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Index
Italicized page numbers refer to illustrations.
Abram, David, 143
acid rain, 72, 223, 235
activism: and apocalyptic thinking, 98, 102, 105, 107; bioregional, 15, 176; civil rights, 220; environmental justice, 74, 209, 221; local, 46–47; and nostalgia, 116; and multiscalar imagination, 60; and place, 174
aestheticization: and environmental justice poetry, 210, 212, 220; in nature poetry, 18; and the pastoral, 116–18, 122, 134
affect, 140, 148, 252n22, 254n26. See also emotions
African Americans, 89, 181, 211–21, 259n15
Agamben, Giorgio, 219
agency: collective, 169; distributed, 169; human, 6, 32, 33–38, 44, 105; individual, 27, 38, 43–44, 47; nonhuman, 6, 29, 37–38, 136, 145, 254n1; of poetry, 51–52
agrarianism, 15, 176, 177
agriculture, 5–6, 224, 233, 258n34; industrial, 137, 197, 242
Alaimo, Stacy, 15, 62
albatross, 70–71, 78–80
alliteration, 48, 73, 112, 152–53
American Coal Foundation (ACF), 222–27, 229–30
anagram, 69–70, 127, 152, 159
analogy, 68, 159, 227; of culture to polymer, 75; between human and nonhuman experience, 141, 153, 155–56, 165; of poem to bioform, 152; problems of, 189–90
animacy, 165, 254n26; grammars of, 28, 136, 145–49; —, in “Blackbird Stanzas” (Skinner), 169, 170; —, in Translations from Bark Beetle (Gladding), 162, 168; —, in Wide Slumber for Lepidopterists (rawlings), 155, 157, 158, 160, 162
animal communication, 138–39, 144, 145, 169, 254n1; interspecies, 28, 136–73, 256n40; vibrational, 163, 172, 173. See also language, nonhuman; translation
animality, 124, 128, 143, 149, 158
animals, 136–73, 239, 253n37; of the Carboniferous period, 48–49; chordate, 124; as figures, 143, 255n26; human relations with, 22, 28–29, 34, 126–28, 134; endangered, 40, 45; interdependence of human and nonhuman, 99, 121; intersubjectivity between human and nonhuman, 28, 137–62; languages of, 28, 136, 138–39, 162; marine, 65, 70–71, 79–80, 81; nonnative, 186, 190, 191; in scientific experiments, 90–91; and toxicity, 65–66, 78, 83–84; and wilderness, 17–18
animal studies, critical, 139–45, 239
Anthropocene, 1–9; and apocalyptic discourse, 104; as a cultural phenomenon, 2; dating of, 2, 4, 5–6; and discrepant scales, 32–39; and environmental justice, 7; as a geological epoch, 1–2, 3–5, 240; good, 8; and humanity as a species, 208; and industrialism, 79; literature, 245n3; planetary change in, 27, 210, 240; self-conscious, 1–9, 13, 239–44; —, and apocalyptic discourse, 120; —, colliding scales of, 33–39; —, ecopoetics of, 19–26; —, environmental justice poetry of, 208–38; —, sense of crisis in, 98, 105
anthropocentrism, 28, 140–41, 144–45, 147, 153; and the Anthropocene, 7, 33, 248n8; Christian, 127, 136; and deep time, 47, 54; and ecocriticism, 11, 209; and humanism, 217; and language, 157, 165; and the pastoral, 235; in poetry, 18
anthropomorphism, 28, 56, 156–57, 164
anxiety, 44, 53, 57, 58, 203. See also emotions
Apocalypso (Reilly), 28, 98, 99, 121–35, 136, 239
“Apocalypso: A Comedy” (Reilly), 127–34
