Putin's Kleptocracy_Who Owns Russia?
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banks, 9, 31–32, 55, 185, 258, 340
Barankevich, Anatoliy, 345
Baranov, Anatoliy, 345
Barents Sea, 285
Barron’s, 331
Barsukov, Mikhayl, 152
Barsukov, Vladimir (Vladimir Kumarin), 73, 79, 98, 127, 165, 177, 178
Petersburg Fuel Company (PTK) and, 141–42, 143–44
St. Petersburg Real Estate Holding Co. and, 132, 134–37
Twentieth Trust and, 151
Basayev, Shamil, 200–201, 204, 207, 218, 220
Bashkortostan, 243, 246, 248
Bastrykin, Aleksandr, 91, 195n, 320
Baturina, Yelena, 241
BBC, 332
bearer shares, 301n
Belarus, 14, 343, 344
Belgium, 151
Belgorod, 238
Belkovskiy, Stanislav, 6, 113, 115, 127n, 194
Belton, Catherine, 135
Belyayev, Aleksandr, 106, 108–9, 160
Berezovskiy, Boris, 31, 65n, 122n, 133, 146, 154, 156, 170, 183, 184, 186–88, 191, 192, 194, 197–200, 206, 207, 210–11, 225–26, 235, 242, 263–64, 273, 275, 277–80, 290–92, 294, 312, 323
Abramovich and, 278–79, 280, 289–92
Federation Council and, 271
Kursk submarine disaster and, 289
Putin’s meetings with, 204–5
resignation of, 273
Berger, Mikhayl, 274
Beria, Lavrentiy, 24
Berliner Zeitung, 40
Berlin Wall, 43, 45, 47, 50, 51, 53, 63
Berlusconi, Silvio, 6, 141, 306, 307
Berlusputin, 306
Beryozka, 199
Beslan hostage crisis, 60n
bespredel, 3
Beyrle, John, 12
Bezrukov, Sergey, 59
Bikfin, 66n, 67
billionaires, 37, 101, 103, 321
birth rates, 313
Bivens, Matt, 150
Black Sea, 344
Blomgren, Jan, 192
Blowing Up Russia, 259n
Blumenfeld, Mark, 216
BMW, 75
BND (Bundesnachrichtendienst), the German Federal Intelligence Agency, 41, 42, 48, 132, 134, 137–38, 140
Bobkov, Filipp, 23, 24–25, 45, 45n
Böhm, Horst, 46, 51
Boldyrev, Yuriy, 118–19, 121, 124, 174–75
Bolloev, Taimuraz, 306n
Bolotnaya demonstrations, 91, 317
Bolshakov, Aleksey, 167
bombings, 122n, 208–9, 211, 285
FSB and, 212–23, 259, 262
Ryazan, 208, 212–23, 259–62
Bonehill, Christopher, 279
Bonini, Carlo, 28, 61
Bonner, Yelena, 73
Bordyuzha, Nikolay, 184–85, 188, 191–92
Borisova, Yevgeniya, 249
Borodin, Pavel, 165–70, 173, 188, 291n, 294
connection with Putin and board memberships of, 338
Borovik, Artyom, 217, 260
Borovoy, Konstantin, 219–20, 226n
BP (British Petroleum), 326, 342
Brazil, 1
Brezhnev, Leonid, 28, 29, 49, 236n
bribery, 1, 12, 17, 19, 83, 152, 199, 294, 316, 322
Putin and, 65n, 125, 154, 294
BRICs, 1, 37
Brighton Beach, 309, 309
British Petroleum (BP), 326, 342
British Virgin Islands, 155, 156, 299, 302, 330
Brovtsev, Vadim, 346
Browder, William, 93, 240n, 284, 326–27
Brudno, Mikhayl, 25
Brutents, Karen, 24n
Bulgakov, Mikhayl, 298n
Bush, George W., 311n
at G8 meeting, 6
at Slovenia summit, 5
Bychkov, Yevgeniy, 20
Bykov, Anatoliy, 263, 264n
Cadolto, 304n
California Institute of Technology, 245
Cameron, David, 13, 326
Canada, 321
capital flight, 1, 15–33, 35, 333, 342
capitalism, 52–53, 264, 335
crony, 265, 296
Capone, Al, 17
Carlos the Jackal, 49n
Carnegie Foundation, 246
Castro, Fidel, 23
Catherine the Great, 318
Caucasus, 190–91, 194, 202–3, 211, 246, 285
Cayman Islands, 330
CEC (Central Electoral Commission), 227, 228–29, 230–31, 240, 241, 243–44, 248–49, 250
Center for Journalism in Extreme Situations, 277
Center for Strategic Research, 264
Central Bank of Russia, 31–32, 188, 325
Central Bank of the State of the Soviet Union, 23
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union,18, 49
Central Electoral Commission (CEC), 227, 228–29, 230–31, 240, 241, 243–44, 248–49, 250
CESID, Spain’s Superior Center for Defense Information, 205
