, Mathew D., 306
Dyson, Freeman J., 118–120, 290, 306
Ehlinger, Ladd, 285, 306
Einstein, Albert, 27, 28, 35, 37, 42, 128, 129, 203, 204, 278, 283
Emerson, S., 294, 306
Escher, M. C., 271, 298
Evans, Charles R., 228
Everett, Allen, 132, 283, 289, 306
Feldman, Todd, 3
Feynman, Richard P., 278, 306
Flamm, Ludwig, 128–130
Ford, Kenneth, 287, 309
Forward, Robert, 119, 120, 210, 306
Foster, Jodie, 246
Foucart, Francois, 149, 306
Franklin, Paul, 10, 11, 31, 59, 76, 94, 139, 177, 182, 250, 252, 264, 280, 283, 288, 293, 299
Freeze, Katherine, 286, 306
Fuller, Robert, 129
Gamow, George, 289, 306
Gannon, Dennis, 131
Garfinkle, David, 231
Gezari, Suvi, 94
Ghez, Andrea, 51, 52, 279
Goldberg, Jordan, 299
Gonzalez, Gabriella, 153
Green, Michael, 187, 284
Greene, Brian, 278, 284, 306
Gregory, Ruth, 200, 285, 306
Grishchuk, Leonid, 155
Guillochon, James, 94, 280, 306
Guth, Alan, 277, 306
Halloran, Lia, 40, 41, 151, 230, 299
Hamilton, Andrew, 84, 288
Hartle, James, 278, 279, 284, 297, 306
Hathaway, Anne, 12–14, 178
Hawking, Stephen, 10, 51, 227, 229, 268, 269, 278, 279, 282, 289, 306, 307
Hebbeln, Dierk, 305
Hedges, John I., 293, 294, 304, 307
Heisenberg, Werner, 28
Holl, Pat, 299
Hoyle, Fred, 17
Huang, Leslie, 299
Ingersoll, Andrew P., 292, 305
Interrante, Mark, 133
Isaacson, Walter, 278, 307
Israel, Werner, 232, 233, 287, 308
James, Oliver, 10–12, 83–86, 96, 138–141, 143, 293, 299
Jemmison, Mae, 282
Jennerjahn, Tim, 305
Joy, Lisa, 10
Kaehler, Ralf, 280, 281
Kasen, Daniel, 93, 305
Keil, Richard G., 293, 294, 307
Kennefick, Daniel, 283, 307
Kerr, Roy, 51, 132
Khalatnikov, Isaac, 230, 231
Kidder, Lawrence E., 306
Kovac, John, 156
Koyama, Kazuya, 286, 307
Kremer, Ritchie, 171
Kuo, Chao-Lin, 156
L’Engle, Madeleine, 289, 307
Lazzarini, Albert, 153
Le Verrier, Urbain, 203, 285, 308
Leadbetter, Jared, 105, 106, 108, 110, 111
Lemonick, Michael, 282, 307
Levin, Janna, 84, 293, 307
Lewy, Eric, 299
Lifshitz, Eugene, 231
Lops, Joe, 299
Lynden-Bell, Donald, 90, 92, 93, 307
Maartens, Roy, 286, 307
Macbride, Catherine, 133
MacCormack, Ian, 302
Marolf, Donald, 233, 287, 307
Matthews, Keith, 212
McConaughey, Matthew, 12–14
McGehee, Robert, 302
McFeely, Drake, 300
McKinney, Jonathan C., 281, 307
McMullen, Chris, 285, 289, 307
Meier, David L., 280, 307
Merritt, David, 281, 307
Meyerowitz, Elliot, 105, 108–113, 281
Misner, Charles W., 307
Mlodinow, Leonard, 278, 306
Mohtadi, Mahyar, 305
Moore, Gordon, 10
Morris, Mark, 132
Murchikova, Elena, 212, 213
Nahin, Paul J., 289, 307
Newton, Isaac, 27, 28, 42, 43, 207
Nikbin, Amin, 302
Nichols, David, 41
Nolan, Christopher (Chris), vii, ix, x, 3, 4, 7–10, 14, 30, 59, 61, 63, 69, 70, 76, 83, 86, 94, 96, 97, 100, 105, 138, 139, 144, 146, 150, 151, 163, 166, 168, 169, 171, 182, 189, 193, 196, 213, 233, 242, 246, 247, 249, 250, 252, 253, 256–259, 262–265, 271, 274, 289, 294, 299; see also Index of Subjects: Nolan, Christopher
