Churchill's Empire: The World That Made Him and the World He Made
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14 Lord George Hamilton to Lord Curzon, 25 April 1901, quoted in Satre, ‘St John Brodrick’, p. 123.
15 ‘The Earl of Rosebery’, Manchester Guardian, 24 Feb. 1902.
16 WSC to Lord Rosebery, 10 Oct. 1902, CV II, part 1, p. 168.
17 ‘Mr Chamberlain in Birmingham’, The Times, 16 May 1903.
18 Speech of 21 May 1903.
19 WSC to John St Loe Strachey, 23 May 1902, John St Loe Strachey Papers, STR/4/10.
20 Leone George Chiozza (later Leo Chiozza Money), British Trade and the Zollverein Issue, The Commercial Intelligence Publishing Co., London, 1902, esp. p. 65. For Money’s influence on Churchill, and for the subsequent development of the latter’s thinking, see Richard Toye, Lloyd George and Churchill: Rivals for Greatness, Macmillan, London, 2007, pp. 27–9.
21 Speech of 11 Nov. 1903.
22 Speech of 7 May 1907 in WSC, Mr Brodrick’s Army and Other Early Speeches, CW, vol. VII, pp. 168, 171, 173.
23 This echoed a comment made by Rosebery in 1897, although on one occasion Churchill incorrectly attributed it to Chamberlain in his pre-tariff reform days. Ibid., pp. 181, 378; ‘Lord Rosebery on Free Trade’, The Times, 2 Nov. 1897.
24 WSC to Strachey, 4 June 1903, Strachey Papers, STR/4/10.
25 ‘The Tory Split in Oldham’, Oldham Evening Chronicle, 26 Nov. 1903, Broadwater Collection.
26 WSC, The Story of the Malakand Field Force: An Episode of Frontier War [first published by Longmans, Green & Co., 1898], CW, vol. II, p. 183.
27 Review by WSC of Seebohm Rowntree, Poverty: A Study of Town Life (1901), CV II, part 1, p. 111.
28 WSC to J. Moore Bayley, 23 Dec. 1901, ibid., p. 104.
29 Although in 1900 Churchill had spoken in favour of a state pension system, and Chamberlain had given clear hints that something might be done, nothing happened. See John Hulme, ‘Winston Churchill, MP: A Study and . . . a Story’, Temple Magazine, 5 (Jan. 1901), pp. 291–6.
30 ‘In Angel Meadow’, Manchester Guardian, 8 Jan. 1906; reproduced in Randolph Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, vol. II: Young Statesman, 1901–1914, Heinemann, London, 1967, pp. 123–4.
31 Toye, Lloyd George and Churchill, p. 36.
32 J. E. C. Welldon to WSC, 13 Dec. 1905, CV II, part 1, p. 414.
33 W. L. Mackenzie King diary, 17 Dec. 1905.
34 See ‘Churchill’s Appointment Unpopular’, Wanganui Herald, 18 Dec. 1905.
35 Edward Marsh, A Number of People: A Book of Reminiscences, London, William Heinemann, 1939, p. 50.
36 Ronald Hyam, Elgin and Churchill at the Colonial Office, 1905–1908: The Watershed of the Empire-Commonwealth, Macmillan, London, 1968, pp. 7–35.
37 WSC, Story of the Malakand Field Force, p. 51.
38 Marsh, A Number of People, p. 150.
39 Flora Lugard to Frederick Lugard, 20 March 1906, quoted in Margery Perham, Lugard: The Years of Authority, 1898–1945, Collins, London, 1960, p. 269.
40 Sir Harry Verney, ‘Liberal Minister’, undated extract from the Harrovian (c. 1965), in Violet Bonham Carter Papers, MS 297.
41 Lord Elgin to Lady Elgin, 16 June 1907, quoted in R. Hyam, ‘Bruce, Victor Alexander, Ninth Earl of Elgin and Thirteenth Earl of Kincardine (1849–1917)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept. 2004; online edition, Jan. 2008.
42 Hyam, Elgin and Churchill, pp. 66–9.
43 WSC to Lord Selborne, 17 March 1906, in Boyce, Crisis of British Power, p. 254.
44 WSC to Joseph Chamberlain, 26 Feb. 1906 and Chamberlain to WSC, 1 March 1906, CV II, part 1, pp. 432–3.
45 ‘Mr Churchill’, Manchester Guardian, 12 Jan. 1906. For the slogans, see ‘Manchester’, Manchester Guardian, 2 Jan. 1906.
46 WSC to the Electors of North-West Manchester, 1 Jan. 1906, CV II, part 1, p. 423; Hyam, Elgin and Churchill, p. 77, n. 5.