apocalyptic discourse: Christian, 98, 99, 103, 127, 129–32, 253n47, 253n52; comic versus tragic, 104–5, 120, 134; environmental, 27–28, 97, 98–135, 198, 239, 253n47; —, and emotional exhaustion, 98, 101–2, 105; —, function of, 98, 103–4, 105, 120; —, and the pastoral, 98, 99, 115–16, 203, 252n32; —, and risk, 100–101, 105; —, temporality of, 98, 107, 115, 127, 129–30
Appalachia, 192, 193
art: documentary, 193–203, 221–31; ethics of, 168; nonhuman animals as makers of, 163; and plastic, 77–79, 82–88, 96; and science, 68, 76, 91, 96; as transhistorical, 79–80
bark beetles, 141–42, 162–68, 16
6
Bate, Jonathan, 9, 10, 236
Beck, Ulrich, 61, 72, 89, 98, 100, 251n1
Bennett, Jane, 169
Bennett, Michael, 215–17
Berger, James, 102, 107
Berlant, Lauren, 252n22
Bernini, Giovanni, 20–21, 85–86, 95
Berry, Thomas, 146
Berry, Wendell, 9, 19, 23, 35; agrarianism of, 15, 18, 176, 177; “The Peace of Wild Things,” 16–17, 18; and sense of place, 175, 176, 177, 182, 198
Bible, 21; and apocalyptic discourse, 103, 109, 130–32, 252n26, 252n34, 253n47. See also Revelation, book of
biodiversity, 19, 46, 114, 171
biopolitics, 254n26; techno-, 253n37
bioregionalism, 15, 177
biosemiotics, 73
birds, 28, 168–73, 181, 184–86, 191; endangered, 46; human impact on, 20–23, 65, 85; wild, 16–17, 19
birdsong, 139, 143–44, 168–73; spectrograms of, 139, 169–70, 172–73, 173
“Blackbird Stanzas” (Skinner), 169–73, 173
Black Mountain poets, 12
body. See embodiment
Boes, Tobias, 2
borders, 177, 194, 205, 235; and pollution, 62, 72–73, 206
Braidotti, Rosi, 143
breath: in poetry, 150, 153–54, 156, 255–56nn38–39; and toxicity, 25, 204, 205, 206, 230–31
Brown, Kate, 194
Buell, Frederick: on dwelling in crisis, 28, 98, 101, 108, 111, 122; on embodied embeddedness in damaged ecosystems, 114, 124–25, 134–35, 158; on environmental apocalypticism, 101; From Apocalypse to Way of Life, 106–7, 251n1
Buell, Lawrence: on apocalyptic discourse, 28, 102–4, 115–16, 118, 127, 128; on ecocriticism, 11, 15; on environmental justice, 209–10, 211; on place, 175, 205, 206; on toxic discourse, 100, 249n12
“Burning the Small Dead” (Snyder), 175–77, 180
Butler, Judith, 41
butterflies. See Lepidoptera
Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 121
Cage, John, 152
Calarco, Matthew, 139–40, 141, 144, 145
California, 165, 182, 185
calypso, 99, 125–26, 134
Canada, 70, 72, 142, 154, 156
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 69, 73
capitalism, 16, 78, 178, 211; and the Anthropocene, 7; and climate change, 35, 58; and coal mining, 225; corporate, 241; global, 43, 177, 180, 202; language of, 116
carbon, 27, 46–52, 94, 222; and the Anthropocene, 3–4; atoms, 68, 69; consumption, 75; footprint, 43, 96, 132–33, 198, 208; monoxide, 230–31; sequestration, 6, 19, 142. See also coal; fossil fuels; oil; petroleum
“Carboniferous and Ecopoetics, The” (Gander), 27, 47–53, 57, 58
Carson, Rachel, 8, 100, 116, 181
Cash, Johnny, 131
Ceolin, Matt, 150, 161
Chakrabarty, Dipesh, 34–39, 52, 59, 247n8, 258n38
charismatic megafauna, 95, 127, 142, 149
chemistry, 62, 71–72, 75, 85
Chen, Mel Y., 203, 254n26
Chile, 202, 206
China, 195–96, 201, 242; coal mining in, 209, 221–31, 226
Chisholm, Dianne, 248n21, 257n21
Christianity, 247n2; and apocalyptic discourse, 98, 99, 103, 109, 127, 129–32