Nolan, Jonathan (Jonah), x, 3–5, 105, 150, 299
Novikov, Igor, 266
O’Neill, Gerard K., 290, 307
Obst, Lynda, x, 1–10, 13, 14, 105, 110, 130, 150, 277, 299
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 51
Ori, Amos, 233, 287, 307
Ortelius, Abraham, 28
Owen, Rob, 152
Oyelowo, David, 178
Paczynski, Bohdan, 295, 296, 307
Pais, Abraham, 278, 308
Panek, Richard, 286, 308
Pasquero, Claudia, 293, 305
Penrose, Roger, 91, 307, 308
Perez-Giz, Gabe, 293, 307
Perlmutter, Saul, 206
Perryman, Michael, 282
Pfeiffer, Harald, 155
Picasso, Pablo, x
Pineault, Serge, 85, 308
Poisson, Eric, 232, 287, 308
Pound, Robert (Bob), 36, 291
Preskill, John, 227–229
Press, William (Bill), 170, 171
Pryke, Clem, 156
Ramirez-Ruiz,Enrico, 93
Randall, Lisa, 195–198, 200, 269, 285, 308
Reasenberg, Robert, 38
Rebca, Glen, 36, 291
Rees, Martin, 277, 279, 280, 303, 308
Reiss, Adam, 206
Reitze, David, 153
Riazuelo, Alain, 78, 79, 84, 280
Rifkin, Don, 299
Roeder, Rob C, 85, 293, 308
Roman, Thomas, 132, 283, 289, 306
Rose, Carol, 299
Rosen, Nathan, 128
Roseveare, N. T., 285
Rosswog, Stephan, 93, 306
Rubakov, Valery, 200, 285, 306
Sagan, Carl, 1, 2, 130, 246, 266
Saroff, David, 175
Schmidt, Brian, 206
Schmidt, Maarten, 88, 89
Schrödinger, Erwin, 28
Schutz, Bernard, 278, 308
Schwarz, John, 187, 188, 284
Schwarzschild, Karl, 51, 279, 288
Shapiro, Irwin, 38
Sheehan, William, 285, 305
Sherman, Eric, 300
Shostak, Seth, 282, 308
Shreve, Jeff, 299, 300
Sibiryakov, Sergei, 200, 285, 306
Simon, Mel, 105, 108
Singh, P. Simon, 277, 308
Snyder, Hartland, 51
Soloway, Keara, 302
Spielberg, Arnold, 4
Spielberg, Steven, x, 3, 4, 7, 299
Stewart, Ian, 285, 308
Sundrum, Raman, 196, 197, 269, 285
Swanson, Erika, 178, 179
Tchekhovskoy, Alexander, 281, 307
Teo, Edward, 21, 279, 308
Teukolsky, Saul, 154, 171, 172, 284, 306
Thomas, Emma, x, 7, 13, 299
Thompson, Andy, 8, 299
Thorne, Kip, vii, x, 6
, 9, 47, 229, 278–280, 284, 287–289, 307, 308; see also Index of Subjects: Kip Thorne
Toomey, David, 289, 308
Vessot, Robert, 36
Vilenkin, Alex, 277, 309
Visser, Matt, 282, 309
von Tunzelmann, Eugénie, 10, 11, 85, 96–98, 140, 141, 143, 299
Waldseemuller, Martin, 28
Wasserburg, Gerald, 112
Weiss, Rainer, 151
Wheeler, John Archibald, 29, 57, 127, 129, 130, 134, 154, 224, 226, 227, 230, 287, 307, 309
Wiita, Paul, 295, 296, 307
Will, Clifford M., 36, 278, 286, 309
Winstein, Carolee, 2, 10, 300
Witten, Edward, 200, 285, 309
Yang, Huan, 171, 173, 284, 309
Yung, Yuk, 112
Yurtsever, Ulvi, 132
Zenginoglu, Anil, 309
Zhang, Fan, 309
Ziffren, Kenneth, 300
Zimmerman, Aaron, 171, 284, 309
Znajek, Roman, 91, 92
Zwicky, Fritz, 204, 205
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book.
