by Marcia Coyle
Vermont campaign finance opinion of, 211
as willing to compromise, 94–95
Broken Promises (film), 206
Brose, Kathleen, 28, 32, 35, 37–38, 40, 41, 48, 51, 54, 63, 77, 85, 87, 98, 102, 118
Brown, Floyd, 200, 201
Brown, Mary, 285
Brown, Scott, 286
Browne, Sharon, 63, 64, 78
Seattle lawsuit and, 49, 52, 87–89
Brown v. Board of Education, 2, 29–30, 34, 43–44, 78, 86, 101, 109, 111, 112, 165, 168, 332
Roberts’s alleged distortion of, 113–15
Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association, 325–26, 382
Bryan, William Jennings, 208
Buckley, James, 209
Buckley v. Valeo, 203, 209–12, 259, 270–71, 274, 275, 276
Burger, Warren, 14, 44, 45
on Second Amendment, 124, 147
Burger Court, 50
Bakke decision of, 57–58
Bellotti decision of, 259
Buckley v. Valeo decision of, 209–12
desegregation rulings by, 43–46
Burton, Dan, 201
Bush, George W., 202, 241
Alito nominated by, 25, 70–71
judicial nominees of, 212
Miers nominated by, 18
Roberts nominated by, 20, 60
in 2000 election, 218
in 2004 election, 202
warrantless wiretapping authorized by, 68–69, 71
Bush, Jeb, 88
Bush (G.H.W.) administration, Roberts in, 19, 21, 23
Bush (G.W.) administration, 364n
detainee policies of, 73, 82–83, 151, 175, 182–84, 220, 237
Federalist Society and, 50
Michigan affirmative action cases and, 90
military commissions of, 73, 82–83, 151, 237, 376
preemption and, 311
Second Amendment interpretation of, 126–27, 129, 137–38, 152, 153, 154, 156
Bush v. Gore, 6, 7, 20, 50, 90, 199, 226, 267, 268, 299, 320, 332, 352
Byrd, Robert, 71
California:
Proposition 8 in, 132, 226, 268, 320, 366n
Proposition 209 in, 49–50
California, University of, at Davis, 57
California Civil Rights Initiative Campaign, 49
campaign finance, 199–278
Arizona Free Enterprise Club case and, 327–28, 382
Austin case and, 204, 224, 227, 228, 249, 251, 252
Buckley v. Valeo and, 209–12, 259
Caperton case and, 229–31
Davis case and, 186, 216–17, 218
First Amendment and, 186–87, 200
functional equivalency test in, 212, 213, 219, 228, 229, 234
issue ads and, 203, 212–13, 215, 217
McCain-Feingold Act as attempt to regulate, 203, 378
McConnell case and, 204, 210, 212, 213, 214, 224, 226, 227, 231, 249, 252
Montana case and, 274–75, 334, 346
Roberts test for, 213, 217, 224
soft money and, 273
special interest money in, 203
Super PACs and, 275–77
Taft-Hartley Act and, 209
Tillman Act and, 207–9
Vermont case and, 211–12, 218
see also Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission; Wisconsin Right to Life (WRTL) case
Caperton, Hugh, 230
Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co., 229–31, 271, 379
Kennedy’s opinion in, 244–45
Roberts’s dissent in, 244
Carhart case, 97, 106–7, 215, 376
Carter, Robert, 114, 115
Carvin, Michael, 117–18
Affordable Care brief of, 340
in Affordable Care cases, 338, 340
in Affordable Care oral arguments, 343–44
Casey, Lee:
in Affordable Care cases, 284–86, 288
Wall Street Journal op-ed column of, 283
Cato Institute, 128, 129, 142, 179, 229
Ceballos, Richard, 269
Celsius 41.11 (film), 205–6
Center for Equal Opportunity, 77, 87
