Power Game
Page 99
4 Richard Conlon, interview with the author, January 12, 1986.
5. After the 1986 election, Helms got himself reestablished as the “ranking Republican”—in effect, shadow chairman—on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee by invoking seniority over Richard Lugar, the Indiana Republican who had chaired the Foreign Relations Committee since 1984 when Helms had chosen to chair the Agriculture Committee.
6. Dan Quayle, Congressional Record, September 12, 1984 p. S10958
7. Thomas Eagleton, Congressional Record, November 23, 1985, vol. 131, # 163.
8. Tommy Boggs, interview with the author, March 27, 1986.
9. Morris Udall, interview with the author, January 23, 1986.
10. Henry Brandon, interview with the author, November 4, 1985.
11. Barbara Gamarekian, interview with the author, February 18, 1986.
12. Morris Udall, interview with the author, June 23, 1986
13. David Pryor, interview with the author, March 13, 1986.
14. Bob Rota, interview with the author’s researcher Kurt Eichenwald, April 13, 1986.
15. Arthur Levitt, interview with the author, April 20, 1986.
16. Fred Wertheimer, interview with the author, March 18, 1986.
17. These figures come from the Federal Election Commission.
18. Both parties have national committees, separate campaign committees for the House and Senate, and mount special drives for presidential conventions. These figures, from a report of the Federal Election Commission, cover funds raised for the 1983–84 election cycle. Figures for the 1986 races are lower than 1984 because it was not a year of a presidential election.
19. Studley Report, December 1986, Washington edition.
20. Mabel Brandon, interview with the author, March 17, 1986.
21 Jerry terHorst, interview with the author, April 18, 1986.
22. William Regardie, interview with the author’s researcher Lauren Simon Ostrow, April 14, 1986.
23. Ibid.
24. Howard H. Baker, Jr., interview with Steve Roberts, Martin Tolchin, and the author, January 15, 1985.
25. Stephen Hess, The Ultimate Insiders (Washington: Brookings Institution, 1986), pp. 9–19, and table pp. 140–142.
26. Ibid., table on p. 138–139.
27. Michael J. Robinson, “Three Faces of Congressional Media,” in Thomas E. Mann and Norman J. Ornstein, eds., The New Congress (Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1981), p. 98.
28. Charles Schumer, interview with the author, April 10, 1986. Schumer made similar comments to Steve Roberts of The New York Times in “Phil Gramm’s Crusade Against the Deficit” in the New York Times Magazine March 30, 1986. p. 23.
3. THE SOFT SIDES OF POWER
1. Thomas Eagleton, interview with the author, February 21, 1986.
2. This account draws heavily on the author’s interview on April 8, 1986, with Mark Helmke, then Lugar’s press secretary.
3. Bryce Harlow, interview with the author, November 13, 1985.
4. Warren Rudman, interview with the author, April 6, 1987.
5. Dave McCurdy, interview with the author, July 16, 1985.
6. Barry Goldwater, letter of April 9, 1984, to William Casey, printed in The Washington Post, April 11, 1984.
7. This account is based on the author’s interviews with senators Joseph Biden of Delaware and Patrick Leahy of Vermont, as well as with intelligence committee staff members and one senior CIA official, who asked to remain anonymous.
8. George Shultz, testimony before the joint Congressional Committee investigating the Iran-contra operation, July 23, 1987.
9. This account comes from two high administration officials and one high Federal Reserve official, all directly involved but speaking on condition that they not be identified.
