The Chief

by David Nasaw

46. Richard L. McCormick, “A Reappraisal of the Origins of Progressivism,” in The Party Period and Public Policy (New York: Oxford U. P., 1986), 327.

  47. Kevin Starr, Inventing the Dream (New York: Oxford U.P., 1985), 199–200; R. Hal Williams, The Democratic Party and California Politics, 1880–1896 (Stanford: Stanford U.P., 1973), 206.

  48. William Deverell, Railroad Crossing (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 132.

  49. Mark D. Hirsch, “Richard Croker,” in Essays in the History of New York City, ed. Irwin Yellowitz (Port Washington: Kennikat, 1978), 101–27; David C. Hammack, Power and Society (New York: Columbia U.P., 1987), 159–72.

  50. WRH-JC, n.d., JCp.

  51. WRH-JC, May 10,1898, JCp.

  7. “How Do You Like the Journal’s War?”

  1. SFE, August 13, September 20,1895, March 1, 1896, in Ian Mugridge, The View from Xanadu (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s U.P., 1995), 8–9.

  2. NYJ, December 7, 1896.

  3. WRH, ITN, July 1,1940; Joyce Milton, The Yellow Kids: Foreign Correspondents in the Heyday of Yellow Journalism (New York: Harper & Row, 1989), 140; Arthur Lubow, The Reporter Who Would Be King: A Biography of Richard Harding Davis (New York: Scribner’s, 1992), 137–38.

  4. Lubow, 142.

  5. James Creelman, On the Great Highway: The Wanderings and Adventures of a Special Correspondent (Boston: Lothrop, 1901), 177–78.

  6. London Times, November 4,1907,5.

  7. Milton, 160.

  8. Creelman, 179–81; Willis Abbott, Watching the World Go By (Boston: Little, Brown, 1933), 215; WRH-Mrs. McKinley, August 22,1897, WMp.

  9. TT, August 26,1897,13.

  10. NYJ, October 12,1897,1; Cora Older, William Randolph Hearst, American (New York: Appleton-Century, 1936), 164–80; Wilbur Cross, “The Perils of Evangelina,” American Heritage 19 (1968), 36–39,104–7; Creelman, 258–59.

  11. John Offner, An Unwanted War: The Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895–1898 (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 117; Abbott, 217–18; Walter LaFeber, The New Empire (Ithaca: Cornell U.P., 1963), 347.

  12. WRH, ITN, July 1,1940,1.

  13. G. J. A. O’Toole, The Spanish War (New York: Norton, 1984), 127.

  14. WRH-JC, February 19, 23,1898, JCp; William A. Swanberg, Citizen Hearst (New York: Scribner’s, 1961), 137–45.

  15. TT, April 7,1898,12.

  16. John Stevens, Sensationalism and the New York Press (New York: Columbia U.P., 1991), 97.

  17. Offner, 229–30; Walter LaFeber, The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations. Vol II: The American Search for Opportunity (New York: Cambridge U.P., 1993), 140.

  18. Charles Musser, The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907 (New York: Scribner’s, 1990), 241.

  19. Musser, 247; New York Clipper, April 30,1898,153.

  20. Milton, 164–65; Charles Michelson, The Ghost Talks (New York: G. P. Putnam’s, 1944), 90.

  21. Abbott, 141.

  22. TT, April 28,1898,13; May 19,1898, 9; May 26,1898,1.

  23. Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880–1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 191.

  24. NYJ, June lo, 1898, 2, 3.

  25. EC-PAH, June 9, 1898, PAHp.

  26. WRH-JC, May 26, 1898, JCp; Creelman, 188–9l.

  27. NYW, June 8, 1898; NYT, June lo, 1898; NYJ, June 10, 1.

  28. M. F. Tighe-Creelman, n.d. [l898], JC; John C Hemment, Cannon and Camera (New York: n.p., 1898), 17l-72; WRH, ITN, July l, 1940, l-2.

