and Riley
Pyne, Stephen
Quantifying invasions
Radioactive carbon dating
Railroads
Ratner, Jonathan
Redlegged grasshopper
Religious response to locusts
and call for repentance and entreaty for removal of scourge
and days of prayer and fasting
historical
as sign of God or sign of Satan
and St. Magnus and locust swarm of 666
See also Christian response to locusts; Mormons
Reproduction
“Revision of the Genus Locusta with a New Theory as to the Periodicity and Migrations of Locusts” (Uvarov)
Riegert, Paul
Riley, Charles Valentine
appearance of
and California Citrus industry
as chief entomologist to USDA
and Civil War
connections of to rural life
credentials of
and Darwin and evolutionary theory
death of
and desire to raise status of agricultural entomology
and diet of locusts
and drought and fire
and eating locusts
and ecological balance
facts of correct but character aggravating
and faith and works
and flooding of locusts
and French wine industry
and habitats of locusts within Permanent Zone
and insect collection
and interval between swarms
and Latin name of migratory grasshopper
lecturing of
life of outside of work
and locust eggs
and locust territory spread
and mentor Benjamin Walsh
and natural theology
and nymphs as leaderless
and pest management
and Riley Locust-Catcher
and risks of nonnative species
as state entomologist of Missouri
and strategically diversified agriculture
and U.S. Entomological Commission
upbringing and early career of
and use of army to fight locusts
and Uvarov
and weather in Permanent Zone
and writing for Prairie Journal
writings of
Riley, George
Riley Locust-Catcher
Rising from the Plains (McPhee)
River valleys
of Black Sea basin
concentration of livestock in
montane, as principal mundane habitat of locusts
and plowing and grazing
Rocky Mountain, and cultivation and grazing
Robbins Hopperdozer
Rocky Mountain locust
closest relative is Melanoplus bruneri
common name of
confusion with Biblical locust
erroneous conceptions regarding
as only North American form of locust
possible living examples of
scientific name of
as separate species
Rocky Mountains as source of outbreaks
See also Permanent zone
Rohr, Julius Philip Benjamin von
Roundworms
Ruggles, Arthur G.
Rwanda
Sabbath
Sacred spaces
Sacrifice
Sand County Almanac (Leopold)
Satan, locusts as work of
Schell, Scott
Science as controlled experimentation
Scientific experiments, designing of
Scientific objectivity
Scientific study of locusts
need for
See also U.S. Entomological Commission
Seed
federal distribution of
providing farmers with as public assistance
Self-organized criticality
Self-sufficiency
Seton, Ernest Thompson
Settlers. See Farmers/settlers
Sheep grazing
Shepard, Matthew
Sheridan, Phillip
Sherman, William Tecumseh
Shortgrass prairie
Shotwell, Robert L.
Sight of approaching locusts
Smithsonian Institution
Social worth and money
Soils and birth conditions for grasshoppers
Somes, Melvin
Sound of approaching locusts
South America outbreaks
Specimens of Rocky Mountain locust
Spence, William
Spurthroated grasshoppers
State officials
and call for public prayer on behalf of farmers
and days of prayer and fasting
and grasshopper invasions of twentieth century
St. Augustine
Stavropol
Steens Mountain, Oregon
Stephan VI (Pope)
St. Magnus
Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The (Kuhn)
Sully, Alfred
Summit disease
Swarms as winged adult traveling aggregation
Taxonomic naming
Taylor, Edward Thomas
Teaching
Tentorium
Terry, Alfred
Thomas, Cyrus
as alley of Riley at governor’s conference of 1875
article in Prairie Journal by
background and career of
career of after U.S. Entomological Commission
and evolutionary theory
and U.S. Entomological Commission
Thompson, Craig
Timber Culture Act
Timothy grass
Tobacco
Tonga
Tornadoes
Tree planting
Trenches
Tripoli, and outbreak of locusts in early 1800s
Turkeys. See Poultry
Turner, Frederick Jackson
Tutsis
Two-striped grasshopper
Typhus
Uhler, Philip
U.S. Department of Agriculture
and disappearance of Rocky Mountain locust
Entomological division of
Riley’s relationship with
U.S. Department of Interior, Geological and Geographic Survey, and economic entomology
U.S. Entomological Commission
and biological control
and conflict over Darwinism
and conversion of natural history into practical knowledge
and credit for subsiding of locusts
education and Riley’s principles in guiding work of
establishment of
governors’ conference call for
and grasshopper invasions of twentieth century
and “integrated pest management”
and lack of tracking of demise of Rocky Mountain locust
and reports on Rocky Mountain locust
scientific discoveries and recommendations of
and strategically diversified agriculture
working arrangements of
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
U.S. Geological and Geographic Survey
U.S. National Insect Collection
University of Missouri
University of Wyoming
and funding of Grasshopper Glacier expedition
insect collection of
Lockwood’s teaching at
Uvarov, Boris Petrovich
and control of locusts during solitary time
as director of Entomological Bureau at Stavropol
early life and career of
in Georgia
later career of
and movement to London and Imperial Bureau of Entomology
and viewing of mixed forms of grasshoppers and locusts
work of to alleviate suffering from locust plagues
>
Vane, Elise
Venetians
Voltaire
Wallace, Alfred
Walsh, Benjamin Dann
Wangberg, Jim
War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage (Keely)
Warfare and rate of killing
Washington, George
Water
competition for by 1880s
and contamination by locusts
See also Flooding; River valleys
Water Quality Laboratory at Western Wyoming Community College
Wax veneer chemical footprint for each species of insect
Weather patterns
and constant southerly winds
and Great Plains low-level jet
hot and dry best
and locust swarms
Weiss, Gary and Sue
West Nile virus
Whalen Canyon
Wheat
Wilder, Laura Ingalls
Wilderness, conversion of from heathen state
Williams, Frank and Robert
Wilson, Edward O.
