Condorcet, Marie-Jean de Caritat, Marquis de (1743–94), 42, 143, 309
Constituent Assembly, 133, 136
Constitution, promulgated, 136; grants King right of veto, 138; Queen’s opinion of, 143; sans-culottes demand resurrection of, 274, 276; new Constitution, 282, 283; oath of hatred of 1793 Constitution, 298; and Consuls of French Republic, 304
Corday, Charlotte (1768–93), 212–14, 309–10
Cordeliers Club, encourage violence, 133; and Champ de Mars massacre, 134; and Hébert, 140; Legendre, 147; Danton, 167, 168; Roux, 212; Chaumette, 230
Couthon, Georges (1755–94), on Terror, 246; and Robespierre, 254, 257; compromises, 259; arrested, 263; falls downstairs, 266; execution, 267, 268
Custine, Armand-Louis, Marquis de 193, 194, 202, 215
Danton, Georges Jacques (1759–94), Minister of Justice, 162, 168; background and appearance, 165; personality, 165, 179; lawyer, 165–6, 206; orator, 166–7, 196; revolutionary, 167–8; call to arms, 169; and September Massacres, 178; Rolands vilify, 181; attitude to King, 181; territorial expansion, 193; defies European courts, 193; defends Revolutionary Tribunal, 195; and Girondins, 195–6, 199; joins Montagnards, 196; discredited, 203; proposal for Convention, 214–15; extravagant demands, 217; enjoys private life, 233–4; condemns de-Christianization programme, 234–5; advocates toleration and moderation, 235; and Robespierre, 235, 236–7, 244, 251; believes himself invulnerable, 236; on Virtue, 237; arrested, 238–9; remorse, 238; trial, 239, 241–3; and his condemned friends, 243–4; execution, 244; ‘natural frontiers’, 296
Dantonists, 215, 234, 235, 243–4
David, Jacques-Louis (1774–1825), ‘Marat Assassinated’, 214, 272; portrait of Lepeletier, 216–17, 272; and Danton, 244; and Festival of Supreme Being, 252; and Robespierre, 261; imprisoned, 279–80; portrait of Napoleon, 310; later life, 310
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 95, 100, 148, 267
Deflue, Louis, 72–3, 76, 80, 81, 82
Derobespierre family, see Robespierre
Desbouillons, Pierre-François, 159
Desmoulins, Camille (1760–94), 141, 156; history, 65; calls mob to arms, 65–6; wants King brought to Paris, 96; in hiding, 135; and Girondins, 195, 236; his reference to Robespierre, 236; trial, 239; helps Fouquier-Tinville, 240; execution, 243
Desmoulins, Lucille, 156, 242, 243, 244–5
Desnot, an out-of-work cook, 81–2
Destez, Jacques, 126
Dillon, Théobald, 145
Directory, executive power of, 282; uniform, 282, 291; Directors, 291; statement of intent, 291; and Jacobins, 293, 294, 298; and ‘Conspiracy of Equals’, 294; and royalist campaign, 294–5; and Bonaparte, 295, 296–7; military plans, 296; and coup d’état of 18 Fructidor, 297–8; beneficial reforms by, 298; and Egyptian expedition, 298; levée en masse, 298; Councils attack, 299; and Lucien Bonaparte, 300
Doué, Foullon de, 92
Dreux Brézé, Henri-Éverard, Marquis de (1762–1829), 62
Drouet, Jean-Baptiste, 125, 310
Du Barry, Comtesse, 25, 225
Ducos, Roger, 299, 302, 304, 310
Dumas, René, 261, 267
Dumont, André, 275, 276, 310
Dumont, Étienne, 98
Dumouriez, Charles François (1739–1823), Minister for Foreign Affairs, 144; and Lafayette, 145; enters Belgium, 193; deserts to Austrians, 194; and Girondins, 195, 196; and Danton, 195, 196; later life, 310
Duplay, Eleonore, 210
Duplay, Maurice, 209, 267
Dupont de Nemours, Pierre-Samuel, 295, 310
Duport, Adrien, 42, 142, 179, 310
economy, the (see also taxation), farming, 29; poverty, 29–30, 292–3; wages and prices, 34–5; and Necker, 36–7; increasing prospect of bankruptcy, 40; cahiers de doléances, 45; financial chaos follows dismissal of Necker, 64; customs barriers destroyed, 65; unemployment following bad harvest, 91; inflation, 147, 212, 273; and Enragés, 211, 214; paper currency, 291–2
