Bruce-Gardyne, Jock, 133, 137, 140, 164
Bruges: MT’s speech in, 656–8, 712
Bruntisfield, Victor Warrender, Baron, 20, 27
Brussels: European Council meeting (1984), 441, 549–51; NATO heads of government meetings, 675, 682–3, 688
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 211
Buchan, John: The Gap in the Curtain, 75
Buchanan-Smith, Alick, 196–8
Buckingham, University of, 101
budgets: under Heath, 126, 131, 137, 141; quarterly by Healey, 164; April 1975, 185; under MT, 270–2, 277, 320–2, 328, 396; Lawson’s, 616–17, 630; Major’s, 618
Building Societies Association, 155
Burke, Edmund, 21, 38
Burnet, Alistair, 410
Bush, Barbara, 723
Bush, George (senior): discusses arms control, 396–7; on Hungary, 507; at Houston G7 meeting, 666; elected President, 670; MT meets in Washington, 680, 700; and German reunification, 686–8, 690; MT meets at Camp David, 687; view of Yeltsin, 692; MT meets in Bermuda, 694; on future of NATO, 695; and Saddam’s attack on Kuwait, 698, 702; confides in MT over First Gulf War, 700, 703; and budget compromise (1990), 705; at CSCE summit (Paris 1990), 720, 723; on ‘new world order’, 720; MT writes to on resignation, 734
Buthelezi, Gatsha, 543
Butler, Adam, 217–18
Butler, Sir Michael, 649n
Butler, Richard Austen (later Baron): Education Act (1944), 37; pre-election Budget (1955), 60; in leadership contest, 61, 63; congratulates MT on Commons performance, 75; speaks at new MPs’ dining club, 76; tax cuts, 271
Butler, Robin (later Baron), 408, 459
BX Plastics (company), 44, 49
by-elections: Ely and Ripon (1973), 141; Walsall North and Workington (1976), 194; Crosby (1981), 332; Mid-Staffordshire (1990), 606; Eastbourne (1990), 711; Bootle (1990), 716; Bradford North (1990), 716
Cabinet: under Heath, 110–20, 140; MT first attends, 119; Economic Sub-Committee, 142, 399; MT first chooses, 260–3; economic discussions, 328–9; discusses Falklands crisis, 344–5; sub-committee on Falklands (‘War Cabinet’), 349–50, 359, 362, 369, 372; reshuffled: (1962), 81–2; (1981), 319, 330–2; (1983), 418, 421–2; (1985), 483–5; (1987), 569; (1989), 659–63; fails to support MT in 1990 leadership election, 730–1
Cable and Wireless, 620
Callaghan, James: MT opposes as Chancellor, 90; opposes union reform proposals, 102n; manner in Commons, 192; and pact with Liberals, 199, 215; opposes entry into Europe, 201; criticizes MT for US visit, 208; and extreme Left, 218; premiership, 225, 235; delays calling election (1978), 226–7, 230–1; denies crisis, 234; and winter 1978–9 strikes, 234; in debate on trade union reform, 236; and devolution question, 237–8; 1979 election campaign, 243–4, 247; concedes defeat in 1979 election, 255; support in Falklands War, 351; rejects unilateral nuclear disarmament, 413
Camp David, 514, 519, 687
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), 395
Campbell family (of Grantham), 10
Campbell, Gordon, 125
Campbell, Judy, 10
Camrose, William Ewert Berry, 1st Viscount, 52
Canberra, 285
Canberra (liner), 350
Cancún summit (Mexico, 1981), 336–8
Candidates’ Conference (August 1974), 154
capitalism: popular, 621
Cardiff, 247
CARICOM (Caribbean organization), 427
Carlisle, Mark, 331
Carlton Club, London: bombed, 481
Carr, Robert (later Baron): and race relations, 93; as Employment Secretary, 124, 126; and miners’ strike (1972), 134–5; moves to Home Office, 140; interventionism, 150; and manifesto for October 1974 election, 154; and mortgage rates, 159; MT appointed deputy to, 164; not appointed in MT’s Shadow Cabinet, 176, 179–80