  29. G. W. Bitzer, Billy Bitzer: His Story (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1973), 36.

  30. TT, June 23, 1898, 8; Charles Johnson Post, The Little War of Private Post (Boston: Little, Brown, 196o), 162.

  31. WRH-PAH, [l898],PAHp.

  32. Post, 162–63.

  33. Milton, 332–33; Creelman, 2ll-12; Hemment, 148–50, 17l-72.

  34. WRH, ITN, July 2, 1940, l; Hemment, 224–25.

  35. NYT, July 7, 1898, 6.

  36. JC-WRH, July 5, 1898, JCp.

  37. WRH-n.p., n.d. [l898], JCp.

  38. WRH-PAH, July 19, 1898, PAHp.

  8. Representing the People

  1. WRH-JC, July 25, JCp.

  2. WRH-PAH, n.d. [l898 or 1899], box 2, WRH82.

  3. TT, October 6, 1898,9; November 3, 1898, 12; William A. Swanberg, Pulitzer (New York: Scribner’s, 1967), 223–24, 253; “Memorandum for Pulitzer,” October 20, 1898, box 2, JPp.

  4. JP-Merrill, August 29, 1898, box 2, JPp.

  5. Ben Procter, William Randolph Hearst: The Early Years (New York: Oxford U.P., 1998), 132–34.

  6. OP-PAH, n.d. [circa 1898], PAHp.

  7. John Milton Cooper, Jr., The Warrior and the Priest (Cambridge: Harvard U.P., 1983), 13–14; NYJ, January l, 1897, in Swanberg, 102.

  8. WRH-PAH, n.d. [1898 or 1899], box 2, WRH82.

  9. NYJ, September 22, October 12, 13, 15, 28, 1898.

  10. WRH-PAH, August 29,1899, box 2, WRH82.

  11. “Memo for Mr. Pulitzer on a ‘Journal’ Threat Conveyed by Los,” December 19, 1898, box 2, JPp.

  12. David Nasaw, Children of the City (New York: Oxford U.P., 1985), 167–77.

  13. Procter, 144–46.

  14. NYJ, February 5, March 19, June 25,1899.

  15. Procter, 148.

  16. TT, June 7,1900,12.

  17. PAH-OP, May 3,1899, Peck.

  18. OP-PAH, [1899], in Judith Robinson, The Hearsts (New York: Avon, 1992), 326.

  19. George Willson, clipping film, BRTC; WRH-PAH, March 17,1900, in Procter, 152.

  20. WRH-WJB, May 19,1900, box 24, WJBp.

  21. John Cooney, The Annenbergs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982), 32–33; Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism, third edition (New York: Macmillan, 1962), 540.

  22. M. R. Werner, Bryan (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1929), 126–29; Abbot to WJB, May 29,1900; JC-WJB, June 2,1900, box 24, WJBp.

  23. WRH-JC, June 30,1900, JCp.

  24. WRH-WJB, July 5–6, box 24, WJBp.

  25. Frederick Opper, Willie and His Papa and the Rest of the Family (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1901), Kilroe.

  26. JC-WJB, June 2,1900, box 24, WJBp; Louis W. Koenig, Bryan: A Political Biography of William Jennings Bryan (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1971), 335–36; Werner, 128–29; Ihmsen-WJB, July 24,1900, box 24, WJBp.

  27. NYT, August 10,1900,3; WRH-R. E. Burke, September 12,1900, Hearst file, CHS.

  28. WRH-BS, Philadelphia, September 26,1900, JCp.

  29. WRH-JC, October 8,1900, JCp.

  30. Paolo E. Coletta, William Jennings Bryan. Vol. 1: Political Evangelist, 1860–1908 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1964), 316–18.

  31. EP, June 29,1901,1–2.

  32. Ambrose Bierce, “A Thumbnail Sketch,” in Collected Works (1912: republished 1966, Gordian Press), vol. 12, 305; NYJ, April 10,1901; Oliver Carlson, Brisbane (New York: Stackpole Sons, 1937), 128–29.

  33. Bierce, 308–10; James Creelman, “The Real Mr. Hearst,” Pearson’s, September 1906, 264.

  34. Cora Older, William Randolph Hearst, American (New York: Appleton-Century, 1936), 238.

  35. New-Yorker, September 26,1901,5.

  36. TR-HCL, September 9, 1901, Series 2, TRp.

  37. WRH-PAH, September 10,1901, PAHp.

  38. Ian Gordon, Comic Strips and Consumer Culture, 1890–1945 (Washington: Smithsonian, 1998), 93; Victor Rosewater, History of Cooperative News-Gathering in the United States (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1930), 256–58, 357; Richard Schwarzlose, The Nations Newsworkers, vol. 2 (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1990), 229–30.

