Marie Thérèse, see Royale, Madame
Marseillaise, 153–4
Marseilles, 91, 153, 194, 202, 272
Martin, Jeanne, 97, 103
Maurepas, Jean Frédéric, Comte de (1701–81), 27, 28, 29, 37
Maury, Jean Siffrein, Abbé, 49, 53, 314
Menou, Jacques-François, 284
Mercier, Sébastien, 185, 233
Mercy-Argentau, Florimonde Claude, Comte de (1727–94), 22, 25, 314
Merda, Charles-André, 263–4, 265, 314
merveilleuses, 274
Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de (1749–91), and Estates General debate, 55, 57–8; family background, 55; history, personality and appearance, 55–7; rallies National Assembly, 62; on first stage of Revolution, 63; warns of preparations for war, 63–4; on greeting the King, 87; presses for recall of Necker, 88; and renunciation of feudal privileges, 94; and market-women’s bread riot, 98, 99; concerned to contain Revolution, 110; and King, 110, 111; concerned about probable army mutiny, 116; on disintegration of monarchy, 133; and Danton, 167; on Robespierre, 208
Mirabeau, Jean Antoine (d. 1737), 55
Mirabeau, Victor, Marquis de, 55
Monaco, Princesse de, 246
monarchy, cahier de doléances, 45; Mirabeau on, 133; doomed, 133; abolition of, 180; oath of hatred of, 298
Monnier, Marie-Thérèse de, 56
Montagnards, and Girondins, 181, 193, 201; attitude to King, 181–2, 184; against sans-culottes and Enragés, 193–4; Danton joins, 196; and Marat, 197, 214; and Lanjuinais, 199; and rightward flow of Revolution, 271; become reactionary, 271; and Convention, 274; and sans-culottes bread riots, 276, 277; closely watched after riots, 279; deputies executed, 280; Government campaign against, 281; influence destroyed, 288; Reubell, 291
Montmorin, Comte de (1745–92), 176
Moore, John (1729–1802), 196–7
Morice, Philippe, 177
Morris, Gouverneur, 50, 51, 52, 66, 93
Mounier, Jean Joseph (1758–1806), and National Assembly, 59–60, 109, 112; and market-women’s bread riot, 98, 99; advises King to flee, 100; later life, 315
Murat, Joachim, 286, 304, 315
Napoleon I, see Bonaparte, Napoleon
Narbonne, Archbishop of, 38, 315
Narbonne-Lara, Comte de, 143–4
National Assembly, name coined, 59; tennis-court oath, 59–60; and Louis XVI, 62–3, 87; and new constitution, 63; protests against troop movements, 64; granted fresh powers, 91; its authority in provincial towns, 92; problem of restoring order, 93; and feudal system, 94–5; adopts Declaration of Rights, 95; debates transferred to Paris, 104; reform, 109–10; radical nature of, 110; and Mirabeau, 110; policies towards Church, 111–12, 138; attitude to Revolution, 117; confirms Lafayette’s order, 126; Marat attacks, 140; effect of dismissal of Narbonne on, 144; Robespierre speaks in, 208; and march of 12 Germinal, 274
National Convention, to be summoned, 161–2; composition of, 180; abolition of monarchy, 180; Year I of Republic 180–81; discord in, 181; unsympathetic to King, 184; revolutionary decrees, 193; declares war on European powers, 193; emergency decrees, 194–5; Marat shunned in, 197; Marat carried in triumph to, 197–8; and overthrow of Girondins, 198, 199; and Danton, 214, 238, 239; Carnot, 215; demonstrators invade, 216; meets Hébertists’ demands, 217; and Committee of Public Safety, 225; replacement of Gregorian calendar, 231; and Committee of Clemency, 235; and Robespierre, 251, 257, 259–61, 262–3; Festival of Supreme Being, 252; moderates condemn Terror, 257, 259; Lindet’s liberal proposals to, 271; Girondins recalled to, 272; and bread rioters, 275–7, 279; journée of 1 Prairial, 278; new Constitution, 282; and Two-Thirds Law, 283; and danger from royalists, 283–4; and journées of Vendémiaire, 284–8