Carrington, Peter Carington, 6th Baron: as Defence Secretary, 124; MT reappoints as Leader of Lords, 178; in 1979 election campaign, 246, 248; as Foreign Secretary, 262; on Rhodesia question, 286–8; and reduction of British EC budget contributions, 293; and Iran-Iraq war, 297; and MT’s 1981 Cabinet reshuffle, 330; and Argentine threat to Falklands, 343; defends Falklands policy in Lords, 348; and Soviet threat, 387; replaced by Pym, 418; on MT’s leaving office, 711
Carter, Jimmy: elected President (1976), 210; disarmament policy, 211; letter to Sakharov, 211; in London, 211; at Tokyo G7 meeting, 284–5; and Iran hostages crisis, 293–5, 334, 704; and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 294; and SALT II agreement, 384; and supply of Trident to Britain, 385
Cartland, Barbara, 92; Ronald Cartland, 24
Cartledge, Sir Bryan, 266, 516
Carvel, Robert, 155
Catholic Church: and Northern Ireland problem, 567–8; and situation in Poland, 677
Catto, Henry, 698
Cavaco Silva, Anibal, 659
Ceausescu, Nikolai, 684
Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB): and threat of coal strike, 438, 440; coal consumption, 443; maintains power supply in 1984–5 miners’ strike, 455; and privatization, 623–5
Central Office: changes under MT’s leadership, 180–1
Central Policy Review Staff, 119
Centre for Policy Studies: Keith Joseph establishes and heads, 156–7, 159, 177; MT joins, 156; relations with Conservative Research Department, 181; recommends Conservative policies to MT, 184
Challenger tank, 704
Chamberlain, Neville, 22, 34
Change is our Ally (Conservative Party document), 193
Channon, Paul, 150, 496, 498, 509, 660–1
Charter 77 (Czechoslovakia), 211
Cheltenham, 607–8
Cheney, Dick, 700
Chequers (house), 266, 736–7
Chernenko, Konstantin, 507–8, 510, 516, 550
Cheysson, Claude, 547
child care, 590–1
Child Poverty Action Group, 163
Child Support Act (1991), 590
Child Support Agency, 590
Childe, Rev., 8
Chile: in Falklands dispute, 352
China: separated from Soviet Union, 203; claims and policy on Hong Kong, 390–2, 525–9; MT visits, 390–1, 525, 528; development, 524
Chope, Chris, 732
Churchill, Sir Winston: repudiates Munich Agreement, 22; wartime broadcasts, 25; election defeat (1945), 36–8, 708; on A-bomb, 41; speech at Llandudno Conference (1948), 47; in Albert Hall Conservative Women’s rally, 53; resigns as Prime Minister (1955), 59; ‘iron curtain’ speech, 520; on democracy not respecting persons, 708; on rumours of resignation, 728
civil service: advice to ministers, 80; MT’s relations with, 106; recruitment frozen, 264, 273; MT reforms practices, 273–6; size reduced, 273, 275, 277
Clark, Alan, 730
Clark, Joe, 284
Clarke, Kenneth: as Health Secretary, 584–5, 661; as potential Party leader, 660; as Education Secretary, 714; on MT in 1990 leadership election, 728–9
Clegg, Hugh, 242, 264, 272
closed shop (trade unions), 218–19, 221, 236, 240, 269, 301–2, 400, 613
coal industry: and stocks, 141, 443; government investment in, 323; proposed closures, 323–4; threatened strike (1981), 323–5, 437–8; history in UK, 437; pit closures and redundancy offers, 439, 452; subsidies, 439; uncompetitiveness, 457; see also miners’ strikes
Cockfield, Arthur, Baron, 551
Colchester, 45
Cold War: Reagan and, 335, 504, 512; and cruise missiles, 338
collectivism, 38, 121, 142
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 130, 262, 282, 290, 433
Common Fisheries Policy, 130