47 Speech of 22 Feb. 1906.
48 Liverpool Daily Courier, 7 March 1906, Broadwater Collection.
49 Speech of 9 Jan. 1906.
50 Hyam, Elgin and Churchill, pp. 76–7.
51 ‘Parliament’, The Times, 15 March 1906.
52 WSC to an unnamed correspondent, 15 March 1906, quoted in ‘The Fall in South African Shares’, The Times, 17 March 1906.
53 A summary of South African press reaction, including the quotations above, can be found in ‘Mr Churchill’s Speech: Strong Colonial Comments’, The Times, 17 March 1906.
54 ‘The Colonial Office and the Colonies’, Evening Post (New Zealand), 5 June 1906.
55 ‘The Blenheim Pup’, Pall Mall Gazette, 17 March 1906.
56 Joseph Chamberlain to the editor of The Times, 19 March 1906.
57 WSC to an unnamed correspondent, 15 March 1906, CV II, part 1, p. 527.
58 ‘The onslaught on Churchill’, Toronto Daily Star, 4 May 1906.
59 WSC to Selborne, 17 March 1906, in Boyce, Crisis of British Power, p. 255.
60 Marsh, A Number of People, p. 151.
61 ‘Political Situation in South Africa: The Native Question’, Daily Telegraph, 2 March 1906.
62 Cited in ‘Churchill’s Famous Speech’, Hawera & Normanby Star, 24 March 1906.
63 WSC to Selborne 24 March 1906, Selborne Papers (2nd Earl), MS 54, ff. 117–20.
64 Hyam, Elgin and Churchill, pp. 240–1.
65 New York Times, 30 March 1906 (untitled article).
66 Hyam, Elgin and Churchill, pp. 241–3.
67 Flora Lugard to Frederick Lugard, 6 May 1906, Lugard Papers, 4/1.
68 ‘Parliament: House of Commons’, The Times, 19 July 1906.
69 WSC, minute of 25 May 1907, NA, CO 179/241/18285, quoted in Hyam, Elgin and Churchill, p. 251.
70 ‘Mr Churchill’, Manchester Guardian, 16 April 1908.
71 ‘House of Commons’, The Times, 6 April 1906.
72 ‘Ministers and the New Colonies’, The Times, 9 April 1906.
73 ‘Mr Churchill on Australia’, The Times, 30 May 1906; ‘The Colonial Office and the Colonies’, Evening Post (NZ), 5 June 1906.
74 ‘The Colonial Vote’, Transvaal Leader, 11 June 1906.
75 ‘The 1900 Club’, The Times, 26 June 1906.
76 WSC, memorandum, Jan. 1906, CV II, part 1, p. 498.
77 Shula Marks, ‘White Masculinity: Jan Smuts, Race and the South African War’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 111 (2001), pp. 199–223, at 204, 206.
78 WSC, memorandum, Jan. 1906, CV II, part 1, p. 499.
79 Lord Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, 1940–1965, Constable, London, 1966, p. 146.
80 J. C. Smuts, speech of 1895, in Selections from the Smuts Papers, vol. I: June 1886–May 1902, ed. W. K. Hancock and Jean van der Poel. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1966, p. 83.
81 See Saul Dubow, ‘Smuts, the United Nations and the Rhetoric of Race and Rights’, Journal of Contemporary History, 43 (2008), pp. 45–73.
82 Francis Williams, Nothing So Strange: An Autobiography, Cassell, London, 1970, p. 229.
83 Mackenzie King diary, 12 Sept. 1944.
84 J. C. Smuts to M. C. Gillett, 1 Feb. 1906, in Selections from the Smuts Papers, vol. II: June 1902–May 1910, ed. W. K. Hancock and Jean van der Poel, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1966, p. 228.
85 Hyam, Elgin and Churchill, pp. 124–36; Ronald Hyam and Peter Henshaw, The Lion and the Springbok: Britain and South Africa since the Boer War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003, ch. 3.
86 J. C. Smuts to Margaret Clark, 25 March 1906, CV II, part 1, p. 536.
87 WSC to Lord Elgin, 15 March 1906, ibid., p. 530.
88 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 4th Series, vol. 162, 31 July 1906, col. 753.
89 Ibid., vol. 152, 28 Feb. 1906, col. 1243.
90 Stanley Trapido, ‘African Divisional Politics in the Cape Colony, 1884 to 1910’, Journal of African History, 9 (1968), pp. 79–98, at 81.
91 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 4th Series, vol. 152, 28 Feb. 1906, col. 1236.
92 Ibid.,
cols. 1233, 1243–4.