  39. Wheeler, 19, 22.

  40. ASO-WRH, March 25,1902, ASOp.

  41. Michael Schudson, Discovering the News (New York: Basic, 1978), 106–20.

  42. WRH-PAH, n.d. [1902], PAHp.

  43. New-Yorker, October 8,1902, 3–4; EP, October 11,1902, 4.

  44. New-Yorker, October 8,
1902, 3–4.

  45. Anthony-PAH, June 20,1898, PAHp.

  46. New-Yorker, October 29,1902, 7.

  47. NYEJ, October 27, 5; October 28, 3; NYS, October 28,1902, 3; NYT, October 28, 1902, 1.

  48. NYEJ, November 3,1902.

  49. Moses Rischin, The Promised City: New York’s Jews, 1870–1914 (New York: Harper & Row, 1970), 229.

  50. NYEJ, November 6, 1902, 16.

  51. NYT, November 5, 1902, 1.

  52. Adela Rogers St. Johns, The Honeycomb (Garden City: Doubleday, 1969), 131–32.

  53. New-Yorker, May 6,1903,5.

  54. WRH-PAH, April 20 [1903], box 1, WRH87.

  55. WRH-PAH, April 28,1903, box 1, WRH87.

  56. WRH-PAH, May, 1903, PAHp.

  57. WRH-PAH, n.d., box 1,WRH87.

  58. WRH-PAH, May 5,1903; MH-PAH, May 5,1903, box 1, WRH87.

  59. WRH-PAH, n.d., box 1,WRH87.

  60. PAH-Janet Peck, March, 1904, in Robinson, 344–45.

  9. “Candidate of a Class”

  1. Frederick Palmer, “Hearst and Hearstism,” part 3, Collier’s, October 6,1902, n.p.

  2. James Murray Allison, “The Men Who Make Presidents,” Leslie’s, June 1904,126.

  3. TT, February 19,1903,12.

  4. TT, July 16,1903,15; TR-Henry Clay Payne, July 16,1903, in The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, vol. 3, ed. Elting E. Morrison (Cambridge: Harvard U.P., 1951), 518.

  5. EP, August 29,1903, 8.

  6. EP, August 29, 8; September 5,1903, 7; NYEJ, September 12, 5; September 16, 7; September 18,7; September 23, 6; September 24,1903, 4.

  7. H. S. Barnard, “Congressional Trip by Special Train Through the South-Western Territories in the Interest of Statehood...,” Huntington Library, San Marino, California.

  8. NYEJ, October 20, 1903, 4.

  9. CDT, January 19,1904,1,6; NYH, January 19,1904, 5.

  10. Cora Older, William Randolph Hearst, American (New York: Appleton-Century, 1936), 5.

  11. Ambrose Bierce, “A Thumbnail Sketch,” in Collected Works (1912: republished 1966, Gordian Press), vol. 12,310–11; TT, August 22,1901,11.

  12. Harper’s Weekly, March 5,1904, 344; Anne W. Lane and Louise H. Wall, eds., The Letters of Franklin K. Lane (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1922), 45; CDT, February 8,1904.

  13. SFS, February 27,1904, 2.

  14. Regsford Jangsby, “The Message from Bill,” SFS, March 27,1904,5.

  15. SFNL, April 2,1904,33; April 9,1904,1; May 14,1904,1.

  16. NYEP, March 1, 1904, 5.

  17. Moses Koenigsberg, King News: An Autobiography (Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1941), 277; Oswald Garrison Villard, Fighting Years: Memoirs of a Liberal Editor (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), 166.

  18. Forum, April, 1904, 292–93.

  19. Lincoln Steffens, “Hearst, the Man of Mystery,” American Magazine, November 1906,14–15.

  20. Walter Wellman, cited in “Mr. Hearst No Longer a Joke,” Current Literature, May 1904, 495; NYT, April 8,1904,9.

  21. NYT, April 8,1904,9; Louis Brownlow, A Passion for Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955), 395.

  22. NYT, April 8,1904, 9.

  23. NYT, April 1,1904, 8.

  24. NYE, April 7,1904; Susan E. Tifft and Alex S. Jones, The Trust (New York: Little, Brown, 1999), 71–72; NYT, April 8,1904.