Wind River Range glaciers
See also Knife Point Glacier
Winter, Leo
Works, along with faith
World War
Worldwide occurrence of locust swarms
See also Egypt
Wylde, Charles Edward Fewtrell
Wyoming
Yeaman, W. Pope
Yellowstone National Park
Young, Brigham
Young, Frank
Zoos
1 Although the metaphor of angels was biblical, there is an interesting biological homology between heavenly beings and lowly locusts. Unlike all other winged creatures (birds, bats, pterodactyls, etc.), insects did not exchange limbs for wings in the course of evolution. Their wings arose from thoracic plates, without having to modify their legs. Interestingly, the only other winged creatures that retained all of their limbs are mythical beings—the griffin, Pegasus, and the angel. So, locusts and angels both have wings and their full complement of limbs and, at least according to the Deseret News, they both are heaven-sent.
2 Interestingly, the implement was not named after the bulldozer, which did not exist until the 1930s. Prior to the hulking machine, bulldozer referred to a person who intimidated by violence. This term had its origin in “bull dose,” a slang phrase used on slave plantations for a severe beating that was literally “a dose fit for a bull.” In the same year that hopperdozers were being invented, the term bulldozing came into popular use to describe the beating of black voters during the presidential election. Hopperdozers, on the other hand, were named for the effects of the coal tar or oil that was applied to the pan. These substances caused the intoxicated insects to stagger sleepily and then appear to doze.
3 In recent years, America’s heartland has regressed to more vulnerable expanses of monocultures. The botanically and genetically narrowed base of agriculture remains a serious concern to those who understand both the ecology of pests and the lessons of history. Vast, uniform blankets of crops are highly susceptible to pests, as producers learned in the corn blight of 1970, which destroyed one-seventh of the U.S. crop at a cost of more than $2 billion.
4 In this 1949 classic, Leopold also celebrated the contributions of four amateur naturalists—and one of these was Norman Criddle, whom Leopold saw as an authority “on everything from local botany to wildlife cycles.”
5 Bob’s findings have found their way into today’s methods of rearing sanguinipes—the “white rat” of grasshopper biology—as we continue to include dried dandelion in their diet, and the insects flourish as a result.
6 On this venture our wrangler was more reliable but no less moody. However, we could never have imagined that his dark mood would turn homicidal a few weeks later. Responding to a call from concerned friends who had been unable to contact Gary and Sue Weiss, the sheriff found their bodies about a mile from the Ponderosa Lodge. Evidence of a struggle indicated that they had been shot inside the lodge and their bodies dragged into the woods. Three days later, police found Ken Nickodemus, our sullen wrangler, asleep in the Weiss’s stolen truck. Piecing together the rest of the story becomes extremely challenging, as the case devolved into a hotly contested effort on the part of the courts to keep the proceedings secret despite adamant claims by the press that an eighteen-year-old being charged as an adult is not protected by the state laws that shield minors from public hearings. It appears that the troubled young man was convicted, and he is presumably serving his time at the state prison.
7 In light of our recent studies of grasshopper ecology, the intimate association between soils and locusts is not surprising. Several years ago one of my best graduate students, Scott Schell, conducted a spatial analysis of the environmental factors associated with rangeland grasshopper outbreaks in Wyoming. Although vegetation, climate, and topography were all important considerations, one factor dominated the ecological model—soils. Using computer mapping, he pinpointed the lands that supported the most frequent grasshopper outbreaks based on three decades of survey records. These chronically infested habitats, scattered across eastern Wyoming, had one thing in common, a particular soil with a name that only pedologists could love or comprehend: Torriorthents-Argiustolls-Haplustolls. This is a well-drained, sandy-gravelly soil found on eroding hillsides with sparse vegetation. Most remarkably, this particular soil type is relatively rare, being found in less than 1 percent of the state, but it comprised all of the lands rated as having a history of severe grasshopper outbreaks. We think grasshoppers and locusts are creatures that live above the ground, but in reality they spend more than three-quarters of their lives buried in the earth. It is no wonder that the chemistry, moisture, texture, and depth of soils are so critical to these insects.
Copyright © 2004 by Jeffrey A. Lockwood
Published by Basic Books, A Member of the Perseus Books Group
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, address Basic Books, 387 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016-8810.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lockwood, Jeffrey Alan, 1960-
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
eISBN : 978-0-786-73887-8
1. Rocky Mountain locust—West (U.S.)—History. I. Title.
SB945.R7L63 2004
632’.726—dc22
2003025538
—
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