10. Robert Hormats, interview with the author, March 27, 1986.
11. Jack Albertine, interview with the author, March 31, 1986.
12. Barney Frank, interview with the author, December 11, 1985.
13. Morris Udall, interview with the author, January 23, 1986.
14. Bryce Harlow, interview with the author, November 13, 1985.
15. Lee Atwater, interview with the author, February 6, 1986.
16. Charles McC. Mathias, interview with the author, January 23, 1986.
17. Fred Dutton, interview with the author, December 5, 1985.
4. PORCUPINE POWER
1. Joseph Biden, interview with the author, March 6, 1986.
2. Farrell Guillory, interview with the author’s researcher William Nell, May 6, 1987.
3. Christopher Matthews, interview with the author, August 7, 1985.
4. Howard M. Metzenbaum, “Senate Heal Thyself,” The Washington Post, February 16, 1983, p. A19
5. Timothy Wirth, interview with the author, February 17, 1987.
6. Christopher Dodd, interview with the author, February 18, 1986.
7. Howard Baker, interview with the author, January 14, 1986.
8. Alan Simpson, interview with the author, April 9, 1986.
5. THE POWER LOOP
1. Elliott Richardson, interviewed on the PBS television documentary, The Power and the Glory, hosted by Paul Duke, which aired on July 22, 1982, on WETA in Washington, D.C.
2. Robert Strauss, interview with the author, February 11, 1986.
3. Clifford White, interview with the author, March 26, 1986.
4. George Reedy, The Twilight of the Presidency (New York: World, 1970), p 88.
5. Michael Deaver, interview with the author, February 15, 1985.
6. Ibid.
7. William Sitman, interview with the author, July 8, 1985.
8. E. E. Schattschneider, The Semisovereign People (New York: Holt, Rinehart, 1961), pp. 1–2.
9. Ibid., p. 3.
10. This historic antecedent was pointed out to me by Austin Ranney of the University of California at Berkeley.
6. LIFE INSIDE THE BELTWAY
1. Nelson W. Polsby, “The Washington Community,” in Thomas E. Mann and Norman J. Ornstein, The New Congress (Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1981), p. 8
2. Henry Adams, Democracy (New York. New American Library, 1963) p. 17.
3. Elliott Richardson, interviewed on the PBS television documentary, The Power and the Glory which aired on July 22, 1982 on station WETA in Washington, D.C.
4. Charles McC. Mathias, interview with the author, January 23, 1986.
5. Alexander M. Haig, Jr., Caveat (New York: Macmillan, 1984), p 16.
6. Stuart Eizenstat, interviewed on the television documentary, The Power and the Glory, which aired July 22, 1982, on station WETA in Washington, D.C.
7. Austin Ranney, comment to the author, June 24, 1986.
8. The New York Times, May 31, 1984, p B8.
9. Senator Paul Tsongas, interview with the author, January 28, 1986.
10. Newt Gingrich, interview with the author, January 29, 1986.
11. Charles Peters, How Washington Really Works, (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1980), pp 5–6.
12. Nelson Polsby, op. cit., p. 9
13. Edward J. Rollins, interview with the author, December 9, 1985.
14. James Sterling Young, The Washington Community, 1800–1820 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), see especially pp. 98–105.
15. Barney Frank, interview with the author, December 11, 1985.
16. Ibid.
17. Henry Waxman, interview with the author December 12, 1985.
18. Katharine Graham, interview with the author, April 5, 1986.
19. Nancy Reynolds, interview with the author, March 31, 1986.
20. The Washington Post, May 8, 1986. p C1
21. Alan Simpson, interview with the author, April 4, 1986
22. Ibid.
23. Joseph Biden, interview with the author, March 6, 1986.
24. Strom Thurmond, interview with the author, March 20, 1986.
25. Malcolm Baldrige, interview with the author, May 9, 1986.
26. Christopher Matthews, interview with the author, August 7, 1985.
27. David Durenburger, interview with the author, May 9, 1986.
28. John Blamphin, public affairs director of the American Psychiatric Association, interview with the author’s researcher William Nell, June 17, 1987. According to APA statistics, Los Angeles and Boston were tied as the cities with the highest number of psychiatrists per capita, and New York was slightly ahead of Washington.
29. Blythe Babyak, “My Turn,” Newsweek, January 23, 1978.
30. Sondra Gotlieb, Wife of … (Washington: Acropolis Books, 1985), p 28.
31. Sondra Gotlieb, quoted in “Take My ‘Wife of’—Please” by Sandra McElwaine, Regardie’s Magazine, October 1985, p. 42.
32. Steven Pieczenik, interview with the author, May 5, 1986.
33. David Durenburger, interview with the author, May 9, 1986.
34. Richard Reeves, quoted in Timothy Crouse, The Boys on the Bus (New York: Ballantine, 1973), p. 71.
35. The Center for the American Woman in Politics at Rutgers University has compiled statistics showing that women comprised 5.6 percent of all state legislators in 1975 and 15.5 percent out of a total of 7,461 seats in 1987.