City Eclogue (Roberson), 29, 180–82, 211–21, 240
civil rights, 218, 220
Clark, Nigel, 2
Clark, Timothy, 37–39, 43, 47
class (socioeconomic), 186, 192, 209, 213, 229, 258n5
climate change: and the Anthropocene, 34–38; and apocalyptic discourse, 104, 108, 114, 118, 120; and the coal industry, 222–23; collective versus individual responsibility for, 37, 43–44; and digital technology, 241–42; emotional responses to, 38–44, 46, 57–58, 111; and other planets, 258n38; and plastics, 66, 75, 86; politics of, 101; refugees, 58, 210, 234; and tipping points, 248n16
coal, 49–51, 205; exhaustion of, 50; formation of, 49–50; industry, 221–31; mining of, 50, 209, 221–31. See also carbon; fossil fuels; oil; petroleum
Coal Mountain Elementary (Nowak), 29, 221–31, 226, 236, 240
Coetzee, J. M., 140, 148
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 9, 79, 251n30
collage, 20, 23, 76–77, 82, 91, 250n24
colonialism, 7, 174, 177, 179, 194; in the United States, 182–93
colonization: of the Americas, 6, 180, 186
conservation, 46–47, 74, 127, 209, 214; and bark beetles, 142; and ideas of nature, 10, 29, 210, 211; and nature poetry, 19
constraints: poetic, 69, 168, 169–70
constructivism, 147
consumption, 37, 43, 78, 82, 122; of coal, 223; energy, 87; of fossil fuels, 50–51, 208, 241
Core Samples from the World (Gander), 29, 193–203, 199, 201
cornucopia, 91–92, 93–95
cosmopolitanism, 179, 196, 252n32; eco-, 179
Coultas, Brenda, 240–44
Creeley, Robert, 129–30
Cresswell, Tim, 174
crisis, 98–135, 252n22; dwelling in, 28, 98, 100–120, 122, 130, 135; —, and embodied embeddedness in damaged ecosystems, 106–7, 126
Cronon, William, 13, 18, 20, 22
Crutzen, Paul, 2, 3–4, 8, 14, 30
cyborg, 73–74, 138, 253n37
Darwin, Charles, 69
Davis, Miles, 48–49
Dening, Greg, 190, 197
Derrida, Jacques, 137–38, 140
Descartes, René, 148
desert, 195, 201, 203–7
Dewey, John, 26
Dickinson, Adam, 62, 114, 239, 250nn19–20; and modern world as uncontrolled experiment, 89; The Polymers, 27–28, 61, 66–76, 95, 97
Duncan, Robert, 219
dystopia, 104, 122, 123, 125–26, 141. See also apocalyptic discourse
ecocentrism, 7–8, 14–15, 209; on apocalyptic discourse, 98, 100–107, 115–16; and nature poetry, 9–13, 15; on the pastoral, 118; and place, 29, 175–77, 179, 256n6; and realism, 67–68; urban, 215. See also anthropocentrism
ecopoetics, 26, 76, 191; and the agency of poetry, 51–52; and animals, 124; as experimental, 147, 152; and grief, 99, 125; and materiality, 125; and nature poetry, 9–19; and the pastoral, 122; of plastic, 61–97; of the self-conscious Anthropocene, 19–26, 244; sense of place in, 174–207, 257n21. See also nature poetry; poetics
ecopoetics (journal), 12, 136
ecopoetry, 3, 245n5; contemporary, 240. See also ecopoetics
elegy, 45, 248n22
Elizabeth Costello (Coetzee), 140, 148
embeddedness: in damaged ecosystems, 99, 106, 112–13, 134–35, 158; multispecies, 99, 121–35
embodiment, 106; and dwelling in crisis, 106–7, 112–14, 125, 158; human and insect experience of, 144, 148–62; nonhuman, 140
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 9, 69