Edgeworth, Henry, 186, 187, 189, 310–11
Egalité, Philippe, see Orléans, Duc d’
Élie, Jacob, 79, 81
Elisabeth, Madame (d. 1794), to Paris with royal family, 104; advises counter-revolutionary measures, 117; flight to Varennes, 120; destroys papers, 128; return journey to Paris, 128–9; Hébert attacks, 140; advocates war, 143; and the King, 149; in prison, 183; executed, 311
émigrés, summoned to return, 138; orders for execution of, 194; amnesty offered to, 280; and royalists, 281, 283, 294; ordered to leave France, 297
England, emigration to, 109; war with France, 193, 298; and royalist restoration, 281, 294; Bonaparte against invasion of, 298; suffers defeats, 300; blockades French in Egypt, 300
Enragés, extremist faction, 186; moderates against, 193–4; insurrectionary activities, 194; and Revolutionary Tribunal, 194; Varlet, 198; and Girondins, 198, 201; and Insurrectionary Committee, 211; encourage taxation populaire, 212; and death of Marat, 214; released from prison, 271
Eprémesnil, Jean Jacques Duval d’, 39, 49, 311
Estaing, Comte d’, 90–91, 311
Estates General, and parlement, 39; and Third Estate, 40–41, 44, 57–9; elections to, 45; convention at Versailles, 46, 49–55; tennis-court oath, 59–60; Electors organize a militia, 64; Robespierre elected to, 208
Évrard, Simone, 213, 214
Fabre d’Églantine, Philippe (1750–94), 231, 236, 243
fédéralisme, 202, 212, 215
fédérés, at Fête de la Fédération, 113–15; King vetoes decree on, 146; sing Marseillaise, 153–4; at storming of Tuileries, 159
Féraud, Jean, 276, 279
Ferriéres-Marsay, Marquis de, 102–3, 113–14, 146, 311
Fersen, Hans Axel, Count von (1755–1810), history, 119–20; flight to Varennes, 120, 121–2; and Brunswick Manifesto, 153; his dog, 183–4; on Queen in Conciergerie, 221; later life and death, 311
Festival of Supreme Being, 251–3, 260
Fête de la Fédération, 112–15
Feuillants, formation of Club, 135, 210; opposed to war, 137, 142; Marat attacks, 140; King replaces Ministers with, 146; applaud Lafayette, 150; shout abuse at King, 155; deprived of franchise, 180
Five Hundred, Council of, legislative power of, 282; purged, 297; wait for revenge, 298; attack Directory, 299; and Lucien Bonaparte, 300, 302, 303; Jourdan’s motion defeated, 300; coup d’état of Brumaire, 302–4
Flesselles, Jacques de, 69, 77, 82
Fleuriot, Jean-Baptiste Lescot-, 264, 267
Fouché, Joseph, Duc d’Otrante (1758–1820), and Terror at Lyons, 227; de-Christianization programme, 230; and Robespierre, 258–9, 260; and Lescot-Fleuriot, 264; arrested, 281–2; Minister of Police, 299, 302; and coup d’état of Brumaire, 303; later life, 311
Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine-Quentin (1746–95), history and appearance, 240; and trial of Dan ton, 240–41, 242, 243; and execution of Lucille Desmoulins, 245; on increasing number of executions, 246; and Robespierre, 254; loses office, 271; executed, 272, 311
Fournier, Claude, 103
Fourteenth July, Fête de la Fédération, 112–15; 1792 celebrations, 151–3
Fréron, Louis-Marie (1754–1802), urges attack on prisoners, 169; executions in Toulon, 227; calls on Robespierre, 258; and Lescot-Fleuriot, 264; advice to Convention, 265; becomes reactionary, 271; and Bonaparte, 285; and journées of Vendémiaire, 286; later life and death, 312
générale, 279, 284
Girard, Elizabeth, 103