CFER, see Committee for Foreign Liaison
Chechnya, Chechens, 5, 14, 38, 60n, 190, 192, 197–200, 197n, 206–10, 227, 238, 257, 258, 260, 261, 270, 271–72, 308, 311, 313, 323
bombings and, 122n, 190, 193, 207–9, 211, 212–13, 262
First Chechen War, 190, 192, 209, 218, 260, 270
presidential elections and, 243, 271
Second Chechen War, 210, 225, 232
Cheka, 29, 52, 54
Chekism, 29, 35, 61, 183
Chemezov, Sergey, 52, 54, 56, 57–58, 58n, 59, 71, 101, 169, 174, 183, 348
connection with Putin, board memberships, and net worth or compensation of, 338
Cherkesov, Viktor, 71, 72–73, 183, 270, 334
Chernenko, Konstantin, 28
Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 20, 167, 185, 206, 281
Chiesa, Giulietto, 192–93
Chile, 33
China, 1, 34, 314, 331
Chirac, Jacques, 175–76
Chisinau, 347n
Christ the Savior Cathedral, 295
Chubays, Anatoliy, 165–67, 178n, 181, 197, 199, 201, 202, 263, 264, 265, 278, 323
Churov, Vladimir, 90–91
CIA, 6, 17–18, 21n, 22n, 27, 32, 51
civil liberties, 320
Clinton, Bill, 175, 210
Coca-Cola, 82
Colombian drug cartels, 135, 136
Commerzbank, 154–55
Committee for Foreign Liaison (KVS; Committee of Foreign Economic Relations, or External Relations; CFER), 58
Putin as head of, 19–20, 48, 64, 65n, 66, 76, 80–84, 89, 90, 94, 105, 109–10, 112, 114, 116–19, 123, 124, 127–29, 133, 134, 145, 158–60, 164, 174, 187, 279, 296, 326, 330
Common Cause, 226n
Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF), 226, 227, 230–32, 251, 270
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 63, 84, 236n
Central Committee, 21–24
and coup against Gorbachev, 18
disbanding of, 16, 30, 31, 64, 65, 166, 169
KGB and, 9
money and, 16, 18, 21–25, 27, 31, 32, 35, 59
Property Management Department, 26
seizure of property of, 27n, 169, 172
Constitution, 2, 234, 236, 237n, 238, 270, 323
cooperatives, 31
corporatism, 334
corruption, 335
bribery, 1, 12, 17, 19, 83, 152, 199, 294, 316, 322
international community and, 340–48
iron triangle, 328
Putin and, 65n, 125, 154, 294
society and economy and, 313–25
Council for the Development of Civil Society and Human Rights, 319–20
Council of Europe, 341–43
coup of August 1991, 16, 18, 19n, 24, 26, 29, 30, 31, 33, 59, 61, 74, 76, 81, 107, 166
CPRF (Communist Party of the Russian Federation), 226, 227, 230–32, 251, 270
CPSU, see Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Credit Suisse, 37
Crimea, 1, 64, 70, 318–19, 331, 340, 341, 347
&
nbsp; criminal justice system, 317
criminal organizations, 13–15, 26, 30–31, 37, 38–39, 63, 67–68, 69, 82, 98, 136, 142, 144, 146, 157–58, 160, 187
KGB and, 158
Malyshev, 127, 128, 130, 142
Perm, 127
Petersburg Fuel Company (PTK) and, 141–45
in St. Petersburg, 82, 83, 106, 128–32, 206, 257, 346
St. Petersburg Real Estate Holding Company and, 140
siloviki and, 79
Tambov criminal organization, 13, 67, 69, 70, 73, 79, 105, 106, 127, 128, 134, 135, 165, 178
Cyprus, 330
Czechoslovakia, 22, 43, 44, 45, 258
Dagestan, 200–201, 204, 207, 221, 313
presidential elections in, 243, 244, 246, 248, 249
Dahlgren, Lennart, 11
d’Avanzo, Giuseppe, 28, 61
Davies, Hugh, 13
death rates, 313–14
Del Ponte, Carla, 170–71, 170n, 188, 189
democracy, 6–9, 11, 160, 236–37, 264, 272, 320, 334, 343
Putin’s plan to undermine, 224
Democratic Choice of Russia, 226n
Denmark, 1
Deripaska, Oleg, 72, 207, 263–64
Derkach, Leonid, 138–39, 328–29
derzhava, derzhavnost’, Russia as a Great Power, 3, 222, 233, 234, 267
Deutsche Bank, 49n
Deych, Mark, 26n
Diestel, Peter-Michael, 49n
Directorate for Combating the Activities of Organized Crime Groups (URPO), 182–83