National Guard, formation of, 64; at Versailles, 100, 102; and royal family, 104, 130; Fête de la Fédération, 112, 114; at attempted demolition of Vincennes, 133–4; and massacre of Champ de Mars, 135; firearms privilege, 147; sans-culottes, 153; and Brunswick Manifesto, 153; and storming of Tuileries, 155, 156; Guardsman addresses King, 158; Danton, 167; and King’s execution, 186, 187; Hanriot commands, 198; and overthrow of Girondins, 199, 201; Robespierre controls, 254; and arrest of Robespierrists, 263; accompany bread rioters, 275; reconstitution of, 280
Necker, Jacques (1732–1804), 38, 84; Director-General of Finance, 35–7, 40; appearance and personality, 36; and problem of Third Estate, 44; popularity, 51; and Estates General, 52, 54; dismissed, 64; public feeling about, 65; and Louis XVI, 87, 88, 98, 100; public demand for recall of, 89; medal bearing head of, 91; later life, 315
Necker, Suzanne, 35–6, 315
Noailles, Comtesse de, later Duchesse de, 26, 246–7
Noailles, Louis, Vicomte de, 42, 94
nobility, privileges of, 31–2; noblesse d’épée and noblesse de robe, 32–3; economics, 33; and Estates General, 40, 45; and Church hierarchy, 43; and Third Estate, 54; and National Assembly, 62; renounce feudal privileges, 93–4; and Legislative Assembly, 136; receive compensation, 137; émigrés landlords, 138; go into hiding, 162; purge of army officers demanded, 215; brought to trial, 246; percentage of victims of guillotine, 248
Orléans, Louis Philippe, ‘Egalité’, Duc d’ (1747–93), 62; and Calonne, 38; elected to Estates General, 45; personality, 50; popularity, 51; joins National Assembly, 62; public feeling about, 65; his agents provocateurs, 97–8; talks to mob at Versailles, 102; member of National Convention, 180; execution, 223
Palais Royale, 66, 78, 92, 154
Paris, Brienne burned in effigy in, 40; troops in, 63, 64; inflammatory situation in, 64–5, 69–70; National Assembly established in Manège, 109; Fête de la Fédération, 112–15; light-hearted atmosphere, 116; anti-clericalism, 117–18; discovery of flight of royal family from, 123–4; royal family returns to, 130; violent demonstrations, 145; divisions between political parties, 146; inflation, 147; sections, 147, 154, 168, 212, 217, 272, 284; citizens’ demonstration, 148; Assembly losing control of, 154; changed atmosphere, 162; measures against counter-revolutionaries, 168–9; prison massacres, 170–79; mood of electorate, 180; revolutionary atmosphere, 180; Isnard warns of annihilation of, 198; control of, 201; terrorism, 202; taxation populaire, 212; crowds watch guillotining, 229; de-Christianization policy, 230–32; growing confusion of political scene, 234; centralization of revolutionary justice, 246; fear in, 255; daily life, 256; riots, 283; journées of Vendémiaire, 284–8; pleasures, luxury, fashion, 292; coup d’état of 18 Fructidor, 297; Napoleon’s hero’s welcome, 300
parlements, and Louis XVI, 27, 28, 39, 40; influence and jurisdiction, 27; and Crown, 28; and Turgot, 35; and land tax, 37–8, 39; and Calonne, 39; and Estates General, 40; declared in abeyance, 109; Queen’s trial, 221