  25. CDT, April 18,1904, 4.

  26. CDT, April 24,1904,1; Harper’s Weekly, May 21,1904, 780.

  27. NYT, NYA, July 9, 1904.

  28. WRH-PAH, n.d. [1904?],box 1,WRH87.

  29. MH-PAH, [summer of 1904], PAHp.

  30. MH-PAH, August 16,1904, PAHp.

  31. WRH-PAH, n.d., carton 1, WRH87.

  32. “The Talk about a New Party,” Current Literature, January 1905,10–11.

  10. “A Force to Be Reckoned With”

  1. WRH-PAH, n.d. [Mexico City, 1905?], box 1, WRH87.

  2. Roy Everett Littlefield, William Randolph Hearst: His Role in American Progressivism (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1980), 128; Congressional Record Index, 58th Congress, Sessions 1–3,1903–5, xxxvii-xxxviii.

  3. Frederick Palmer, “Hearst and Hearstism,” Collier’s, September 22,1906, n.p.

  4. NYA, February 9, 1905.

  5. Congressional Record-House, February 10,1905, 2479–81.

  6. Kevin Starr, Material Dreams (New York: Oxford U.P., 1990), 53–54; Lloyd Wendt and Herman Kogan, Bosses in Lusty Chicago (Bloomington: Indiana U.P., 1967), 243–51; Walton Bean, Boss Ruef’s San Francisco (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967), 132–35.

  7. Nat Ferber, I Found Out (New York: Dial, 1939), 40–42, 62–63.

  8. NYEJ, February 6, 1905.

  9. WRH-Utassy, n.d., in Cora Older, William Randolph Hearst, American (New York: Appleton-Century, 1936), 257–58.

  10. Matthew Schneirov, The Dream of a New Social Order (New York: Columbia U.P., 1994), 230–31, John Tebbel and Mary Ellen Zuckerman, The Magazine in America (New York: Oxford U.P., 1991), 117.

  11. David Hammack, Power and Society (New York: Columbia U.P., 1987), 65.

  12. WRH-PAH, [early 1905], box 1, WRH87.

  13. TT, June 11,1904,18; WRH-PAH, [early 1905], box 1, WRH87.

  14. PAH-OP, February 9,1905, April 16,1905; PAH-Janet Peck, April 16,1905, May 23, 1905, n.d. [Sunday], August 7,1905; PAH-Mrs. Peck, n.d., box 15; ephemera box, Peck.

  15. Elizabeth Hawes, New York, New York (New York: Knopf, 1993), 159–61.

  16. Apartment Houses of the Metropolis (New York: G. C. Hesselgren, 1908), 40–41.

  17. William Randolph Hearst, Jr., with Jack Casserly, The Hearsts: Father and Son (Niwot, Col.: Roberts Rinehart, 1991), 237; MH-PAH, September 22,1905, PAHp.

  18. NYT, October 13, 1905, 1–2.

  19. NYW, October 31, 1905, 3.

  20. Socialist Party, “What Are You Going to Do with Your Vote?”; “An Appeal to the Workingmen!”; n.a., “The Hearst Ticket,” in Socialist Party (US) NYC 1905 folder, Tamiment Library, New York University.

  21. NYDT, November 2, 1905, 6; Literary Digest, November 18, 1905, 729–30.

  22. NYT, November 2, 1905, 1; NYW, November 2, 1905, 3.

  23. NYW, October 31,1905,1.

  24. NYT, October 12,1905,8; November 3,1905, 8; TT, October 19,1905,11; November 2, 1905, 12–13.

  25. NYH, November 5,1905, 2.

  26. NYW, November 6, 1905, 6; NYT, November 6, 1905, 1.

  27. Independent, November 16, 1905, 1177.

  28. Literary Digest, November 18,1905, 729.

  29. NYT, November 8,1905, 8.

  30. Irwin Yellowitz, Labor and the Progressive Movement in New York State (Ithaca: Cornell U.P., 1965), 198–201; Thomas M. Henderson, Tammany and the New Immigrants (New York: Arno, 1976), 100, 106–7, 111; NYT, November 8, 1905, 2; NYW, November 9,1905, 2; George B. McClellan, Jr., The Gentleman and the Tiger: The Autobiography of George B. McClellan, Jr., ed. Harold Syrett (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1956), 226.