You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
accretion disks around black holes, 92, 97, 98, 99
visually impressive to astronomers, 89
creation by black hole tearing apart a star, 93–94, 148–149, 280
how they work, 90–92
spin black holes up or down, 61
gravitational lensing of, 94–97, 96, 97
astrophysicists’ simulations of, 280–281
Gargantua’s disk, see Gargantua, Interstellar’s black hole
AIDS virus, 108
Andromeda galaxy, 19, 70
anomalies, see gravitational anomalies
Anti-deSitter (AdS) sandwich, 199–201, 199, 215, 219, 285; see also bulk
Anti-deSitter (AdS) warp of space, 196–201; see also bulk
Aurora Borealis, 24–25, 24
Bicep2, 156–157, 156
big-bang origin of our universe, 17–18, 29, 135, 155–157, 277
gravitational waves from, 155–157
black-hole flight simulator, Andrew Hamilton’s, 288
black holes:
introduced, 21–22
observational evidence for, 51–53
observed at the centers of galaxies, 19
observed at center of Milky Way galaxy, 51–53
observed at center of the Andromeda galaxy, 19–20, 70
number in our Milky Way galaxy, 53
how they are born, 22
properties predicted by Einstein’s relativistic laws, 51
all properties determined by mass and spin, 57
maximum possible spin rate, 59–62
made from warped spacetime, 22, 45–49
warping of space around, 45–49
slowing of time near, 35, 47–49; see also event horizon
whirl of space near, 48–50, 60–61, 77, 80–82, 91–92, 97, 149, 163–164, 175, 193, 247, 284, 295
circumference proportional to mass, 22
radius of black hole, defined, 59
appearance as seen from the bulk, 40–41, 46–49, 49
appearance as seen inside our universe—shadow and gravitational lensing, 12, 50–51, 50, 75–84, 75, 79, 81; see also Gargantua, Interstellar’s black hole; gravitational lensing by black holes
vibrations of, 170–173, 284
typical orbits around, 72, 101, 280
orbital navigation near, 71–72
zoom-whirl orbit, 121
tidal gravity of, 41–42, 44
tidal gravity tears apart stars, 148–149
environment near, is lethal, 100–102, 281
intermediate-mass black hole, see IMBH
small black hole spiraling into a large black hole, 186
collision and merger of two black holes, 151–152, 154–155, 151, 155
Schwarzschild and Kerr metrics for, 51
Paczynski-Wiita approximate description of black hole’s gravity, 296–297
some black-hole formulas, 292–293
references on, 279
see also accretion disks around black holes; critical orbit around a black hole; event horizon; Gargantua, Interstellar’s black hole; gravitational lensing by black holes; jets from black holes; singularities inside black holes
blackboards, Professor Brand’s, 14, 32, 33, 192, 201, 212–213, 220, 221, 274, 286, 295–296
Blandford-Znajek effect, 91–92
blight in crops:
nature of blight, 109–110
specialist vs. generalist, 110–111
Interstellar’s blight:
burning blighted corn, 31
possibility of occurrence, 31–32, 105–106, 109–111, 281
branes:
our universe as a brane in a higher-dimensional bulk, 32, 187–188
predicted by superstring theory, 187–188, 227
used to visualize the warping of space, 37–41
humans, and all known nongravitational particles and fields, confined to our brane, 49–50, 192–193
gravitational field lines bent parallel to our brane, see bulk, confining gravity in
confining branes, 199–201, 285
instability of confining branes: danger of brane collision and destruction of our universe, 219
see also bulk; fifth dimension; Professor Brand’s equation; tesseract
bulk:
descriptions of, 32
used to depict warping of space in our universe, 37–41, 39, 40, 46–49, 46, 47, 48, 49, 62, 128, 129, 131, 135, 139, 141, 142, 155, 186
existence is an educated guess, 32–33