Paroy, Marquis de, 99, 103–4
‘passive’ citizens, 147, 153, 154
Pétion de Villeneuve, Jérôme (1756–94), and return journey of royal family to Paris, 128–9; Mayor of Paris, 135, 151; and invasion of Tuileries, 150; and dethronement of King, 154; kept prisoner, 154; and septembriseurs, 176–7; death, 315
philosophes, 28, 31, 42, 205
Pichegru, Charles, 281, 297, 315
Pierre, Jacques, 42
Pillnitz, Declaration of, 143
Polignac, Gabrielle de Polastron, Duchesse de (1749–93), 22, 315
Pompadour, Jeanne Annette Poisson, Marquise de (1721–64), 19, 27, 71
Pont de Sommeville, 122–3
Pope Pius VI, III, 115, 117
Provence, 40, 50, 272
Provence, Stanislas Xavier, Comte de, ‘Monsieur’, later King Louis XVIII (1755–1824), 162; personality, 25; and Necker, 36, 37, 44; and Calonne, 38; Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom, 89; leaves with royal family for Paris, 104; mob demands to see, 119; advocates war, 143; proclaims himself King, 281; later life, 315
Prussia, 143, 145, 179, 202
Reubell, Jean-François, 291, 294–5, 297, 316
Revolutionary Tribunal, creation of, 194, 195; and Marat, 196, 197
; condemns Orléans, 223; huissiers, 229; Danton regrets, 239; Fouquier-Tinville, 240, 271; dispenses with defence lawyers and witnesses, 245–6; Robespierre controls, 254; powers reduced, 271
Rivarol, Antoine de, 133, 316
Robespierre, Augustin, 263, 266, 267, 268, 285
Robespierre, Charlotte, 206, 207–8, 210
Robespierre, François, 203–4
Robespierre, Maximilien Marie (1758–94), appearance, 203, 209, 251, 259, 267; personality, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 210; background, 203; early history, 203, 204–6; writer, 206–7; simplicity of his life, 207–8, 209; orator, 208–9, 211; lodges with Duplays, 209–10; and Jacobin Club, 210, 261; avoids scenes of trouble, 210; on execution of King, 211; and death of Marat, 214; and Danton, 214, 234, 235, 236–7, 241, 244, 248; and Custine, 215; on Committee of Public Safety, 216; attitude to dissidents, 225; condemns de-Christianization policy, 233; and Hébertists, 235; Desmoulins infuriates, 236; at the theatre, 237; defends arrest of Danton, 239; Lucille Desmoulins’s mother appeals to, 245; does not witness guillotinings, 248; his life in danger, 248; attacks atheism, 251; and Festival of Supreme Being, 251–4; feared and disliked, 254; difficulties with colleagues, 256–9; plans laid for his overthrow, 259; last speech in Convention, 259–60; deputies attack, 260–61; Jacobin Club supports, 261; last appearance in Convention, 262–3; arrested, 263; confident of his future, 264; Merda claims to shoot, 265; an appeal to arms, 266; his wound, 266–7; execution, 267–8
Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste de Vimeur, Comte de (1725–1807), 119, 145, 316
Roederer, Pierre Louis, Comte de (1754–1835), 156–8, 316
Roland, Jean-Marie (1734–93), personality, 139; joins Jacobins, 140; Minister of Interior, 144; and Louis XVI, 146; and sans-culottes, 147; and September Massacres, 177; and Danton, 181; his papers seized, 195; and his wife, 223–4; suicide, 316
Roland, Manon Jeanne (1754–93), appearance and personality, 139–40; and Girondins, 140; her salon, 144; on Dumouriez, 144; and her husband, 146; and Danton, 167, 178, 181, 237; attitude to Revolution, 178; on ‘freedom’ in Paris, 185; literary influences on, 212; trial and execution, 223–4; on Terror, 229; ‘sick of blood’, 229