93 Abdullah Abdurahman to WSC, 13 June 1906 and enclosed petition, NA, CO 291/112.
94 ‘South African Native Question’, The Times, 24 July 1906.
95 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 4th Series, vol. 162, 31 July 1906, cols. 746–7; Hyam, Elgin and Churchill, p. 158.
96 Abdullah Abdurahman, speech of 7 Jan. 1907, in R. E. van der Ross, Say It Out Loud: The APO Presidential Addresses and other Major Political Speeches, 1906–1940, of Dr Abdullah Abdurahman, Western Cape Institute for Historical Research, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 1990. Text available at www.sahistory.org.za.
97 ‘Mahatma’ was an honorific title, which he acquired later.
98 Kathryn Tidrick, Gandhi: A Political and Spiritual Life, I. B. Tauris, London and New York, 2006, ch. 1.
99 M. K. Gandhi, An Autobiography, or, The Story of My Experiments with Truth, Penguin, London, 1982 (first published 1927–9), p. 203.
100 Louis Fischer, The Life of Mahatma Gandhi, HarperCollins, London, 1997 (first published 1952), p. 78.
101 WSC, minute of 4 Nov. 1906, NA, CO 291/103, quoted in Hyam, Elgin and Churchill, p. 266.
102 Telegram from Elgin to Selborne, 27 Nov. 1906, NA, CO 291/105; Hyam, Elgin and Churchill, p. 266.
103 William Godfrey and C. M. Pillay to Selborne, 15 Oct. 1906, NA, CO 291/104; MKG, ‘Deputation Notes – I’, Indian Opinion, 8 Dec. 1906, in Collected Works, 100 vols., Government of India Publications Division, New Delhi, 1960–1994, vol. VI, p. 62.
104 ‘House of Commons’, The Times, 15 Nov. 1906.
105 M. K. Gandhi and H. Ally to Elgin’s private secretary, 12 Nov. 1906, and ‘H.W.J[ust]’, minute of 19 Nov. 1906, NA, CO 291/104.
106 WSC, minute of 21 Nov. 1906, NA, CO 291/105.
107 MKG, ‘Deputation Notes – IV’, Indian Opinion, 29 Dec. 1906, in Collected Works, vol. VI, pp. 257–8.
108 G. D. Birla to WSC, 23 Sept. 1935, CV V, part 2, p. 1265.
109 MKG, ‘Deputation Notes – IV’, Indian Opinion, 29 Dec. 1906, in Collected Works, vol. VI, p. 259.
110 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 4th Series, vol. 173, 2 May 1907, col. 1059.
111 ‘From Private Correspondence’, Scotsman, 16 May 1907.
112 MKG, ‘Churchill’s Speech’, Indian Opinion, 25 May 1907, in Collected Works, vol. VI, p. 495.
113 WSC to Selborne, 2 Jan. [1908], Selborne Papers, MS 70, ff. 136–7.
114 ‘From Private Correspondence’, Scotsman, 16 May 1907.
115 Minutes of 1 and 3 April 1906, NA, CO 225/71, quoted in Ronald Hyam, ‘The British Empire in the Edwardian Era’, in Judith M. Brown and Wm. Roger Louis (eds.), The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Twentieth Century, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999, pp. 47–63, at 50.
116 Selborne to the Earl of Middleton (St John Brodrick), 22 Aug. 1907, in Boyce, Crisis of British Power, p. 327.
117 WSC, minute of 3 Feb. 1908, quoted in Hyam, Elgin and Churchill, p. 215.
118 Hyam, Elgin and Churchill, pp. 208, 225–34, 289–303.
119 Flora Lugard to Frederick Lugard, 6 May 1906, Lugard Papers, 4/1.
120 Hyam, Elgin and Churchill, pp. 198–9, 208–9.
121 WSC to Lord Northcliffe, 24 Jan. 1907, Churchill Papers, CHAR 28/117/18.
122 WSC to Elgin, 8 Jan. 1907, CV II, part 1, p. 610.
123 David Lloyd George to William George, 6 May 1907, William George Papers, 1896.
124 ‘Winston Day by Day’, Punch, 20 Nov. 1907.
125 ‘Unofficial Despatches’, Crown, 23 Nov. 1907, Broadwater Collection.
126 Elgin to Crewe, [?] May 1908, CV II, part 2, p. 797.
127 WSC to Sir Francis Hopwood, 17 Oct. 1907, Francis Hopwood (Lord Southborough) Papers, Box 5.
128 Edward Marsh to Cynthia Charteris, 11 Dec. 1907, in Christopher Hassall, Edward Marsh: Patron of the Arts: A Biography, Longman’s, London, 1959, p. 139.
129 ‘Woman Went over Roosevelt’s Route’, New York Times, 13 March 1909.
