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Acknowledgements
Of the many, many people who have provided help, information and support over the years has taken to create this book, I’d particularly like to thank David Beaumont & family; Ints Birzkops; Juliet Brightmore; Rita Britton; Prof. Don Brothwell; Dr. Stephen Buckley; Christine Carruthers; Julie and Adam Chalkley; Prof. Matthew Collins; Dr. Vanessa Corby; James Stevens Cox; Sian Edwards Davies; Dr. David Depraetere; Dr. David Dixon; Nicola Doherty; Mel Dyke; Elaine Edgar; Prof. Earl Ertman; Ceryl Evans; Janice Eyres; Prof. Mahmoud Ezzamel; Vanessa Fell; Alan Fildes and family; Michael Fletcher; Dr. Diane France; Pam and Barry Gidney; Marilyn Griffiths; Lynn & Barry Harper; Dr. Bernard Hephrun; Andrea Hirst-Gee; Kerry Hood; Dr. David Howard; Teresa Hull; Duncan James; Dr. Paula James; Nicola and Michael Jamieson; Dr John Kane; Prof. Barry Kemp; Mary Kershaw; Dr. Sandra Knudsen; Leight Kroeger; Rupert Lancaster; Shirley Lancaster; Duncan Lees; Jackie Ligo; Mark Lucas; Sarah Lucas; Joan Allgrove McDowell; Joan McMahon; Prof. Herwig Maehler; David Moss; Gillian Mosely; Richard Nelson; Prof. Terry O’Connor; Geoffrey Oates; Delia Pemberton; Michael and Jane Pickering; Jan Picton; Rod Poole; Tim Radford; Magdy el-Rashidy; Dr. Howard Reid; Annie Roddam; Carol Rowbotham; Filippo Salamone; Dr. Kip Sambu; Julia Samson; Emma Sargeant; Dr. Nick Saunders; Dr. Otto Schaden; Ian Scorah; Gillian Scott; Phyl and Gordon Semley; Ali Hassan Sheba and family; Bryan Sitch; Alastair Smith; Penny Smith; Alex Tapia; Angela Thomas; Jean Thompson; ‘Tracey’; David and Carole Walker; Alison Walster; Ros Watson; Rowena Webb; Dr. Andy Wilson; Bob Wilson — but most of all, Garry and Susan, Kate, Stephen, Eleanor and Django!
Note on Spellings
In the spelling of names, the original Greek-style ‘Kleopatra’ was amended to the more familiar spelling ‘Cleopatra’, although Eurydice is Eurydike, Calfisthenes is Kalfisthenes, Cassander is Kassandros and Berenice is Berenike etc. Alongside the familiar name Julius Caesar, Mark Antony is referred to as Marcus Antonius and Pompey as Pompeius.
Index
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Abedju (Abydos) 137-9
Abu Simbel 15
Abusir 29
Achillas 92, 97, 98, 118-19, 172
Achilles 22, 26, 212
Acoreus 115, 117-18
Acre 154
Acropolis, the 45, 77, 230, 284
Ada, Queen 26
Aegae 21, 24-5, 39 Aegyptiaca (Hekataios) 17
Aeneas, Prince 97, 112
Aeschylus 81
Africa 170, 172, 174, 225, 230, 256, 271
see also North
Africa Agathoklea 52
Agathokles 52, 55
Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius 255, 271, 273, 277, 290, 297, 331
Ahenobarbus, Gnaeus Domitius 281, 282, 288-9, 296
Ahhotep 14, 138
Akhenaten 83, 91, 136, 138, 257
Akhmim 136-7
Aktion (Actium) 287, 290, 295, 296, 327
Alban Hills 77, 126 alchemy, in relation to Egyptian rites 130-1
Alemona 155
Alexander IV 38, 40, 151
Alexander Helios 257, 263-4, 273, 275-6, 280, 296, 306-7, 333, 335
Alexander the Great 3, 65, 105, 108, 199, 275, 311, 332, 334, 341
Alexandria
Cleopatra’s time in with Caesar 101-22, 129, 135, 153-4
during Cleopatra and Antonius’ years together 248-72, 274, 279, 286-9, 296, 299-302, 305-11, 312, 321-4, 328, 3302, 340
during Cleopatra’s early years 2-5, 11, 12-13,
during time of Alexander and early Ptolemies 33, 40, 41-2, 46-9, 50, 51, 55, 58, 61-2, 65-8, 74-6, 79-82, 84-6, 145