Commons, House of: MT’s early activities in, 71–6, 81; place of women in, 72–3; MT’s performances in, 165, 168, 184, 236, 270, 496, 502, 734; and Prime Minister’s Questions, 270, 401, 563, 646–7, 774; debates on Falklands crisis, 347–8, 358, 373; televised, 563; debates situation in Gulf (1990), 704; No Confidence Debate (1990), 734–5
Commonwealth: support for Brit
ain in Falklands dispute, 351–2
Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings (CHOGMs): Lusaka (1980), 286–8; Melbourne (1981), Delhi (1983), 430; Nassau (1985), 536–8; Vancouver (1987), 541; Kuala Lumpur (1989), 541
Commonwealth Immigrants’ Bill (1968), 93
communism: ideology, 19–20; Hayek on, 42–3; and human rights, 206; as threat to West, 297; Reagan condemns, 389–90; disintegrates in Europe, 670, 683, 710
community charge: MT defends, 595, 597–8, 607–11; proposed, 599–603; Conservative Party differences on, 602–3; introduced in Scotland, 602–3; effect on individual households, 604; estimated level, 604–6; popular hostility to, 605, 607, 726; abandoned, 610
Community Land Act, 269
Confederation of British Industry (CBI): discusses prices and incomes policy, 129; and trade union reform, 305–6; opposes MT on monetarism, 319; Industrial Trends Survey, 329
Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE): Paris summit (1990), 715, 720–3
Congdon, Tim, 632
Conqueror, HMS (submarine), 368
Conquest, Robert, 204, 209, 505
Conservative Party: electoral defeat (1945), 36–40; National Union Executive, 53; election victory (1955), 60; state intervention under Macmillan, 62; policies, 76–7, 101–2, 184, 193, 404–5; leadership contest (1963), 84; narrowly loses 1964 election, 84–5, 87; routed in 1966 election, 89; and unresolved February 1974 election, 147–9; manifesto (October 1974), 159; loses October 1974 election, 161; MT elected leader, 173–4; divisions and differences, 216; policy on trade unions, 219–20, 227, 232, 240–2; and Party Political Broadcasts, 225; publicity and advertising, 225–6; on pay policy, 228–9; 1979 election campaign, 245–53; election victory (1979), 253–4; proposes legislation (1979), 269; benefits from Falklands victory, 393–4; funding, 400; privatization programme, 405; organization and finances, 407; landslide victory in 1983 election, 416; Tebbit appointed Chairman, 485; Central Council, 519; record and policies in 1987 election, 557–8; legislative programme (1987), 559; election campaign (1987), 560–2; manifesto for 1987 election, 563–4; election victory (1987), 568; poor result in 1989 European election, 658; leadership election procedures, 708; MT stands and loses 1990 leadership contest, 708–10, 714–15, 718–32; Conferences: 1946 (Blackpool), 39–40; 1948 (Llandudno), 45; 1966 (Blackpool), 91; 1975 (Blackpool), 18, 188–91; 1977 (Blackpool), 221; 1978 (Brighton), 225, 228–9; 1980 (Brighton), 315; 1981 (Blackpool), 332; 1984 (Brighton), 458–61; 1987 (Blackpool), 602; 1990 (Bournemouth), 709
Conservative Political Centre: annual lecture, 95
Conservative Research Department (CRD), 181, 405, 409
Conservative Trade Unionists, 251–2
Cook, Beryl, 47, 56
Cooke, Robin, 171
Cope, John, 167
Corby: steel works closed, 307
Corby Glen, near Grantham, 43
Corfield, Fred, 128
corporal punishment, 77
Cortonwood colliery, 440
Cossiga, Francesco, 385
Costa Mendez, Nicanor, 353, 357–8
council houses: provision, 151; and right to buy, 152–3; see also housing
Coventry, HMS, 374–5
Coward, Sir Noël: Present Laughter, 10
CPRS: report leaked, 401–2, 415