Center for Individual Rights, 56
Center for Political Accountability, 229
Center for Public Integrity, 217
cert pool, 74
Chafee, Lincoln, 70
Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting, 381
Cheney, Dick, 20
Heller amicus brief joined by, 155–56, 161
Second Amendment interpretation of, 154, 156
Chicago handgun case, see McDonald v. City of Chicago
Chief Justice, opinion assignments by, 180–81
child labor, 290
Christian Legal Society v. Martinez, 302
Citizens for Voluntary Integration Committee, 35
Citizens United, 199, 216, 225, 277
board of, 201–2
budget of, 202
corporate electioneering restrictions and, 227–28
disclosure requirements and, 227–28
in FEC complaint against Fahrenheit 9/11 ads, 202–3, 204–5
FEC lawsuit of, see Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
lobbying arm of, 202
movies produced by, 205–6
PAC of, 202
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 98, 108, 187, 220, 224–28, 245, 300, 316, 380
amicus briefs in, 229
Austin case and, 270–71, 272
book-banning issue in, 235, 236, 250
Bopp replaced by Olson in, 225–26
Bossie and Boos’s search for legal team for, 207
consequences of, 273–78
D.C. Appeals Court ruling on, 219
facial constitutionality and, 226–27
functional equivalency test and, 219, 228, 229, 234
in Kagan confirmation hearings, 304, 306
Kennedy and, 245
Kennedy’s draft opinion in, 251, 252
Kennedy’s opinion in, 270–72, 277
McConnell case and, 270–71, 274
Montana campaign finance case and, 334, 346
as narrowly framed, 224
oral arguments in, 233–36, 250–51
PACs and, 271–72, 275–76
precedent and, 272, 273
public reaction to, 273–74, 277–78
Roberts’s concurring opinion in, 272
Scalia on meaning of, 274, 275
Scalia’s concurring opinion in, 272
solicitor general’s brief in, 228–29
Souter’s draft dissent in, 251, 252
Stevens dissent in, 270, 271, 272–73
Supreme Court case as goal of, 207, 277
Thomas’s concurring opinion in, 272
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, reargument of, 78–79, 248–52, 256–58
Abrams in, 260–61, 263–64
Alito in, 264
amicus briefs in, 258
Austin case and, 249, 252, 258, 261, 262–65, 269
book-banning issue in, 262, 265
Ginsburg in, 262–63, 265
Kagan in, 257–58, 262, 264–65
McConnell case and, 249, 252, 260–61, 269
Olson in, 256–57, 260, 262–65
Roberts in, 264
Scalia in, 264–65
Sotomayor in, 263–64
Waxman in, 265
Civil Rights Act (1866), 136
Civil Rights Act (1964), 291
Civil War, U.S., 136
Clean Air Act (1970), 106, 307, 324, 376
Clean Water Act (1972), 83, 307, 345, 364n
Clegg, Roger, 77–78
and Seattle-Louisville cases, 87
Clement, Paul, 90–91, 187
Affordable Care brief of, 340
in Affordable Care cases, 320, 334, 337–38, 340
in Affordable Care oral arguments, 343–44
background of, 337
Helle
r brief of, 152, 153–56
in Heller oral arguments, 173, 174, 178, 320
in McDonald case, 337–38
in Seattle-Louisville case, 92, 99, 100, 320
Clinton, Bill, 158, 167, 200, 282
Clinton, Hillary:
health care reform and, 283
2008 presidential campaign of, 200, 206, 227–28
Whitewater and, 201
Clinton administration:
Kagan in, 305