during time of Caesar 92, 93, 94, 95, 98-9, 156, 158, 163-4, 180, 182, 184, 186, 194, 201, 202, 206, 214, 216-17, 220-1, 227, 228, 235-8
Alexas 280
Amarna 14, 104, 136
Amarna Period 83-4, 136
Amasis 16, 18
Ambracia, Bay of 287
Amenemhat III 134
Amenhotep (Egyptian sage) 144
Amenhotep III 14, 143
Amenophis 5
Amensis 82
Amimetobioi, the 244
Ammonius 195 amulets 93, 140, 149, 157-8, 163, 168, 259, 303-4, 324
Amun
Amun-Ra 89, 162, 218-19
associated with Alexander and Successors 31, 34, 37, 39, 43, 49, 82-3, 144, 145, 258
associated with Cleopatra 86, 162
cult of 14, 33, 83-4, 88-9, 90-1, 247
Amyntas (ruler of Galatia) 262
Amyntas III 21
Ananias (Jewish general) 64
Anaxagoras 17
Anchoes 132
Anemho II 50, 51
Ankhkheperura (Acencheres) 83
Antigonas 38, 40
Anti-Macedonian League 24
Antioch 3, 59, 62, 94, 254, 260, 262, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268, 273, 339, 340
Antiochos III 53, 55, 56
Antiochos IV 57-8, 59, 243
Antiochus VIII (Grypus) 62-3, 64, 65, 79, 256
Antiochus IX 63, 64, 65
Antiochus X 65
Antipatros (general) 26, 27, 38, 40, 42
Antipatros (minister of Hyrcanus II) 120, 154, 231
Antirrhodos, island of 244, 299
Antistius 209, 210
Antonia (daughter/s of Marcus Antonius) 226, 260, 261, 263, 264, 323, 333
Antonius, Gaius (brother of Marcus Antonius) 223, 227, 229
Antonius, Iullus 255, 263, 331, 333
Antonius, Lucius 231, 254, 255
Antonius, Marcus
alliance with Octavian 223, 225-6, 228-9, 230-1, 255-6, 258
meeting and relationship with Cleopatra 1, 79-80, 235-6, 237, 240-5, 246, 248, 24950, 250-1, 252, 253, 258-9, 263-7
in relation to Caesar 94, 96, 165, 185, 196-7, 203, 205-6, 207-8, 209, 211-13
rivalry with Octavian 221-3, 223-5, 231, 254-5, 260-2, 268, 271-4, 276-9
war against Octavian and death 280-91, 295-300, 305-14, 320, 332, 333
Antyllus, Marcus Antonius 255, 261, 263, 272, 279-80, 299, 306, 311-12, 331, 333, 334
Anubis 5, 135, 173, 174, 228, 288, 302
Apamea 268
Aphrodite
Aphrodite-Isis 44, 118, 127, 186, 235, 237-8, 264
Aphrodite Ourania 136, 338
Aphrodite-Venus 116, 118, 162, 199, 205, 250
Aphrodite Zephritis (Lady of Winds) 46, 48
associated with Successors of Alexander 50, 52, 64
Cleopatra as 3, 118, 186, 199, 205, 235-6, 237-9, 249, 251, 252, 339
goddess of 44, 96, 105, 116, 127, 162, 186, 250, 251, 259, 338
see also Hathor; Venus
Aphroditopolis 132
Apis bull 18, 19, 29, 51, 61,
90, 93, 131, 145, 220, 253, 324
see also Bucchis bull; Mnevis bull; sacred bull;
Sakkara: Apis rites; Serapis
Apollo 48, 183, 222, 248, 274, 328
Apollodorus 101, 103
Apollonius (medical expert) 81
Appian (Roman historian) 125
Appian Way 181, 198, 199
Apuleius 335
Arcesilaus 197
Archelaos I 21
Archelaos (consort of Berenike IV) 79, 262
Archelaos Sisinnes 262
Archelaus of Cappadocia 332
Archibius (Horemakhbyt) 323
Aristander 33
Aristobulus 269
Aristotle 22-3, 35, 39, 41, 47, 81, 182, 201, 253, 336
Armenia 270-1, 273, 274, 275, 333
Arrhidaios, Philip 22, 25, 38, 40
Arsineion, the 48
Arsinoe I 21, 23
Arsinoe II 42-6, 48-9, 54, 80, 82, 86, 87, 104, 128, 151, 163, 216
Arsinoe III 52, 53, 54, 67, 125
Arsinoe IV 73, 76, 80, 113, 114, 115, 119, 1534, 172, 214, 215, 227, 232, 241, 300
Art of Love (Ovid)
Artakama 42
Artavasdes, of Armenia 270-1, 273, 296, 333
Artemidorus 209
Artemis 26, 78, 97, 102, 127, 155, 183, 231, 241
Asia Minor 3, 12, 14,18, 24, 26, 28, 38, 77, 102, 117, 173, 227, 230, 254, 260, 262, 289, 339, 340
Asia Minor, fall of to Rome 12