Crawford, Cynthia (‘Crawfie’): as MT’s personal assistant, 260; and Brighton bomb, 459–60; helps MT with wardrobe, 563; and Lawson’s resignation, 646; in Paris with MT (1990), 721; packs for MT after resignation, 734, 736
Craxi, Bettino, 552–3
crime: and punishment, 419; increase in, 587–9
Criminal Justice Act (1988), 588
Criminal Justice Bill (1961), 77
Crosland, Anthony: in Oxford Labour Club, 40; educational policy, 107; attacks MT’s housing proposals, 155; attacks Conservative October 1974 manifesto, 159
Crossman, Richard, 81
Cruise missiles: deployment, 334, 338, 383–4, 430, 433, 672; control of, 395–6, 414
Cuba, 209, 294, 334, 428, 535
Cuckney, Sir John, 487–8, 491–2, 495
Cullen, Muriel (née Roberts; MT’s sister): birth, 2; pen friendship with Austrian Jew, 21–2; wartime nursing, 26; visits MT in Blackpool, 41; MT acquires car from, 53
Czechoslovakia, 22, 211, 684, 692
Daily Express, 251
Daily Mail: on MT as Education Secretary, 111–12, 117; on MT’s 1975 Conference speech, 191
Daily Telegraph: election parties, 52, 103; praises MT’s Commons performance, 91; on MT as Education Secretary, 111; MT writes in, 170, 201; supports MT in leadership election, 173; on MT’s speeches on foreign affairs, 210
Darbishire, Helen, 33
Darkley, Co. Armagh, 470
Dartford, Kent (constituency), 45–53
Darwin, Falkland Islands, 375
Davidson, Mimi, Lady, 40
Davies, Edmund (Lord Justice), 263
Davies, John: economic advice, 124, 126; and industrial unrest, 133–5; White Paper on Regional Development, 137; leaves Trade and Industry, 140; favours confronting unions, 145; as Shadow Foreign Secretary, 195
Day, (Sir) Robin, 35, 185, 233, 308, 410
Deal: Royal Marines School of Music bombed, 481
death penalty: abolition, 97
Declaration of Intent (1964), 90
Deedes, William (later Baron), 182
defence: budget and spending, 316–18; in 1987 election campaign, 565–6; see also missiles; nuclear weapons
de Klerk, F.W., 541–2, 544–5
de la Billière, General Peter, 296, 705
De L’Isle and Dudley, William Sidney, 1st Viscount, 217
Delors, Jacques: as French Finance Minister, 434; as President of European Commission, 550, 555, 653, 655; chairs committee of European bankers, 640–1; Report (on Economic and Monetary Union), 643–4, 648–50, 658–9; advocates federalism in Europe, 654, 668, 712; reports on talk with Gorbachev, 668–9
Democracy in Trade Unions (green paper), 399
Democratic Unionist Party (DUP, Northern Ireland), 465, 469
Deng Xiaoping, 390–2, 525–6, 528
Denmark: opposes IGC at Milan, 553; supports MT in opposing Central Bank, 653
Depression (1930s), 18–19
détente, 203, 205, 208, 294
devolution (Scotland and Wales), 196–7, 237–8
Diamond, Jack, 90
Dicey, A.V., 68
Diego Garcia (island), Indian Ocean, 384–5
diplomacy: MT’s view of, 524
District Health Authorities (DHAs), 581–2, 584
divorce, 589–90; law, 96–7
Djilas, Milovan, 213
dock strikes (1984), 446–7, 449
Dodd, Ken, 252
Dodds, Norman, 51
Dorneywood (house), 662
Douglas-Home, Sir Alec (earlier Lord Dunglass; later Baron Home): speaks at Oxford, 40; and widows’ pensions, 81, 84; as Party leader, 84–5, 87; qualities, 85; as Shadow Foreign Secretary, 92; as Foreign Secretary under Heath, 123; in Lords, 165; reviews procedures for electing Party leader, 165, 708
Downing Street (No. 10): organization, 257–8; as home, 258–60; MT leaves, 734, 737–8
Druze: in Lebanon, 426–7
Dublin: European Council meetings, (1979), 290–1; (1984), 549–51; (1990), 665
du Cann, Edward: as Chairman of 1922 Committee, 140, 179; hostility to Heath, 164; as potential Party leader, 167–8; welcomes MT at 1922 Committee meeting, 177; declines Shadow Cabinet appointment, 179