  31. Current Literature, December, 1905, 581; Harper's Weekly, November 18, 1905, 1656.

  32. William Riordan, Plunkitt of Tammany Hall (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1963), 17; Moses Rischin, The Promised City: New York ’s Jews, 1870–1914 (New York: Harper & Row, 1970), 229.

  33. Independent, November 16,1905,1178; Nancy Joan Weiss, Charles Francis Murphy, 1858–1924: Respectability and Responsibility in Tammany Politics (Northampton, Mass.: Smith College, 1968), 41–42; John D. Buenker, Urban Liberalism and Progressive Reform (New York: Norton, 1973), 37.

  11. Man of Mystery

  1. WRH-AB, December 1,1905; Roy Everett Littlefield, William Randolph Hearst: His Role in American Progressivism (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1980), 197–98.

  2. Ben Procter, William Randolph Hearst: The Early Years, 1863–1910 (New York: Oxford U.P., 1998), 211–13; Ihmsen-Stokes, December 7,1905, February 9,1906, box 19, JSp; EC-PAH, February 19,1906, PAHp.

  3. MH-PAH, March 10,1906, PAHp.

  4. Cora Older, William Randolph Hears
t, American (New York: Appleton-Century, 1936), 292.

  5. Memorandum for the Secretary, April 20,1906; WRH-Taft, April 20,1906, Series 3, WHTp.

  6. Congressional Record Index, 59th Congress, 448; Older, 292–94.

  7. EC-PAH, two letters, April 28,1906, PAHp.

  8. WRH-PAH, n.d., box 1,WRH87.

  9. PAH-Mrs. Peck, n.d., Peck.

  10. MH-PAH, July 30,1906, PAHp.

  11. MH-PAH, October 10,1906, PAHp.

  12. Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature for 1906, 1014; Lincoln Steffens, The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1931), 536, 539; Lincoln Steffens, “William Randolph Hearst: The Man of Mystery,” American Magazine, November 1906, 3.

  13. Steffens, American Magazine, 20.

  14. James Creelman, “The Real Mr. Hearst,” Pearson ’s, September 1906, 263.

  15. Upton Sinclair, The Industrial Republic (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1907), 199200.

  16. TR-HCL, September 27,1905, series 2, vol. 67, TRp; Robert F. Wesser, Charles Evans Hughes, Politics and Reform in New York, 1905–1910 (Ithaca: Cornell U.P., 1967), 61, 64–69.

  17. TR-HCL, September 27, 1905, series 2, vol. 67, TRp.

  18. TR-HCL, October 2, 1906, series 2, vol. 67, TRp.

  19. TR-Sherman, TR-Charles Sprague Smith, October 3,1906, series 2, vol. 67, TRp.

  20. TR-CEH, October 4,1906; TR-Woodruff, October 5,1906; TR-Straus, October 9, 1906; Straus-TR, October 25,1906, Series 1, TRp; Independent, November 1,1906, 1062–63.

  21. NYT, October 18, 1906, 3.

  22. NYT, October 10, 1906, l.

  23. NYT, October 16,5; October 30, 3; November 16,1906,5.

  24. Outlook, October 20, 1906, 383–84.

  25. Steffens, Autobiography, 539.

  26. TR-Strachey, October 25,1906, series 2, vol. 68, TRp.

  27. TR-CEH, October 5, 1906, series 2, vol. 67, TRp.

  28. Outlook, October 20, 1906, 400; Bookman 24, December 1906, 3l5.

  29. WRH-PAH, n.d., in Older, 302.

  30. Merlo J. Pusey, Charles Evans Hughes, vol. 1 (New York: Columbia U.P., 1951), 178–80; NYS, November 2,1906, 2.

  31. Older, 3l3-14.

  32. Current Literature, December 1906, 594.