Askalon 96, 238
Askelon 267
Asklepios 41, 64, 186
astrology 81, 258
Aswan 33, 51, 150, 325, 327
Athena 26, 230, 260, 264, 279, 287, 328
see also Minerva Athenaeus of Naukrati 117
Athens
Cleopatra in 3, 77, 260, 264, 284, 287, 297
Marcus Antonius in 90, 230, 242, 255, 260, 264, 266, 272, 284, 286-7, 297
in relation to Juba II 338, 339
in time of Alexander and early Ptolemies 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 26, 45, 66, 117
Athribis 65, 136
Atticus 195
Auletes (Ptolemy XII)
Cleopatra’s journey to Rome with 95, 108, 133, 180, 181-2, 263, 274
last will and testament of 99, 113, 121
memorials to 137, 147, 152, 166, 219, 244
reign of 68-9, 73-86, 96, 106, 114, 117, 125, 129, 139, 142, 218, 275
Aurelian 340
Ay (fourteenth-century BC pharaoh) 19, 138
Baalbek 268
Bacchae, The (Euripides) 21
Balas 59
Balbus 204
Balm of Gilead 268
barracks, Roman 190
Basilica of Julia 201
Bastet 28, 59
bathing facilities, Rome 186-7, 190
beauty, Cleopatra’s 104-5, 236
Bellona (goddess of war) 199, 287
Berenice, Princess 256
Berenike I 42, 43, 45, 54
Berenike II 50-1, 52, 54, 56, 67, 87, 166, 173, 189, 230
Berenike III 64, 65, 66, 67
Berenike LV 69, 73, 76, 77, 78-9, 78, 262
Berenike, eldest daughter of Taimhotep and the high priest Pasherenptah III 256
Berlin Head, the 199
Bes (dwarf god) 140, 155, 158, 167, 219
Biga, island of 152
Bilistiche of Argos 49
Bithyma 107, 111, 173, 230, 262
bitumen trade 268, 280, 299
Blemmyes, the 325
Bogudes 170
Bononia (Bologna) 225, 284
Book of Conducting the Cult, The 148
Book of the Dead 304, 305
Book of the Magical Protection of the Ruler in the Palace 149
Book of Thoth 219, 220
Britain, Caesar’s invasion of 108-10
Brundisium (Brindisi) 223, 255-6, 297
Brutus, Lucius Junius 97, 111, 207-8, 209-10, 213, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227-9, 232, 283
Bubastis 28
Bucephalus 26, 197
Buchis bull 13, 58, 88, 142, 145, 298, 303, 324
see also Apis bull; Mnevis bull; sacred bull burial, of Cleopatra 321-3
Caesar, Julius
death and funeral 207-11, 211-13, 215, 2214, 227, 228, 230, 275, 281, 305, 312, 332
memorials to 154, 164, 216-17, 218-19, 222, 226, 255, 280, 311-12, 322, 330
Nile Progress with Cleopatra 125-52
rise of74-6, 78, 85, 94-100, 107-10, 164-75, 203-6, 225, 231, 235, 246, 274, 277, 283
years with Cleopatra 101-7, 110-22, 179206, 237, 238, 239, 241, 248, 264, 282, 284, 300, 314
see also Caesarion Caesar, Lucius 225, 226
Caesarea (Iol) 296, 333-4, 335, 337, 338
Caesarea Maritima, Caesar’s villa at 186-7
Caesareum, the 154, 164, 216-17, 280, 311-12
Caesarion
birth and early years 159-63, 167, 179, 196, 199, 204, 254, 275, 279, 305-6
as co-ruler with Cleopatra 215, 217-19, 221, 226, 244, 270, 276, 297-8
Octavian as threat to 212, 288, 299, 310, 312, 322, 334
paternity 206, 216, 278, 286
calendar, Roman and Egyptian 201-2
Caligula 332, 338, 339
Callimachus of Cyrene 47
Calpurma 111, 121, 185, 194, 203, 204, 208, 209, 210, 211, 264
Calvisius 285
Cambyses 18
Campus Martius 173, 200, 201, 212, 226, 329, 338
Candace (Amanirenas), Queen 326-7
Canidius Crassus, Publius 270, 273, 282, 283, 289, 295, 300, 311
Canopus (Per-gwati) 31, 242-3, 307
Cape Taenarum 295
Capitoline Hill 77, 171, 199, 201, 210, 327
Caria 52, 254
carpet, legend of Cleopatra being wrapped in 101-4
Casca brothers 210
Cassius (Gaius Cassius Longinus) 97, 207, 210, 213-14, 223-4, 225, 226-9, 232, 241
Cassivellaunus 109