36. Ann Lewis, interview with the author, April 27, 1987.
37. Sheila Tate, interview with the author, February 21, 1986.
38. Nancy Reynolds, interview with the author, April 27, 1987.
39. Lynn Martin, statement before the House Administration Subcommittee on Accounts, March 6, 1985.
40. Katharine Graham, interview with the author, April 5, 1986.
41. Nancy Reynolds, interview with the author, March 31, 1986.
42. Ann Lewis, interview with the author, April 27, 1987.
7. CONGRESS AND THE CONSTANT CAMPAIGN
1. This account is drawn largely from films of the hearing by C-Span, the cable television networks which films House and Senate floor proceedings and many committee hearings.
2. Tabulations of TV coverage of Congress were done by Norman J. Ornstein and Michael J. Robinson, in “The Case of Our Disappearing Congress” TV Guide, January 11, 1986, p. 9.
3. David R. Mayhew, Congress: The Electoral Connection (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1974), p. 32.
4. Marty Franks, interview with the author, February 3, 1986.
5. Newt Gingrich, interview with the author, January 29, 1986.
6. John Naisbitt, Megatrends (New York: Warner Books, 1984), p. 35.
7. These figures are from Robert Vastine, executive director of the Senate Republican Conference, May 14, 1987.
8. Paul Tsongas, interview with author, January 28, 1986.
9. Marty Franks, interview with the author, February 3, 1986.
10. Timothy Wirth, interview with the author, February 5, 1986.
11. An account largely derived from Bill Livingston, interview with the author, January 28, 1986.
12. Bob Vastine, interview with the author, January 14, 1986.
13. Timothy Wirth, interview with the author, May 22, 1986.
14. Richard Bolling, interview with the author, January 15, 1986.
15. Christopher Matthews, interview with the author, July 5, 1985.
16. J. McIver Weatherford, Tribes on the Hill (New York: Rawson, Wade, 1981), p. 69.
17. Ibid., pp. 71, 73–4.
18. Thomas Eagleton, interview with the author, February 21, 1986.
19. See Christopher Maleson, “Solarz’s Brash Style Tempers His Quest for Influence in the Foreign Policy Arena,” National Journal, November 26, 1985. pp. 2413–2417.
20. Katherine Evans, “The Newsmaker. A Capitol Hill Pro Reveals His Secrets” Washington Journalism Review, June 1981, pp. 28–33.
21. Les Aspin, quoted in Katherine Evans, op. cit., p. 29.
22. Kirk O’Donnell, interview with the author, May 28, 1986
23. Richard Gephardt, interview with the author, May 22, 1986.
24. The New York Times, April 30, 1987, p. 1.
25. Don Foley, interview with the author’s researcher William Nell, May 15, 1987.
26. David Himes, interview with the author, March 4, 1980.
27. Marty Franks, interview with the author, January 7, 1986.
28. Robert Hacker, interview with the author, March 17, 1985
29. Timothy Wirth, interview with the author, May 22, 1986; interview with the author’s researcher Lauren Simon Ostrow, May 28, 1986.
30. Roger Stone, interview with the author, February 13, 1986.
31. Paige Reffe, interview with the author’s researcher Lauren Simon Ostrow, April 28, 1986
32. The New York Times September 13, 1983 p. B1
33. Ed Martin, interview with the author’s researcher Lauren Simon Ostrow, May 29, 1986.
34. Alan Simpson, interview with the author, April 9, 1986.
35. David Himes, interview with the author, February 5, 1986.
36. Bill Bradley, interview with the author, February 20, 1986.
37. Ibid.
38. David Durenberger, interview with the author, May 9, 1986.
39. The 1974 figures came from Vital Statistics on Congress, 1984–85 Edition (Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1984) with assistance from editor Michael Malbin; the 1986 figures were drawn from the Federal Election Commission report on 1986 congressional spending, released May 10, 1987.