evidence for existence from superstring theory, 186–188, 284
number of dimensions in the bulk, 187–188
confining gravity in, 194–199
problem of, 194–195
solution: curled-up dimensions, 195–196
solution: the Anti-deSitter warp, 196–201
for Interstellar: the Anti-deSitter sandwich and layer, 199–200
buckling instability of the sandwich, 200–201, 219, 219
Einstein’s relativistic laws in the bulk, 32, 224–225, 271
determined by the quantum gravity laws, 225
see also branes; bulk beings; bulk fields in Interstellar; fifth dimension; tesseract; time travel, with a bulk
bulk beings (hypothetical), 189–193, 190, 191, 193
motivated by Abbott’s Flatland, 190–193, 285
their physical nature—made of bulk fields, 192–193
appearance when they pass through our brane, 190–192
gravity, space warp, and space whirl due to, 192–193, 193
in Interstellar, 137, 193, 218, 247, 259, 261, 271
bulk fields in Interstellar:
defined and described, 215–216
tidal gravity and gravitational anomalies due to, 215, 215
Professor Brand’s suspicion that bulk fields control strength of gravity, 217, 286
may hold Interstellar’s wormhole open, 218
may protect our brane from collision with confining branes, 219
embodied in Professor Brand’s equation, 220–222, 295–296
see also Professor Brand’s equation
carbon cycle, 281–282
Cassini space mission (NASA), 72–74
centrifugal forces:
and angular momentum, 101
protect objects from fall
ing into black holes, 67, 101
and stability of orbits, 162, 162, 241–242, 241
and the critical orbit (volcano’s rim), 121, 239–242, 244–245
near a spinning black hole: influence of space whirl, 164
confining gravity in the bulk, see bulk
critical orbit around a black hole, 60, 62–64, 121–122, 239–245, 247, 249
volcano analogy, 239–241, 239, 241, 296–297
explanation in terms of gravitational energy, centrifugal energy, and radial kinetic energy, 240–241
explanation in terms of centrifugal and gravitational forces, 241–242, 241
instability of critical orbit, 242
zoom-whirl orbit, relies on critical orbit, 121–122, 121
black-hole binary for interstellar travel uses critical orbit, 121–122, 121
in Interstellar:
Cooper navigates onto, 237–238, 238
Endurance’s near catastrophe on, 242–243
ejection of TARS and Cooper into Gargantua from, 242–244, 243
Endurance launch toward Edmunds’ planet from, 244–245, 244, 245
disks, see accretion disks
Disney movie The Black Hole, 50, 250
Double Negative visual effects, 10, 31, 50, 75, 81, 83, 85, 96, 97, 98, 138, 139, 144, 145, 171, 288, 293
dynamical friction, 70
Earth:
place in universe, Milky Way, and solar system, 19, 21, 21, 71
mapping of by explorers, 27–28, 28
magnetic field of, 23–24, 24
Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights), 24–25, 24
gravitational force lines of, 26, 26
gravitational force varies from location to location, 216–217, 217
tidal gravity due to varying density of Earth’s crust, 209–211
tides on Earth’s oceans, 42–43, 42, 43
tidal bores, 166, 167
tsunamis, 166, 167
slowing of time on Earth, 35–37, 36, 224
motion of stars on Earth’s sky, 81
global warming, 108
algae blooms, 108–109
Earth’s atmosphere, 110–114, 293–294
oxygen cycle, 281
carbon cycle, 281–282
ocean overturns, 293–294
in Interstellar:
possible catastrophes to create “Cooper’s world,” 105–111
blight, see blight in crops
gravitational anomalies, see gravitational anomalies on Earth
reducing Earth’s gravity so as to lift colonies off Earth, 274–275
Einstein ring, 79, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 145, 157
electric fields, 25, 92
Endurance:
movie set of, 9, 13–14
images of:
inside the Endurance’s control module, 9