diseases, 314
Dmitriev, Mikhayl, 165n
Dobrodeyev, Oleg, 286
domestic violence, 314
Domnin, Aleksey, 159–60
Donau Bank, 32
Dorenko, Sergey, 227
Drachevskiy, Leonid, 270
Dresden, 46, 51, 53, 56, 60
KGB building in, 47, 63
Putin in, 39, 40, 42–43, 49n, 51–53, 56–58, 59, 60, 82, 117, 337
Dresdner Bank, 53–55, 154n, 331
Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein (DrKW), 55n
Drozdov, Yuriy, 21n, 34, 42, 59, 60, 61
Dryakhlov, V. A., 153n
Dubrovka theater, see Nord-Ost hostage crisis
Duma, 2, 3, 20, 33, 64, 69, 83, 163, 185–86, 191–93, 199, 202, 203, 206, 209, 210, 270–71, 272, 305, 310, 312, 318, 333, 337, 343
Berezovskiy’s resignation from, 273
bombings and, 215–19
elections of 1999, 224, 225–32, 238, 240, 242, 243–44
Finance Committee, 14
Kremlin and, 270
Narusova in, 176, 177
Putin’s speech before, 202–3
Sobchak and, 196n–97n
Yel’tsin impeachment proceedings in, 185, 191, 192, 194
Dumovskiy, Aleksey, 322–23
Dunlop, John, 200, 201, 204
Dutch disease, 322
D’yachenko, Leonid, 210
D’yachenko, Tat’yana (Yel’tsin’s daughter), 170, 184, 185–86, 188, 189, 192, 235, 271
Dzhikop (Jikop), 116–17, 121
Early, Pete, 308
East Germany (German Democratic Republic; GDR), 22, 34, 40, 43, 47–49, 49n, 51, 53
KGB and, 44–46, 48, 49, 51, 59
Ministry of Foreign Trade, 50
Putin in, 40, 42, 46, 51, 57, 59, 62, 82
E. C. Experts Ltd., 135
Economist, 100, 112–13
economy, 264, 272, 278, 337
corruption and, 313–25
financial crisis of 1998, 185
financial crisis of 2008, 303, 332
planned vs. market, 34
Putin’s policy for, 264–65
education, 315, 317
Effective Policy Foundation, 236
Ekho Moskvy, 216, 219, 256–57, 286
Election Observation Mission (EOM), 228–29
elections, 3, 272
Duma, of 1999, 224, 225–32, 238, 240, 242, 243–44
presidential elections of 2000, 224, 235–37
balloting and, 243
fraud and, 243–50
media and, 242–43
Putin’s campaign in, 266
Putin’s use of state resources and, 241–42
Putin’s victory in, 3, 9, 10, 237–51
presidential elections of 2012, 3
EM&PS, 299
employment, 319, 321
energy, 344–45
gas industry, 234, 282, 299, 310–11, 314, 318, 322, 323, 328, 335, 344, 345, 347
Gazprom, see Gazprom
ITERA, 58n, 240, 284
Surgutneftegaz, 6, 127n
oil industry, 2, 8, 15–16, 33, 68, 110, 113, 114, 234, 282, 310–11, 314, 318, 321–23, 335, 344
Gunvor, 6, 68, 111–16
Kirishinefteorgsintez refinery (Kinef), 68, 111, 113, 114
Rosneft, 55n, 56, 112, 165, 282n, 324, 325, 332, 337, 344
Statoil, 325n
Yukos, 5–6, 55, 78, 101, 112, 285, 324, 326, 332
Ergen, 67, 68
Eural Trans Gaz, 284–85
Euro-Finanz, 135
Europe, 341–43
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 342
European Convention for Human Rights, 275n
European Court for Human Rights, 275n
European Union (EU), 340, 342, 344, 346, 348
Evans, John, 168
Evdokimov, Andrey, 153n, 159n
eXile, 171
Exxon, 326, 330
Faer, Varvara, 306
Falin, Valentin, 24n
Fatherland (Otechestvo) Party, 191, 193
Fatherland-All Russia (Otechestvo-Vsya Rossiya; OVR), 193–94, 195, 199, 203, 206, 210, 225–32, 270
FBI, 20, 328
Federal Agency of Government Communications and Information (Federal’noye Agentstvo Pravitel’stvennoy Svyazi i Informatsii; FAPSI), 19n, 254
Federal Assembly, 258n
Putin’s first address to, 272, 275
Federal Counter-Intelligence Service (Federal’naya Sluzhba Kontrrazvedki; FSK), 19n
Federal Narcotics Control Service, 334
Federal Protective Service (Federal’naya Sluzhba Okhrany; FSO), 19n
Federal Security Service (Federal’naya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti; FSB), 5, 12, 19n, 29, 60n, 61, 72, 73, 100, 126, 128, 153, 182, 198, 199, 211, 235, 258, 282, 287, 346