40. David Cohen, interview with the author, March 25, 1986.
41. Thomas Eagleton, interview with the author, February 21, 1986.
42. Ibid.
43. Charles McC. Matthias, interview with the author, January 14, 1986.
44. Patricia Schroeder, interview with the author, January 30, 1986.
45. Don Edwards, interview with the author, January 28, 1986.
8. PENTAGON GAMES
1. The nine newspapers are The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, the Baltimore Sun, The Washington Times, The Christian Science Monitor, The Philadelphia Inquirer, the New York Daily News, and the Chicago Tribune.
2. Cris Schall, interview with the author, June 12, 1986.
3. Harry Zubkoff, interview with the author, June 12, 1986.
4. Richard DeLauer, interview with the author, March 4, 1986.
5. Denny Smith, interview with the author, February 26, 1986.
6. Dina Rasor, who runs a clearing house for information on defense issues based essentially on information from internal Pentagon critics, used the term as the title of a book; see Dina Rasor, Pentagon Underground (New York: Times Books, 1985).
7. Dina Rasor, interview with the author, April 23, 1987.
8. Denny Smith, interview with the author, March 7, 1986.
9. Information on Divad’s test-performance failure came to the author from five Pentagon officials, civilian and military, who were involved with evaluation but who wanted to remain anonymous.
10. Denny Smith, interview with the author, February 26, 1986.
11. James Ambrose, interview with the author, April 28, 1986.
12. Denny Smith, interview with the author, March 10, 1986.
13. Tom Carter, interview with the author, April 30, 1987.
14. Jim Burton, interview with the author, February 4, 1987.
15. In connection with the Pentagon, the phrase was coined by Gordon Adams in his book, The Politics of Defense Contracting: The Iron Triangle (New York, Council on Economic Priorities, 1981). Political scientists have used the term subgovernments to describe such networks in a variety of fields, not just defense.
16. Anthony Battista, interview with the author, March 7, 1986.
17. Warren Rudman, interview with the author, February 28, 1986.
18. Denny Smith, interview with the author, February 26, 1986.
19. Tom Carter, interview with the author, April 30, 1987. Other officials confirmed this but asked not to be identified as sources.
21. Charles Bennett, interview with the author, March 6, 1986.
22. Richard Bolling, interview with the author, January 15, 1986.
23. Gordon Adams, interview with the author, February 17, 1986.
24. Joseph Addabbo, interview with the author, February 26, 1986.
25. Joseph Addabbo, interview with the author, February 20, 1986.
26. Thomas Downey, interview with the author, February 21, 1986.
27. Bill Gray, interview with the author, September 15, 1985.
28. John Seiberling, interview with the author, March 7, 1986.
29. Gary Hart, interview with the author, February 20, 1986.
30. Richard Stubbings, The Defense Game (New York: Harper and Row, 1986) p. xii.
31. Lawrence Korb, interview with the author, March 21, 1986.
32. Michael Gordon, “Defense Focus: Ready or Not” National Journal, June 8, 1985, p. 1387. Gordon kindly showed the author the handwritten text of Senator Stevens’s note.
33. Lawrence Korb, interview with the author, March 6, 1986.
34. Warren Rudman, interview with the author, February 28, 1986.
35. Defense Week, July 19, 1982.
36. Congressional Record, July 21, 1982. p. S8746.
37. David Pryor, interview with the author, March 13, 1986.
38. William Cohen, interview with the author, March 12, 1986.
39. Lawrence Korb, interviews with the author, May 18 and 22, 1987. In late November, 1987, Korb filed suit against Raytheon, charging that his constitutional right to free speech had been violated.
40. John Lehman, interview with the author, March 21, 1986.
41. Lawrence Korb, interview with the author, March 6, 1986.
42. The New York Times, July 30, 1983, p. 1.
43. Atlanta Constitution, April 28, 1987, p. 1.
44. William Kaufman, interview with the author, March 18, 1986.
45. Barry Goldwater, speech on Senate floor, Congressional Record, October 3, 1985, p. S12533.
46. Edward Luttwak, The Pentagon and the Art of War. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984), pp. 24–28.