Second Amendment interpretation of, 125–26
Coburn, Thomas, 304, 305
Coleman, Gregory, 241–42
commerce clause, 165–66, 331
activity-inactivity distinction in, 287, 288, 305, 331, 333, 334, 348, 350
Affordable Care cases and, 3, 283, 287, 322, 332–33, 336, 339, 344, 347–48, 349, 350, 354
Gibbons and, 289–90
Lopez and, 292, 293
Madison on, 288–89
Morrison and, 292, 293
NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin and, 290–91
Raich and, 292–93
Supreme Court rulings on, 288–94
Thomas’s view of, 289
Wickard and, 291
compelling interest, 58, 63, 88
racial diversity as, 30, 57–58, 59, 64, 90–91, 93, 100–101, 109, 110, 116
strict scrutiny and, 111, 153
Comstock case, 293–94, 380
Affordable Care cases and, 294, 339
confrontation clause, 8, 15–16, 221–22
Congress, U.S., 83, 380
partisan warfare in, 341
regulation of economic activity by, see commerce clause
taxation powers of, 283, 287, 296, 321, 340, 342, 344, 347–48, 349, 350, 351, 383
Congressional Budget Office, 284
Connerly, Ward, 36, 49
Conrad, Kent, 71
Conrad, Robin, 316
consistent rate of agreement, 4
Constitution, U.S., 6
Article I of, 3
as color-blind, 8, 110, 112, 115–16
commerce clause of, see commerce clause
confrontation clause of, 8, 15–16, 221–22
due process clause of, 125, 136, 166, 231, 297–98, 379
establishment clause of, 165, 215, 328–29, 364n, 377
as living document, see pragmatism
necessary and proper clause of, 289, 293–94, 380
original meaning of, see originalism
range of language in, 9
Supreme Court standards in cases on, 152–53
suspension clause of, 151, 182–84, 378
Constitutional Accountability Center, 307–8
Controlled Substances Act, 292, 293
Cooper, Charles, 132
Cornhusker kickback amendment, 282–83, 344
corporations and unions:
and consequences of Citizens United ruling, 274–77
electioneering restrictions on, 203–4, 209, 215, 219, 251, 261–65, 270–73
First Amendment rights of, 263–64, 273, 380
PACs of, 203, 204, 209
Crawford, Michael, 15–16
Crawford v. Washington, 15–16, 221–22
crossing of political lines, 8–9
Crow, Harlan, 341
cruel and unusual punishment, 73, 165, 184–86
Cruz, Ted, 170
Cuccinelli, Ken, 282, 318–19
Davis, Jack, 186, 216
Davis v. Federal Election Commission, 216–17, 218, 378
Alito’s opinion in, 186, 216–17
death penalty, 83, 376
Atkins v. Virginia and, 184
Kennedy v. Louisiana and, 184–86, 378
Roper v. Simmons and, 184
Stevens and, 298, 367n-68n
Decision Points (Bush), 20
Defense of Marriage Act, 91, 320
DeLay, Tom, 80
Delery, Stuart, 336
Dellinger, Walter, 71, 148, 152
Affordable Care Act and, 287–88
on aggressiveness of Roberts Court, 194
background of, 158
case load of, 158–59
Heller amicus briefs and, 162
in Heller oral arguments, 159, 160, 173, 174, 175–78, 179
on likely Heller outcome, 171–72
on Miller case, 173
Depression, Great, 290
Deran, Dick, 48, 51
Detainee Treatment Act (2005), 83, 182
discrimination:
disparate impact, 238–39, 246, 247, 379
gender, 323–24
job, 313, 345, 364n, 377, 379–80, 381
racial, see racial balancing; racial discrimination; racial diversity
District of Columbia, see Washington, D.C.