Girondins, prominent men amongst, 136–7; and émigrés, 138; and non-juring priests, 138; and Marat, 142, 196; condemn dismissal of Narbonne, 144; accuse Jacobins, 146; red cap emblem, 149–50; hope to avert bloodshed, 156; and Danton, 168, 195–6, 234; and National Convention, 180; alienate Parisians, 181; hope to spare King’s life, 181, 184, 185; with Montagnards against sans-culottes and Enragés, 193–4; tarnished reputation, 195; and corn prices, 198; overthrow of, 198–201; and Robespierre, 210; Charlotte Corday, 212; and fédéralisme, 212;
and Hébert, 215; leaders tried and executed, 222–3; and Chaumette, 230; recalled to Convention, 272; commemmorated, 280; La Revellière, 291
Gobel, Jean Baptiste, Archbishop of Paris (1727–94), 232, 244
Goethe, 179
Goodwin, A., 40
Great Fear, 93
Gredeler, Marie, 174
Grégoire, Henri, Abbé, 49, 111, 312
Guadet, Marguerite Élie (1758–94), 136, 196, 312
Guiana, transportation to, 146, 274, 297, 298
Guillotin, Joseph Ignace (1738–1814), 59, 187–8, 312
Hampson, Norman, 34–5
Hanriot, François (1759–94), appearance and personality, 198; commands National Guard, 198, 199; and overthrow of Girondins, 200–201; and Robespierre, 254; and protest against arrest of Robespierrists, 263–4; surrounds Convention, 264; flung from window, 266; execution, 267, 268
Hazlitt, William (1778–1830), 226
Hébert, Jacques René (1757–94), 141; personality and history, 140; urges attack on prisoners, 169; Girondins order arrest of, 198; free, 198; and Hébertists, 215; and trial of Girondin leaders, 222; and de-Christianization campaign, 231; and Danton, 234; attacks Dantonists, 235; execution of, 235; execution of his widow, 244
Hébertists, harass Committee of Public Safety, 215; encourage invasion of Convention, 216–17; Danton attacks, 235; and Robespierre, 235; arrest and execution of, 236; and Gobel, 244; released from prison, 271
Hérault de Séchelles, Marie, 200–201, 243, 244
Herman, Nicolas-François, 241, 242, 272, 312
Hoche, Lazare (1768–97), 281, 296, 312
Hood, Samuel, Viscount, 203
Hôtel de Ville, Paris, Electors organize militia, 64; Permanent Committee deals with subversion, 69, 77; Hulin harangues mob, 78; atmosphere of congratulation, 88; Louis XVI welcomed in, 90–91; violence outside, 92; market women, 97; Lafayette and National Guard, 100; and Champ de Mars massacre, 135; delegates of sections, 154; Swiss guards massacred 161; Robespierre in, 264, 265
Hulin, Pierre, 78–9, 80, 81
Humbert, Jean-Baptiste, 70–71, 80–81
incroyables, 273–4
Indulgents, 235, 236, 238
Insurrectionary Committee, 198, 199, 200, 211
Insurrectionary Commune, 154, 161, 162, 168
Invalides, 69–70
Isnard, Maximin (1758–1825), 139, 198, 312
Italy, 286, 295, 296, 299
Jacobins, influence on radical opinion, 110; decline of, 135; anxious to avoid war, 142; and Girondins, 146, 198, 199; and dethronement of King, 154; Department of Paris opposed to, 156; elected to National Convention, 180; become known as Montagnards (q.v.), 181; and September Massacres, 181; and control of corn prices, 198; problems after coup d’état against Girondins, 201–2; and Robespierre, 209, 210, 261; attack Roux, 212; and Hébert, 215; propose Terreur, 217; Vadier, 236; actors denounced by, 255; Fouché, 259; closure of Jacobin Club, 272; and Directory, 293, 298; and Babeuf’s conspiracy, 294; newspapers reappear, 299; public feeling against, 300; Bonaparte, 301; false rumour of plot by, 302
jeunesse dorée, 271–2, 275, 279
Johnson, Samuel (1709–84), 24
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1741–90), 22, 118, 143
Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste, later Count Jourdan, 257, 300, 301, 312
Jourdan, Nicholas, 101
journées, storming of Bastille, 75–80; march of women to Versailles, 97–105; Champ de Mars massacre, 134–5; storming of Tuileries, 155–61; overthrow of Girondins, 198–201; attempted coup by Hébertists, 216; of 9 Thermidor, 263–8; of 12 Germinal, 274; of 1 Prairial, 278–9; of Vendémiaire, 284–8