bombings and, 212–23, 259, 262
Caucasus and, 194
Directorate for Combating the Activities of Organized Crime Groups, 182–83
Litvinenko and, 13, 183, 187
mafia and, 14–15
presidential elections and, 244
Putin as director of, 18, 19n, 35, 60n, 71, 85, 146, 159, 182–90, 194, 206, 223, 312
Putin’s elimination of agencies in, 183
Reform of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation and, 253, 254, 273, 324
Federal Service for Currency and Export Control, 227
Federal State Unitary Enterprise, 131
Federation Council, 2, 188, 238, 271, 272, 305
Federation Fund, 131
Fedorov, Boris, 171n
Fedotov, Mikhayl, 319
Felshtinskiy, Yuriy, 179, 216
feudalism, 335, 337
Figaro, 218
Filco, 65n
Filina, Eleonora, 259
Filippova, G. A., 153n
FIMACO, 188
Finance, 101
Financial Action Task Force (FATF), 161
financial crisis of 1998, 185
financial crisis of 2008, 303, 332
Financial Management Company Ltd. (FIMACO), 32
Financial Times, 92, 114–15, 116, 156, 298, 299, 301
Finland, 28, 65n, 104–5, 146, 147n, 150, 151, 189
Fintsel, 83
First Chechen War, 190, 192, 209, 218, 260, 270
1st Guards Tank Army Museum, 54
First National Holdings, 155, 157
First Person (Putin)
, 66, 68–69, 71, 122–23, 126, 161, 165–66, 174, 176, 194, 235, 251–52, 257
Firtash, Dmitriy, 328
Fish, Steven, 245–46
Fond 89, 22n
food scandal, St. Petersburg, 68, 84–85, 98, 106–25, 257, 293, 306
Forbes Russia, 2, 22, 90, 93, 100, 101, 117, 119n, 302n, 303n, 314–15
Forbes.ru, 116
Foreign Intelligence Service (Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki; SVR), 19, 186, 308
Förster, Andreas, 40
Forward Limited, 68
Franco, Francisco, 170n
Frankfurt, 133
freedom, 320
Freedom House, 320
Fridman, Mikhayl, 156
Fuel Investment Company, 67, 68
Fund for Effective Politics, 286
Furman, Dmitriy, 262
Fursenko, Andrey, 65, 66n, 67, 94, 95, 98–99, 119
connection with Putin and board memberships of, 338
Fursenko, Sergey, 65, 66n, 67, 95, 98, 306n, 333
connection with Putin and board memberships of, 338
Fursin, Ivan, 328
G7 countries, 37
G8 meeting, 6
Gaddy, Clifford, 36, 74, 84n, 94, 162, 164, 166
Gaidar, Yegor, 18, 106, 108, 114, 117–18, 226n, 264
Galaktika, 26–27
Galmond, Jeffrey, 154–55, 156–57
gambling, 106, 126–32
Ganev, Venelin, 342
gangsters, 38, 61
Ganzakombank, 337n
gas industry, 234, 282, 299, 310–11, 314, 318, 322, 323, 328, 335, 344, 345, 347
Gazprom, see Gazprom
ITERA, 58n, 240, 284
Surgutneftegaz, 6, 127n
gay rights, 318
Gazeta.ru, 86, 349
Gazprom, 6, 66, 70, 85, 88, 93, 98, 119, 127n, 239–40, 274, 282n, 302n, 303n, 324–25, 332, 344, 345
Browder and, 93, 240n, 284, 326–27
Eural Trans Gaz, 284–85
Gazprombank, 32
Gazprom Export, 32
Gazprom Schweiz AG, 56
Gazprom Transgaz Sankt-Peterburg, 98
ITERA and, 284
Medvedev and, 281–85
Miller and, 281, 282, 284, 285
Novatek and, 329
Putin and, 6, 66, 70, 88, 93, 119, 239–40, 280–85, 326–31
RosUkrEnergo and, 327, 328, 329
SOGAZ, 70, 283
Yel’tsin and, 281
Generation P, 236
Georgia, 6, 291n, 343, 344, 345–46
Gergiev, Valeriy, 333n
German Red Army Faction, 10
Germany, 104, 147, 151, 157, 168
Petersburg Real Estate Holding Company and, 133–35, 138, 140, 141
Germany, East (German Democratic Republic; GDR), 22, 34, 40, 43, 47–49, 49n, 51, 53
KGB and, 44–46, 48, 49, 51, 59
Ministry of Foreign Trade, 50
Putin in, 40, 42, 46, 51, 57, 59, 62, 82
Germany, West, 34, 51, 53
Putin in, 40–42, 42n–43n
Gessen, Masha, 10, 49, 59–60, 107, 108, 180, 204, 209, 211, 257, 315