District of Columbia Court of Appeals:
Citizens United ruling of, 219
Parker suit sustained by, 140–41, 173
Second Amendment interpretation of, 140–41
Seegars case dismissed by, 139–40
District of Columbia v. Heller, see Heller case
Doe v. Reed, 301, 381
Douglas, William O., 352
due process clause, 125, 136, 166, 231, 297–98, 379
Durbin, Richard, 66–67
economic activity, regulation of, see commerce clause
Education Department, U.S., 92
Eighth Amendment, 108, 378, 380, 383
cruel and unusual punishment in, 73, 165, 184–86
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 45
elections, U.S.:
of 1896, 208
of 1904, 208
of 1992, 200
of 2000, 20, 199, 218
of 2004, 202, 204, 205, 212
of 2008, 199, 200, 206, 227–28
of 2010, 332
Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, 285, 331
Emerson, Timothy, 125, 127
Emerson case, 125–27, 129, 137
Endangered Species Act, 364n
Engle, David, 30–32, 36
English Bill of Rights, 182
English common law, 16
habeas corpus in, 182
environmentalism, 267
Environmental Protection Agency, 84, 364n, 376
regulation of greenhouse gas emissions by, 106
Epstein, Lee, 315
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 107, 125, 364n, 377
equal protection clause, 3, 54, 56, 59, 63, 65, 80, 100, 112, 113, 114, 115, 136, 168, 187, 238, 247
Erica P. John Fund v. Halliburton, 310
establishment clause, 165, 215, 328–29, 364n, 377
Estrada, Miguel, 159, 320
exclusionary rule, 68, 73, 79, 266
executive branch:
partisan politics and, 341
powers of, 68–69, 83
Exxon Valdez oil spill, 159
facial constitutionality, 213–14, 226–27
Fahrenheit 9/11 (film), 202–5
Farm Bankruptcy Act (1934), 290
Farr, H. Bartow, 339
“faux judicial restraint,” 214, 215
Federal Arbitration Act, 315
Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, 312
Federal Election Campaign Act (1971; amended 1974), 205, 209, 210
Federal Election Commission (FEC), 200, 209, 250, 258, 272
Citizens United Fahrenheit 9/11 complaint to, 202–3, 204–5
Citizens United lawsuit against, see Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
Roberts test and, 217
WRTL case and, 212–16
Federal Election Commission v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life, 259
Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, see Wisconsin Right to Life (WRTL) case
Federalist Society, 50–51, 128, 154
Feingold, Russell, 69, 203, 212, 229, 261, 265
Fenty, Anthony, 134, 138, 143
in Parker appeal, 144, 146–47, 148
Fifteenth Amendment, 240, 242, 2
48
Fifth Amendment, 222
see also due process clause
Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, 125–27, 137
Filburn, Roscoe, 291, 292
firefighters, racial discrimination and, 238–40, 241, 246, 255
First Amendment, 3, 10, 73, 108, 165–66
association rights in, 174–75, 213
Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association and, 325–26, 382
Buckley v. Valeo and, 209–12
campaign finance and, 186–87, 200
Citizens United and, see Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
corporations and, 263–64, 273, 380
Davis case and, 186, 216–17, 218, 378
establishment clause of, see establishment clause
Iqbal case and, 222
Kennedy’s views on, 268–69
McConnell case and, 213, 214
and money-equals-speech controversy, 210, 211–12
petition right in, 213
Roberts Court cases on, 300–301, 324–27, 377, 380, 381, 382, 383
Snyder v. Phelps and, 325–26, 382
Sorrell v. IMS Health and, 326–27, 382
Vermont campaign finance case and, 211–12, 218
WRTL case and, see Wisconsin Right to Life (WRTL) case
First Circuit Court of Appeals, 63
Fisher, Abigail, 4
Fisher v. University of Texas, 4
501(c)(4) entities, 276
Florida, Affordable Care lawsuit of, see Affordable Care cases
Ford, Gerald, 298
Fourteenth Amendment, 3, 113, 292, 376
due process clause of, see due process clause
equal protection clause of, see equal protection clause
privileges and immunities clause of, 166
Fourth Amendment, 345
exclusionary rule of, 68, 73, 79, 266
Framers:
commerce clause and, 288–89
English law and, 177
habeas corpus and, 182
importance of militia for, 176, 180
original intent of, see originalism
see also Constitution, U.S.
Franken, Al, 306–7
Frankfurter, Felix, 24, 351, 352, 354–55, 356
Franklin High School (Seattle), 32, 39, 77
freedom of association, 174–75, 213
freedom of speech, see First Amendment
Freeman v. Pitts, 46
Fried, Charles, 288
Friendly, Henry, 24, 354–55, 356
From Jim Crow to Civil Rights (Klarman), 46
Frost, Robert, 249
Fuller, Melvin, 1
functional equivalency test, 212, 213, 219, 228, 229, 234
Garcetti v. Ceballos, 73, 269, 375–76
Garfield High School (Seattle), 34
Garner, Bryan, 163
Garre, Gregory, 153, 228, 320
in Citizens United case, 225
Gaziano, Todd, 287
gender discrimination lawsuits, 323–24
Geneva Conventions, 82, 151, 376
Gershengorn, Ira, 295, 336
Gibbons v. Ogden, 289–90, 305