130 Hesketh Bell, Glimpses of a Governor’s Life, Sampson, Low, Marston & Co., London, n.d., p. 170 (diary entry for 25 Nov. 1907).
131 WSC to Lady Randolph Churchill, 6 Nov. 1907, CV II, part 2, p. 693.
132 James Sadler to Elgin, 9 Dec. 1907, NA, CO 533/33.
133 ‘In Wild Uganda’, Daily Graphic, 17 Jan. 1908, Broadwater Collection.
134 Bell, Glimpses, p. 170 (diary entry for 22 Nov. 1907).
135 ‘The Arrival at the Capital’, Star of East Africa, 9 Nov. 1907.
136 WSC to Edward VII, 27 Nov. 1907, CV II, part 2, p. 712.
137 ‘Answers to Correspondents’, Star of East Africa, 30 Nov. 1907.
138 ‘The Party – Not the Man’, ibid.
139 WSC, My African Journey [first published by Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1908], CW, vol. I, p. 32.
140 See the review of My African Journey in the Spectator, 19 Dec. 1908, which noted that even ‘The worst politician in Nairobi’ did not actually advocate mass murder.
141 See, for example, Elspeth Huxley, White Man’s Country: Lord Delamere and the Making of Kenya, vol. I: 1870–1914, Chatto & Windus, London, 1953 (first published 1935), pp. 206–8.
142 Submission by Lord Delamere et al., n.d., NA, CO 533/33.
143 Elgin to James Sadler, 17 July 1906, NA, CO 533/14/21797, quoted in Hyam, Elgin and Churchill, p. 418.
144 ‘Mr Churchill’s Tour’, Manchester Dispatch, 14 Jan. 1908, Broadwater Collection.
145 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 4th Series, vol. 165, 22 Nov. 1906, col. 994.
146 WSC, My African Journey, pp. 34, 37, 39; C. E. Lawrence, ‘Mr Churchill’s Travels’ (review of My African Journey), Daily Chronicle, 30 Nov. 1908.
147 ‘Old and New Africa’ (review of My African Journey), Morning Leader, 30 Nov. 1908, Broadwater Collection.
148 WSC to Lewis Harcourt, 13 Sept. 1911, Harcourt Papers, Dep. 462, ff. 231–3.
149 WSC to Edward VII, 27 Nov. 1907, CV II, part 2, p. 712.
150 WSC, My African Journey, p. 77.
151 Ibid., p. 40.
152 Ibid., p. 41.
153 Ibid., p. 27.
154 Speech of 18 Jan. 1908.
155 WSC, My African Journey, p. 75. For further early examples of this well-known rhetorical trope see Ronald Hyam, ‘Winston Churchill before 1914’, Historical Journal, 12 (1969), pp. 164–73, at 173.
156 ‘Mr Churchill – Imperialist!’ (review of My African Journey), Observer, 6 Dec. 1908.
157 ‘If Philosophers Were Kings: Mr Churchill in Africa’ (review of My African Journey), Daily News, 30 Nov. 1908.
158 WSC to J. A. Spender, 22 Dec. 1907, J. A. Spender Papers, MS 46388, ff. 220–1; Paul Addison, Churchill on the Home Front, 1900–1955, Pimlico, London, 1993 (first published by Jonathan Cape, 1992), p. 59.
159 Speech of 18 Jan. 1908.
160 Both cited in ‘Unpopularity of Mr Winston Churchill’, Taranaki Herald, 15 April 1908.
161 Elgin, draft letter of 29 April 1908, quoted in Hyam, Elgin and Churchill, p. 511.
162 Lord Elgin to Lord Crewe, [?] May 1908, CV II, part 2, p. 797.
163 WSC to Hopwood, 22 Oct. 1907, Hopwood Papers, Box 5.
164 Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, My Diaries: Being a Personal Narrative of Events, 1888–1914: Part Two [1900–14], Martin Secker, London, n.d., p. 283 (entry for 25 Nov. 1909).
165 WSC to Hopwood 3 Oct. 1907, Hopwood Papers, Box 5; WSC to Elgin, 4 Oct. 1907, CV I, part 2, p. 685.
166 Blunt, My Diaries: Part Two, p. 284 (entry for 25 Nov. 1909).
5. THE FATE OF AN EMPIRE
1 Speech of 27 Jan. 1922.
2 Edwin Montagu to WSC, 31 Jan. 1922 and Lord Reading to Montagu, 6 Feb. 1922, CV IV, part 3, pp. 1743–7, 1756–7.
3 ‘Indians in Kenya: Mr Churchill’s Recent Statement’, Madras Weekly Mail, 9 Feb. 1922.