International Afro Restaurant
International League of Darker Peoples (ILDP)
interracialism
Ireland, Adelia
Jackson, Esther Cooper
Jacques Garvey, Amy
African liberation movements and
Ashwood and
Atlantic Charter and
Bilbo and
biographic information
biological concepts of race
Blades and
civilizationist discourse
collaborations with white supremacists
emigration campaigns and
Fifth Pan-African Congress
Gordon and
Greater Liberia Bill and
Jamaica and
Marxism and
as newspaper editor
overseas travel of
proto-feminist consciousness of
relationship with Garvey
UNIA and
women’s rights and
Jamaica: African diasporic writers in
anticolonial movements and
Ashwood and
black newspapers
De Mena and
diasporic politics and
Gordon and
Jacques Garvey
labor movements in
middle-class reformers
protofeminist consciousness and
UNIA and. See also Garvey, Marcus; Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
James, C. L. R.
James, Joy
Japan
Jarrett, C. V.
Jernigan, Lydia
Jim Crow South
Johnson, Joella
Johnson, W. E.
Jones, Benjamin
Jones, Claudia
Jordan, Leonard Robert
Jowers, Mrs.
Kenna, Florence
Kenya
Keys, Hilbert
King, Charles D. B.
King, Martin Luther, Jr.
Kofey, Laura Adorker
Langer, William
Lastrappe, Lucy
Leadett, Carrie Mero
League of Colored Peoples
League of Nations
Lewis, Eunice
Liberia: ACS and
Barclay and
black nationalism and
Davis and
labor exploitation scandal
Liberian women
Liberty Farm settlement
PME and
relocation stipulations
UNIA and
utopian visions of. See also black emigration campaigns; Greater Liberia Bill
“Liberia” (McCall)
Linton, A. Balfour
Little, Louise
Logan, David J.
Lumumba, Patrice
lynching: of black women
Duck Hill lynching
federal anti-lynching bill
Gordon and
Mississippi and
Mallory, Mae
Manansala, Policarpio (Ashima Takis)
Manchuria
Marson, Una
masculinist narratives: black nationalism and
critiques of male supremacy and
Garveyism and
imperialism and
PME and
UNIA and. See also gender roles; proto-feminist consciousness
Mason, Bernard
Matthews, Ralph
Mayfield, Julian
McCall, Albert
McCallum, T. C.
McGuire, George Alexander
A Memorandum Correlative of Africa, the West Indies, and the Americas (Jacques Garvey)
Mero, Carrie B.
Mississippi Delta
Mitchell, Charles
Moody, Harold
Moody, Josephine
Moore, Audley “Queen Mother”
Moorish Science Temple of America. See also Ali, Noble Drew; Nation of Islam
Morgan, Clara
Mother Africa (Ashwood)
Muhammad, Elijah
“My Race” (Wilkes)
Nakauchi, Kenji
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP): armed selfdefense and
black women’s leadership and
emigration campaigns and
federal anti-lynching bill and
Great Depression and
Jim Crow South and
postwar organizing
transnational politics of
United Nations and
National Association of Colored Women (NACW)
National Urban League (NUL)
Nation of Islam (NOI). See also Moorish Science Temple of America
Negro Women’s Business League
Negro World (newspaper)
New Crusader (newspaper)
New Deal programs: agricultural programs and
discriminatory politics of
emigration campaigns
FDR and. See also Atlantic Charter
New Negro Movement
New Negro Voice (newspaper)
New Negro World (newspaper)
Newson, Adam D.
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Nigerian Progress Union (NPU)
Nimmo, James
Nkrumah, Kwame
Orizu, Akweke Abyssinia Nwafor
“Our Women and What They Think”
Padmore, George
Pan-Africanist discourse: anticolonial movements and
Atlantic Charter and
black nationalist women and
Britain and
CAA and
impact on diasporic politics
Jacques Garvey and
Moore and
UNIA women and. See also African redemption discourse
Panama
Parham, Saydee E.
Peace Movement of Ethiopia (PME): Allen and
Baker and
collaborations with white supremacists
Deep South organizing and
emigration campaigns
FBI and
Garveyism and
gender roles in
Gordon and
Great Depression era and
Holiday and
ideological foundations of
internal challenges
lady presidents
leadership roles and
masculinist politics of
membership
membership demographics and politics
Orizu and
pacifism and
Pan-Africanism and
post–World War II development
Protective Corps
religious influences of
Spain and
UANM and
UNIA and
working-poor people and. See also Gordon, Mittie Maude Lena; Spain, Alberta
Peace Movement of Ethiopia, Inc. (PME, Inc.)