Junot, Laure, 280, 285
Lafayette, Marie Joseph du Motier, Marquis de (1757–1834), appearance and personality, 43; elected to Estates General, 45; reads King’s speech, 88; commander of National Guard, 88, 100; and Noailles, 94; at Versailles, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104; back to Paris with royal family, 104; at Fête de la Fédération, 113–14; confronts mob at Tuileries, 118; and flight to Varennes, 124, 126; and the King, 130, 151; and Champs de Mars massacre, 135; hopes to restore order, 145; condemns invasion of Tuileries, 150; and the Queen, 151; attitude of Left to, 151; Danton attacks, 168; defects to Austria, 168; later life, 312–13
Lally-Tollendal, Thomas-Arthur, Marquis de, 94, 109, 112, 313
Lamartine, Alphonse de, 223
Lamballe, Marie Thérèse de Savoie-Carignan, Princesse de (1749–92), 22, 23, 175–6, 183
Lameth, Alexandre, Comte de (1760–1829), 142, 313
Lameth, Théodore (1756–1854), 142, 181, 313
Lamoignon, Chrétien de (1735–89), 39, 40, 313
Langres, Bishop of, 99
Lanjuinais, Jean Denis, Comte de, 199–200, 313
La Revellière-Lépeaux, Louis-Marie de (1753–1824), 291, 294–5, 316
La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François-Alexandre, Duc de, 42, 49, 87, 313
La Tour du Pin, Comtesse de, on Louis XVI, 20, 51; on Necker’s speech, 52; on Marie Antoinette, 52; on Mirabeau, 57; and anglomania, 58, later life, 313
Launay, Bernard René, Marquis de, 78; personality, 72–3, 74; preparations for attack, 74; meets delegation of Electors, 74; and Thuriot, 74–5; second bout of musketry fire, 78; decides to surrender, 79; opens gates, 80; death, 81; decapitation, 82
Le Bon, Joseph (1765–95), 228, 272
Lefebvre, Georges, 33–4
Legendre, Louis (1752–97), background and personality, 147; and invasion of Tuileries, 149; and Danton’s arrest, 239; and journée of 12 Germinal, 274; and bread riots, 277; and journée of 1 Prairial, 278; death of, 313
Legislative Assembly, attitude to monarchy, 136; Girondins, 136; attitude to war, 137; and émigrés, 138; concerned about counter-revolution, 145–6; and citizens’ demonstration, 148; declares state of emergency, 151; and dethronement of King, 154; King seeks protection of, 156, 158; sans-culottes force way into, 159
Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, Louis-Michel, 216–17, 232
Letourneur, Étienne-François, 291, 297, 313
Lindet, Robert (1749–1825), 238, 271, 280, 299, 313
Lindet, Thomas, 110, 313
Linguet, Simon, 71, 313
Louis the Dauphin, father of Louis XVI (d. 1765), 21
Louis XIV, King (1638–1715), 28, 31
Louis XV, King (1710–74), 19, 20, 25, 28
Louis XVI, King (1754–93), succeeds to throne, 19; personality, 19, 23–4, 29, 49, 129, 205; appearance, 19–20, 51, 155; wedding, 20, 21; attitude to women, 21; sex, 21–2, 23; birth of his children, 23; domestic routine, 24–5; and his wife, 25, 27, 35; affairs of state, 27, 39; Turgot annoys, 35; and Necker, 36, 40, 44, 88–9; and Calonne, 39; and Estates General, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 59, 60, 61–2; death of his eldest son, 54, 61; lettres de cachet, 61; and revolt of Third Estate, 62–3; orders military reinforcements, 63, 64; and fall of Bastille, 87; and National Assembly, 87; dissatisfaction over his promises, 88; tricolour in his hat, 90; popularity, 90–91; withholds consent to National Assembly decrees, 95; banquet for arrival of Flanders Regiment, 95, 96; and market-women’s bread riot, 98, 99, 100; advised to flee from Versailles, 98, 100; Lafayette reassures, 101; and the Dauphin, 102, 129; appears