Romeuf, Jean Louis, 126–7
Romilly, Sir Samuel (1757–1818), 57
Roux, Jacques, and King’s execution, 186, 187; plans series of journées, 194; castigates Government, 211–12; discredited, 212; death of, 316
Royale, Madame (Marie Thérèse, eldest daughter of Louis XVI), birth of, 23; appears with Queen on balcony, 103; flight to Varennes, 120, 121, 122; imprisoned, 182, 183; on her father’s last hours, 185–6; on parting between Queen and Dauphin, 221; later life, 314
royalists, insurrection in provinces, 153; hope for restoration, 280; Louis XVIII, 281; uprisings, 281, 283, 284; after journée of Vendémiaire, 288; Directory attitude to, 291, 294; feeling against restoration, 294; and Augerau, 297
Sacleux, Marie-Catherine-Victoire, 97
Saint-Étienne, Rabaut, 184
Saint-Honorine, Piquod de, 77
Saint-Just, Louis de (1767–94), 254, 264; demands King’s execution, 182, 184; violent views expressed by, 225, 268; and Danton, 236, 238, 239, 241; fabricates evidence, 242; and Robespierre, 257; compromises, 259; and Collot d’Herbois, 261–2; speaks in National Convention, 262; arrested, 263; prisoner, 266; and Rights of Man, 267; execution, 267, 268
Saint-Méard, Journiac de, 171–3
Sainte-Ménéhould, 123, 125, 128
sans-culottes, and Bailly and Pétion, 135; independent action, 147; and Legislative Assembly, 151, 159; and National Guard, 153; and Danton, 179; demand King’s execution, 184; insurrectionary activities, 194; and Revolutionary Tribunal, 194; and Jacobins, 198; and Girondins, 198, 201; militia raised, 198; granted daily allowance, 211; and Committee of Public Safety, 225; attitude to Robespierre, 254; in prominence again, 271; excluded from meetings of sections, 272; and gap between rich and poor, 273; bread riots, 274–7; journée of 1 Priarial, 278; further weakened, 280; Convention uses against royalists, 283; influence destroyed, 288
Sanson, Charles (b. 1739), 187, 188–9, 309, 316
Sanson, Henri (d. 1840), 187, 222, 316
Santerre, Antoine Joseph (1752–1809), Vainqueur de la Bastille, 82; at demolition of Vincennes, 133, 134; in hiding, 135; and invasion of Tuileries, 147, 148; commands National Guard, 154; warned of forthcoming attacks on prisons, 169–70; and septembriseurs, 177; and King’s execution, 186; later life, 316–17
Sauce, Jean Baptiste, 125–6, 128
Sauce, Madame, 127
Sauvigny, Bertier de, 92
September Massacres, 170–79; revulsion against, 181
Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph, Abbé (1748–1836), 94; history, 43–4; and Third Estate, 54, 55, 59; supports Mirabeau, 62; monarchien, 133; and Directory, 291; warns against return to ‘disastrous times’, 299–300; plans coup d’état, 301; and Bonaparte, 302; Consul of French Republic, 304; later life, 317
Sillery, a Girondin leader, 223
Staël, Madame de, 144, 152
Sullivan, Eleonora, 120
Sweden, 298
Swiss Guards, at storming of Tuileries, 155, 159, 160, 161; in September Massacres, 173–4
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, later Prince of Benevento (1754–1838), 42, 114, 259, 303, 317
Tallien, Jean Lambert (1767–1820), Terror at Bordeaux, 228; Robespierre attacks, 260; attacks Saint-Just and Robespierre, 262; and Lescot-Fleuriot, 264; becomes reactionary, 271; calls for vengeance, 277–8; later life, 317
Target, Gui-Jean-Baptiste (1733–1807), 53–4, 184, 317