Duff, Sir Anthony, 288
Duport Steels (company), 304
East Germany: in Africa, 294; flight to West, 683
Eastern Europe: MT’s policy on, 506–7, 676; potential membership of EC, 571; collapse of communism in, 670–1, 683–4, 710; liberation of, 735
Eccles, David, 1st Viscount, 105
Economic Dining Group, 164
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), 629–30, 640–3, 646, 6
48–9, 652–3, 663–4, 666–7
Economic Policy Committee, 120
Economic Reconstruction Group, 184, 220
Economist (journal), 222, 402
Eden, Anthony (later Earl of Avon), 40, 53, 59, 61, 728
Edith (Austrian Jewish refugee), 21–2
Education: A Framework for Expansion (White Paper), 117–18
education: and selection at secondary level, 100–1; socialist ethos and Conservative policy, 105–8, 269, 417; MT’s policy as Secretary of State, 107–18; nursery, 116, 118; higher, 118; in 1987 election campaign, 564–6; and national curriculum, 570, 572–4; reforms after 1987 election victory, 570; voucher scheme, 570–1; and teacher training, 575; see also schools
Education Act (1976), 110
Education Reform Act (1988), 570
Education and Science, Department of: MT as Shadow Minister, 99–100; MT as Secretary of State, 105–18; and national curriculum, 572
Edwardes, (Sir) Michael, 310, 312–13
Edwards, Nicholas, 220, 308, 559
Egypt: MT visits, 530
EH 101 project, 487
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 60
Eisenhower, USS (carrier), 374
Eksund (ship), 477
electricity: generation, 92; prices increased, 277; privatization, 620, 623–6
Elizabeth II, Queen: Coronation, 54–5; summons MT to form government (1979), 255; MT’s audiences with, 256, 737; at Heads of Commonwealth meetings, 287; informed of progress in Falklands dispute, 364; dissolves Parliament (1983), 408; and MT in 1990 leadership election, 727; and MT’s resignation, 732, 734, 737
El Salvador, 423
‘Eminent Persons Group’ (on South Africa), 538–9
Employment Acts (and Bills), (1980), 303–6;
(1982), 398–9; (1988), 613; (1990), 613
Enders, Thomas, 352
Endurance, HMS, 342–3
Energy, Department of, 625
Engineering Employers’ Federation (EEF), 301
engineering industry: dispute (1979), 301
Enniskillen, Co. Fermanagh: bomb, 477
environment: concern for, 592
Environment, Department of the, 120, 125, 149, 599–601, 604
European Assembly: direct election to, 198–9; powers, 552
European Bank of Reconstruction and Development, 663
European Central Bank: MT opposes, 652–4
European Commission: presidency, 433
European Community (Union): negotiations for British entry, 77, 82–3, 125, 129–32, 201; Enoch Powell opposes, 94, 129, 131, 146; and British financial contributions, 129–30, 201, 265, 281–3, 290–3, 297, 434, 546–9, 652; referendum on membership, 200; farm surpluses, 282; support for Britain in Falklands War, 352; policy on South Africa, 544; shift towards statism and centralism, 546, 550; bureaucratic complexity, 550, 652; and proposals for Single Market, 551, 553–5, 652, 659; powers and authority, 554; economic and monetary policy, 555; enlargement, 556; on water quality, 592; Finance Ministers’ meeting (1989), 645; federalist aims, 652, 654–5; Franco-German axis, 652, 663; aims for economic and monetary union, 653–4; extends authority, 655–6; MT opposes growing powers, 655–6, 669, 710; Social Charter, 658–9, 664; and political union, 664–5, 667–9; and GATT agreement on agriculture, 667–8; East European memberships, 671; see also Common Agricultural Policy
Margaret Thatcher: The Autobiography Page 99