on balcony, 103, 104; journey to Tuileries, 104–5; ‘the baker’, 105; change in title, 109; and Mirabeau, 110, 111; at Fête de la Fédération, 114; and Civil Constitution, 115, 117, 118; hopes to recover lost authority, 116–17; decides to escape, 118–19; and Fersen, 120; flight to Varennes, 121–7; destroys papers, 128; the return to Paris, 128–30; and Lafayette, 130; vetoes Assembly’s decrees, 138; journalists attack, 140; and Revolutionary Wars, 144–5; replaces Ministers with Feuillants, 146; in despondency, 149; and invasion of Tuileries, 149; and state of emergency, 151; and 14 July celebrations, 151–3; his abdication demanded, 154; and storming of Tuileries, 155, 156; seeks refuge in National Assembly, 158; to be imprisoned, 161–2; Convention sends for, 182; daily routine in prison, 182–3; condemned to death, 185; and his family, 185–
6; execution, 186–9; and young Robespierre, 205
Louis-Charles, Duke of Normandy, Dauphin from 1789, later King Louis XVII (1785–95), birth of, 23; and Louis XVI, 102, 182, 186; and Marie Antoinette, 103–4, 118; on Tuileries, 105; at Fête de la Fédération, 114; flight to Varennes, 120, 121, 122; return journey to Paris, 129; kicks up leaves, 157; soldier carries, 158; imprisoned, 182, 183; taken from his mother, 221; death of, 280
Louis Joseph Xavier, Dauphin (1781–9), 23, 54
Louis Philippe, see Chartres, Duc de
Louvet de Couvrai, Jean Baptiste (1760–97), 197, 228, 314
Lyons, depression, 34; outbreaks of fighting, 194; civil war, 202–3, 215; execution by cannon fire, 227; prisoners massacred, 272; royalist stronghold, 273
Maillard, Marie Julien Stanislas, 81, 97, 100, 172, 314
Malesherbes, Chrétien Lamoignon de (1721–94), 184
Mallet du Pan, Jacques, 41, 292, 314
Manège, Assembly established at, 104, 109; mob marches on, 148; royal family in, 158, 161; Convention transferred from, 197
Manuel, Louis-Pierre (1751–93), 150, 151, 157, 314
Marat, Albertine, 213, 314
Marat, Jean-Paul (1743–93), targets for his literary attacks, 140; appearance and personality, 140–41, 142; history, 141–2; urges violence, 146; urges attack on prisoners, 169; and septembriseurs, 176, 178; Girondins arraign, 196; Dr Moore on, 196–7; acquitted, 197; extreme popularity, 197–8; rings tocsin, 199; and overthrow of Girondins, 201; Charlotte Corday murders, 212–13; David’s ‘Marat Assassinated’, 214, 216; and Custine, 215; busts of, 231, 232
Maria-Theresa, Empress of Austria (1717–80), 20
Marie Antoinette, Queen (1755–93), appearance, 20, 21, 51, 103, 221; personality, 20, 25, 26–7, 150; wedding, 20–21; and her husband, 21–2, 25, 98, 100, 118, 128, 149, 184, 185, 186; scurrilous rumours about, 22; birth of her children, 23; domestic routine, 24, 25; attitude to Court protocol, 25–6; Turgot annoys, 35; and Calonne, 38–9; and Necker, 44; at convention of Estates General, 50, 51, 52; and Third Estate, 59; applauded, 87; urges withdrawal of Court to Metz, 89; and market-women’s bread riot, 99, 100; escapes to King’s apartments, 101–2; shows herself to mob, 103, 104; leaves Versailles, 104–5; and Mirabeau, 111; at Fête de la Fédération, 114; becomes less unpopular, 117; mob at Tuileries, 118; aid from foreign powers, 119; and Fersen, 120; flight to Varennes, 120, 121, 122; and Assembly’s decree, 127; return journey to Paris, 128, 129; journalists attack, 140; and Revolutionary wars, 145; and invasion of Tuileries, 149; and Lafayette, 151; and 14 July celebrations, 152; Roederer advises, 157; fears for Dauphin’s safety, 158; life in prison, 182, 183; trial authorized, 215; Dauphin taken from, 221; trial and execution, 221–2
The Days of the French Revolution Page 37