taxation, of peasants and nobles, 30; exemption of nobles from, 31–2; inequitable system of, 36; proposed land tax, 37–8, 39; riots over, 39–40
Temple, 162, 182, 280
Terror, days of the, 221–9; Danton on, 235; victims, 248; Robespierre justifies, 248; outspoken condemnation of, 257, 259; rejection of, 271; officials physically attacked, 272; Sieyès recalls with horror, 300
Thermidorians, 282–3, 285, 288
Thiébault, Baron, 153, 177
Thrale, Hester Lynch, 24
Thuriot de la Rozère, Jacques Alexis, 74–5, 262, 271, 317
Toulon, civil war, 202; British occupy, 203; executions in, 227; retaken, 257; uprising at, 279; Bonaparte at, 285; Egyptian expedition sails from, 298
Tourzel, Duchesse de, governess to royal children, on Queen in Versailles riot, 103; leaves Versailles, 104; flight to Varennes, 121, 122, 126; return journey to Paris, 128, 129; and September Massacres, 173; later life, 317
Tuileries, royal family in, 105, 117, 118, 153; closely guarded, 119; flight of royal family from, 121–2; flight discovered, 123–4; return to, 130; Liberty tree to be planted, 147; mob invades, 148–50; storming of, 155–61; Convention meet in, 197; sans-culottes march towards, 275; insurgents leave, 277; journées of Vendémiaire, 286–8
Turgot, Anne-Robert, Baron de Laune (1727–81), 27, 29, 35, 36
Turgy, 182
Two-Thirds Law, 283
Vadier, Marc-Guillaume, and Danton, 236; and Robespierre, 257, 260, 262; brought to trial, 272; later life, 318
Valazé, a Girondin leader, 222
Valmy, battle of, 179, 180
Varennes, 125–8
Varlet, Jean, 194, 198, 211, 271
Vendée, uprising in, 169; civil war, 194, 202, 215; order restored, 257; anti-Republican control, 273
Vergniaud, Pierre Victurnien (1753–93), 141, 263, 282; President of Legislative Assembly, 136, 159; threatens Court, 144; reassures King, 158; and September Massacres, 181; objects to creation of Revolutionary Tribunal, 195; condemned to death, 222; execution, 223; on Charlotte Corday, 310
Versailles, Petit Trianon, 19; Louis XVI’s library, 24; cuts in Household expenditure, 36; Estates General at, 46, 49–55; troops converge on, 63; banquet for arrival of Flanders Regiment, 95–6; demands for march on, 96; market-women’s march on, 97–100; National Guardsmen converge on, 100; mob violence, 101–3; royal
family appear on balcony, 103–4; royal family leaves, 104–5
Victoire, Daughter of France, 119
Vilate, a juryman on Revolutionary Tribunal, 251–2, 254, 318
Vincennes, Château de, 133–4
Voltaire, 71, 205
war, civil, 194, 195, 202–3, 215, 281
Wars, Revolutionary, with Austria and Prussia, 145; Longwy falls, 169; war declared on major European powers, 193; French defeats, 194; Committee of Public Safety prosecutes, 215
White Terror, 272
Young, Arthur, 29–30, 34, 41, 58
OTHER BOOKS BY CHRISTOPHER HIBBERT
MILITARY HISTORY
WOLFE AT QUEBEC
THE DESTRUCTION OF LORD RAGLAN
CORUNNA
THE BATTLE OF ARNHEM
AGINCOURT
THE BATTLE OF ANZIO
HISTORY
KING MOB
THE ROOTS OF EVIL
THE COURT AT WINDSOR
THE GRAND TOUR
LONDON: THE BIOGRAPHY OF A CITY
THE DRAGON WAKES: CHINA AND THE WEST, 1793–1911
VERSAILLES
THE PEN AND THE SWORD
THE HOUSE OF MEDICI
THE GREAT MUTINY: INDIA 1857
THE COURT OF ST. JAMES’S
BIOGRAPHIES
BENITO MUSSOLINI
GARIBALDI AND HIS ENEMIES
THE MAKING OF CHARLES DICKENS
CHARLES I
THE PERSONAL HISTORY OF SAMUEL JOHNSON
GEORGE IV: PRINCE OF WALES, 1762–1811
The Days of the French Revolution Page 38