Phillips, Bessie
Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey (Garvey and Jacques Garvey)
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
political organizing tools and strategies: black church and
black nationalist women writers and
community-based initiatives
diasporic writing
door-to-door canvassing
grassroots organizing strategies
journalism
leadership development
letter-writing campaigns
local collaborations
newspapers and journals
organizing tradition vs. mobilization tradition
overseas travel
poetry and songs
pragmatic approaches
relationship building and communications
speeches
use of term
women’s page of the Negro World. See also grassroots organizing
political self-determination: black emigration and
global freedom struggles and
leadership development strategies and
territo
rial separatism and
voting/citizenship rights vs.
Zionist movement and
pragmatism
Protective Corps (PME)
proto-feminist consciousness: Allen and
black nationalist women and
black women’s leadership and
Casely Hayford and
Collins and
Communist Left and
De Mena and
Gordon and
Jamaica and
PME and
respectability and
traditional roles and
UAEW and
UNIA and
use of term
through women’s public writing
women’s rights and. See also gender roles; masculinist narratives
Public Opinion (newspaper)
racial separatism: biological conceptions of race
black nationalism and
collaborations with white supremacists
NOI and
racial purity
territorial separatism vs. See also segregationist movements
racial uplift discourse
Ramsey, W. A.
Randolph, A. Phillip
Rastafarianism
relocation: Great Migration
impact of Great Depression on
to Liberia
to Sierra Leone
reparations
Republic of New Afrika (RNA)
respectability
Robeson, Eslanda
Robeson, Paul
Rockmore, Joseph
Rockmore, Lucreacy
Rogers, Harriet
Roosevelt, Eleanor
Roosevelt, Franklin D. See also New Deal programs
Russia
Sayers, Amelia
Schaack, Victoria Johnson
School of African Philosophy
Scott, M. M. (Mrs.)
Scottsboro Boys case (1931)
Seaga, Edward
segregationist movements: Cuba and
Jim Crow South and. See also racial separatism
Sherrill, William
Sierra Leone
Slappy, Jean
Smith, J. A. G.
Solanke, Ladipo
Sons and Daughters of Africa, Inc.
South Africa
Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC)
Spain, Alberta
Stewart, James R.
Stewart, Maria
Stubbs, W. L., Mrs.
tactical radicalism
Takis, Ashima (Policarpio Manansala)
Talbot, David
territorial separatism
Thomas, Tommie
Toote, Fred A.
transnational networks
Trinidad
Tubman, William V. S.
Turner, Henry McNeal
Turner, Victoria W.
UNIA, Inc.
United Nations
United States Communist Party (CPUSA)
Universal African Nationalist Movement (UANM)
Universal Association of Ethiopian Women (UAEW)
Universal Ethiopian Students Association (UESA)
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
African Legion
African Motor Corps
Ashwood and
Black Cross Nurses
black nationalism and
Black Star Line Steamship Corporation
black women’s leadership roles and
Canada and
Caribbean/Latin America and
Casely Hayford and
Chicago and
conventions
Davis and
development of
emigration campaigns
Garvey Club
gender roles within
global membership of
Gordon and
Harlem, New York, and
Harmony Division
Harvey and
internal conflicts
Kofey and
Ladies Division
Liberty Farm settlement
masculinist narratives and
MSTA and
PME and
post-Garvey era
proto-feminist consciousness and
rank-and-file membership
religious influences of
School of African Philosophy
Sierra Leone and
Sixth International Convention (1929)
UANM and
UESA and
UNIA, Inc.
women’s page of the Negro World. See also Negro World (newspaper)
Waddell, Ethel
Walker, C. J., Madame
Walker, David
Walton, Lester
Washington, Booker T.
West Africa (newspaper)
“We Want to Set the World on Fire” (Moody)
“We Wear the Mask” (Dunbar)
White, Elinor
White America (Cox)
white supremacy: Afro-Asian solidarity against
global white supremacy
racial purity
Whyte, Eustace
Wilkes, Florine
Williams, Henry Sylvester
Williams, Mabel
Williams, Robert F.
Without Bitterness (Orizu)
Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF)
working-poor people: black internationalism and
black nationalism and
black women’s nationalism and
Chicago organizing
community-based initiatives and
emigration campaigns and
Garveyism and
Gordon and
grassroots internationalism
local collaborations
PME and
sharecroppers and tenant farmers. See also class tensions; grassroots organizing
World War I
World War II
X, Malcolm
“You Better Run” (song)
Young, Theresa E.
Zionism
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am grateful to God for helping me finish this book. The journey from start to finish has not been easy, but at every step of the process, he placed the right people in my path to provide the support and guidance I needed to navigate a myriad of challenges.