emotions, 232; and apocalyptic discourse, 98, 101–2, 105; of nonhumans, 163–64; and responses to climate change, 39–44, 46, 111; and scalar dissonance, 39, 45, 59–60. See also affect
endocrine disruptors, 72–73, 87, 249n11; in plastics, 65–66, 78, 86, 90
energy. See carbon; coal; fossil fuels; oil; petroleum
Enstad, Nan, 203
environment (definition of), 174, 209, 238
environmental humanities, 7–8, 15, 210
environmentalism: American, 179; antihumanist, 216–17; and apocalyptic discourse, 100, 102–4; and conservation, 19; and ecomodernism, 246n13; and environmental justice, 209, 237, 240; and experimental poetry, 67; of the poor, 209, 258n5
environmental justice: and the Anthropocene, 7, 35; and ecocriticism, 15; movement, 209, 258n5; and the pastoral, 119, 202–3; poetry, 29–30, 208–38, 240, 259n6; and place, 203
environmental sciences, 7–8. See also science
epistemology, 149, 158
eroticism, 149, 154, 156–57, 160, 192
escapism: of digital technology, 133; of the pastoral, 118; and place, 178
ethics, 30, 221, 225, 238; of relations with nonhuman animals, 136
, 138, 142, 144, 168–69, 173; and science, 87, 89, 94
ethnocentrism, 178, 196
experimentalism: in art and science, 63; in poetry, 26, 52, 60, 67, 232
extinction, 20–23, 39, 79; and apocalyptic discourse, 103–4; and conservation, 46; current age of, 118; human, 58, 104, 114, 120; of the ivory-billed woodpecker, 171; mass, 45, 86, 137–38; sixth, 137–38, 254n5. See also under species
famine, 232, 233–34, 236
farming. See agriculture Featherston, Don, 230
feedback loop, 142, 169
feminism, 160, 253n47; eco-, 144
Foglia, Lucas, 194, 198, 199, 258n34
food, 184–86, 198, 234, 239; chain, 206, 235
forms, 95; minimalist, 231–38; poetic, 75, 112, 194, 254n1; polymeric, 67, 75
For Space (Massey), 179–80, 190, 196
fossil fuels, 50, 72, 208, 222, 241–44. See also carbon; natural gas; oil; petroleum
fracking, 241, 242, 243–44
France, 185, 196
Francis, Pope, 209
Franzen, Jonathan, 46–47
From Apocalypse to Way of Life (F. Buell), 106–7, 251n1
Frost, Robert, 119, 182–84
future, 109–10, 244; and apocalyptic discourse, 100–101, 103, 106, 107, 129; dystopic, 122–23, 126; and geological time, 34; and the pastoral, 116–18; and the present, 112–15, 120, 125. See also temporality; time
Gander, Forrest, 28, 147, 258n34; “The Carboniferous and Ecopoetics,” 27, 47–53, 57, 58; Core Samples from the World (Gander), 29, 193–203, 199, 201; and multiscalar imagination, 32–33, 39, 59–60, 239; and sense of place, 174–75, 179, 207, 240
Gardner, Andrea, 82
Garforth, Lisa, 102
Garrard, Greg, 103, 104–5, 106, 177
“Gaze, A” (Coultas), 241–44
gender, 178, 192, 233–34
genetic modification, 156, 241, 242
gentrification, 214–16
geoengineering, 6
geography: as a discipline, 29, 174–75, 177–80. See also place, sense of; places; space
geology, 47–48, 50, 194, 241
glaciers, 217, 241–42, 244; melting of, 39–42, 44, 58–59, 107
Gladding, Jody, 28, 136, 141–42, 145; Translations from Bark Beetle, 142, 162–68, 166, 172, 239
global, 46, 174–207; North, 203, 208, 244, 258n5; South, 244, 258–59n5
globalization: and the Anthropocene, 6, 7; and sense of place, 174, 178–80, 196; and time-space compression, 195; and toxicity, 203