Castor and Pollux 212, 257, 339
Cato, Marcus Porcius 76-7, 170, 172
Catullus 111
Cestius, Gaius 329
Chabrias (Greek general) 19
Chaeremon 332
Chamber of Ancestors 137-8
chariot racing 173
Charmion 87, 157-8, 161, 285, 309, 314-15, 318-19, 322
Chelidon 243
Chelkias (Jewish general) 64
childbirth, Egyptian rites and procedures 154-60
Cicero, Marcus Tullius 80, 182, 185, 192
in relation to Cleopatra 194-6, 213-14
in relation to Julius Caesar 95, 107, 109-10, 111, 175, 180, 204, 208, 210
in relation to Marcus Antonius 94, 165, 205-6, 212, 222-5, 246
Cilicia 52, 56, 230, 232, 235, 242, 254, 267, 276
Cimber, Tillius 209
Cinna, Lucius Cornelius 107
Circus Maximus 329
Claudia 226, 255
Claudius 332, 338, 339-40
Cleopatra II 57-62
Cleopatra III 61, 62, 63-4, 66, 104, 147, 256
Cleopatra IV 61, 63
Cleopatra Selene 61, 63, 64, 65, 67, 75, 79, 264
Cleopatra Selene II (daughter of Cleopatra the
Great) 263, 264, 275, 276, 306-7, 333-7, 339
Cleopatra Thea 59, 62, 267
Cleopatra Tryphaena 61, 62, 63, 79, 256
Cleopatra Tryphaena V 67, 69, 74, 76, 77, 78
Cleopatra’s Baths 165, 217
Cleopatra’s Needles 216, 323
coinage 34-5, 40, 211, 269, 279, 282, 296, 335
of Cleopatra 4, 162, 163, 199, 205, 214, 331 Commentaries on the Civil War (Julius Caesar) 95, 112-13
Corcyra (Corfu) 261, 287
Cordoba 203
Corinth 185, 200, 287, 298
Cornelia 98, 107, 111, 115
Corsica 230, 255
Cos, island of 238
cosmetics 166, 187, 190, 236-7
Crassus, Marcus Licinius 74, 75, 107, 108, 111, 204, 207, 225, 260
&nb
sp; Crete 14, 223, 268, 276
Crinagoras 194, 336-7
crocodiles, in Egyptian religion 49, 58, 132-4, 136, 150, 335
Cupid 199
Cynane 22, 40
Cyprus 12, 113, 154, 170, 214, 237, 239, 241, 267
Cyrene
in years of Caesar and Antonius 223, 268, 276, 287, 296, 333
in years of early Ptolemies 12, 33, 45, 50, 58, 59, 61, 62, 65, 75, 77
Cyzicus 296
Dahshur 132
Damascus 39, 267, 268, 279
Darius III 27-8, 35
death, of Cleopatra 2, 3, 315-21
Decimus 207, 209, 223, 224
Deinokrates 32
deipnosophists 117
Deir el-Bahari 83, 143-4, 143-4
Dellius, Quintus 235, 273, 279, 288, 289, 296, 300
Delos 45, 49, 185
Delphi, Oracle at 24, 25
Demetrios of Phaleron 41, 47, 301
Democritus 164
Demosthenes 24, 25, 223, 246
Dendera (Tentyris)
rites associatedwith3,92, 133, 140, 148, 150, 158, 165-8, 257-8, 303
temple complex, building of 80, 85, 86, 88, 139, 165, 217-18
Dictator, Caesar as 170, 175, 197, 205, 206
Dido of Carthage 112
Didymus, Arius 311
dining (social)
in Rome 191-4
Diodorus 302
Diomedes 280, 309
Dionysos
Antonius as 231, 235, 239, 243, 245-6, 247-8, 252, 264, 274, 280, 283, 312
cult of 22, 43, 90, 102, 185, 194, 221, 239, 303, 308, 316, 334, 335
‘Neos Dionysos’, Ptolemies as 53, 68, 274
see also Osiris
Dioscorides 159, 253
The Dioskuri 339
Dioskurides 81
Djedhor 19
Djoser, King 16
Dodona 33
Dolabella, Publius Cornelius 206, 223, 227, 314
Donations, the 275-7, 278, 279, 280, 281, 286, 305, 333
‘drinking course’ symposium 193-4
Drusilla of Mauretania 339
Drusilla, Livia 261, 278, 339
Dyrrhachium 96
Edfu 41, 51, 54, 58, 61, 64, 74, 78, 80, 147-9, 150, 219
Eidothee 32
Eileithyia 155, 163
Eiras 87, 157, 161, 285, 309, 314, 318, 319, 322
Eirene 59
El-Kab (Nekheb)
temple of 64, 146-7
Emesa 268
Epaphroditus 310, 315
Ephesus 3, 22, 26, 78-9, 94, 97, 155, 156, 172, 227, 231-2, 241, 281-2, 339
epilepsy, Caesar’s 170, 203, 209
Epirus 21, 24, 33
Erasistratus 47
Eratosthenes of Cyrene 51, 108, 150
Cleopatra the Great Page 54