I dedicate this book to my mom, who made so many sacrifices to ensure that I would have all the opportunities she desired for me. “Your gifts will make room for you,” she assured me daily. I am thankful to her for being my greatest cheerleader and teaching me very early that I needed to blaze my own trail and not be preoccupied with what others were doing (or even with what they expected of me). Through her example, she taught me the importance of faith, the value of hard work, and the strength of humility.
My husband and best friend, Jay, has been an unwavering source of love and support, encouraging my research, writing, teaching, and public engagement in every possible way. He has had to endure all the challenges that come with being married to an (untenured) academic (including the constant moves across country!). I am thankful for his understanding and flexibility. My brother and sister helped me stay grounded throughout this journey, and for that I am most grateful. Lisa has been like a second mom, stepping in on numerous occasions to offer invaluable help and support. I owe a special thank you to my in-laws and the rest of my family who provided kind support and words of encouragement along the way.
In so many ways, this book began in Michael O. West’s class, “Global Black Social Movements,” at Binghamton University (SUNY). I am eternally grateful to West for sparking my interest in global black history and for providing unwavering support and encouragement—combined with honest, rigorous, and constructive feedback—from day one of this academic journey. At Binghamton, other wonderful scholars fed my intellectual curiosities and pushed me to reach my greatest potential. I am especially indebted to Thomas Dublin and Kathryn Kish Sklar, who enthusiastically supported my work.
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At Princeton, Tera W. Hunter served as a model and a source of inspiration for me. When I doubted my ability to complete this project, she assured me that I could (and would) do it—and do it well. Her excitement for this project and unwavering faith in my ability to write this book encouraged and motivated me from start to finish.
So many scholars I deeply admire offered assistance during the writing process at various stages. Ula Y. Taylor provided unwavering support and advice throughout the past several years. I am grateful too for the kind support and assistance I received from Joshua B. Guild and Rebecca Rix.
No doubt the book is better because of the critical feedback and questions I received from a vast community of scholars. I would especially like to thank Carol Anderson, Kenneth Barnes, E. Tsekani Browne, Pero Dagbovie, Stephen G. Hall, LaShawn Harris, Shannon King, Minkah Makalani, Erik S. McDuffie, Lara Putnam, Mary Rolinson, Barbara Savage, Richard Brent Turner, Wilson Jeremiah Moses, Jason Morgan Ward, and Judith Weisenfeld. I owe gratitude to Mwariama Kamau for providing key research leads and connecting me with several veteran UNIA activists. I am also indebted to Michael Fitzgerald, who can best be described as an angel in disguise. It is no exaggeration to say that I could not have written this book without his willingness to assist me.
I cannot imagine what it would have been like to complete this book without having the support of my friends and colleagues in the African American Intellectual History Society (AAIHS). During each stage of the writing process, they jumped in to assist me in a myriad of ways and cheered me on toward the finish line. I would especially like to thank Christopher Cameron, Ashley Farmer, Ibram X. Kendi, Brandon Byrd, Greg Childs, Garrett Felber, Annette Joseph-Gabriel, Russell Rickford, Melissa Shaw, Quito Swan, and Phillip Luke Sinitiere.
At the University of Iowa, several colleagues offered support, including Ariana Ruiz, Lisa Heineman, Michaela Moore, Leslie Schwalm, and Jacki Rand. Two research assistants—Lori Megaro and Caroline Garske—provided invaluable help with the book, especially in the last few months. Mark Speltz, LaShawn Harris, and Clare Corbould extended help with securing copyright permissions and locating pictures for the book. My colleagues at the University of Pittsburgh have also been incredibly supportive. I am inspired by their innovative work and moved by their kindness and generosity. I owe special thanks to Lara Putnam, Larry Glasco, Liann Tsoukas, Mari Webel, and Pernille Roege.
Over the last few years, several organizations and institutions financially supported this project. Many thanks to Princeton University, the Pennsylvania State University, the University of Iowa, the University of Pittsburgh, the Organization of American Historians (OAH), the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR), and the American Association of University of Women (AAUW). A research leave fellowship from AAUW made it possible for me to finish the remaining revisions for the book. During my fellowship year, the Department of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania provided a quiet and supportive space for me to write.
Last, but certainly not least, I would like to thank everyone at the University of Pennsylvania Press for making the process of publishing this book such a smooth and enjoyable one. I am grateful to my amazing editor, Bob Lockhart, for his support and careful guidance during this process. Working with him has been an absolute pleasure—he has not only met but also exceeded all of my expectations. I am grateful for his sharp editorial eye, his excitement for this project, and his gentle nudge every now and then, which always kept me on track. I also want to extend my sincere appreciation to series editor Glenda Gilmore for her constructive feedback on the manuscript and for her kind prodding and encouragement toward the finish line.
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