Margaret Thatcher: The Autobiography

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Margaret Thatcher: The Autobiography Page 100

by Margaret Thatcher


  European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism (ECST), 473, 476

  European Council, Strasbourg (1979), 281, 283; Dublin (1979), 290–3; Venice (1980), 296; Athens (1983), 433–5; Brussels (1984), 441, 549–51; Stuttgart (1983), 470; Milan (1985), 473, 551–3; Hanover (1986), 478; Rhodes (1988), 481, 681; The Hague (1986), 539; Fontainebleau (1984), 541, 546–55; Hanover (1988), 640; Madrid (1989), 642–4, 653; Strasbourg (1989), 663–6, 689; Dublin (1990), 665; Rome (1990), 666, 668–9, 711

  European Free Trade Association (EFTA), 83, 88

  European Monetary System (EMS), 554

  European Parliament: elections (1989), 657–9

  Evening Standard, 162

  exchange controls, 272, 317

  exchange rate: policy on, 627–8, 630–4, 636–8; and money supply, 628–9; sterling against deutschmark, 650

  Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM): disputes over British membership, 291, 629–32, 634, 637, 640–4, 648–50, 654, 658; Walters ridicules, 645, 650; MT agrees to join, 650–1; and British interest rates, 710

  Exocet missiles: in Falklands war, 366, 368–9, 374–5

  Express Newspapers v. MacShane (legal case), 302–6

  Ezra, Derek (later Baron), 134, 323–4

  Face the Nation (US TV show), 672

  Fahd, King of Saudi Arabia, 700–1

  Falkland Islands: Argentina claims and invades, 339–45; history and British settlement, 339–41; Maritime Exclusion Zone (MEZ) established, 351; Haig’s proposals on, 354–5; negotiations over, 354–65, 369–72; self-determination principle, 355, 360; Argentina demands sovereignty, 357, 361; MT rejects proposed settlement terms, 363–4

  Falklands War: outbreak, 338; conduct of, 339, 367, 373–6, 378–9; British task force raised and despatched, 344–5, 347, 350–1, 356, 360; press coverage, 345; international reactions to, 346–7; Commons debate on, 347–8; British losses and casualties, 369, 373–87; British landings, 372–3; British victory, 380; effect on Conservative Party, 393–4; costs, 397; MT justifies in 1990 No Confidence Debate, 736

  Fallon, Michael, 732

  families: and social values, 589–91

  Far East: MT visits, 390, 525; and Chinese dominance, 524

  Farnborough, Kent: MT’s house in (‘Dormers’), 69–70

  fascism: ideology, 19–20–1

  Fearless, HMS, 350

  Federation of University Conservative and Unionist Associations (FUCUA), 39

  Feiling, Sir Keith, 34

  Fergusson, Sir Ewen, 721

  Ferrier, Kathleen, 31

  Fieldhouse, Admiral Sir John, 350, 368, 373

  Financial Services Act (1986), 422

  Financial Times, 635, 645

  Finchley: MT adopted as parliamentary candidate, 64–7; MT first elected MP (1959), 68; MT retains seat, 85–6, 89, 103, 147, 162, 253, 568; MT’s constituency duties as PM, 258; twinned with Ramat Gan (Israel), 533

  Finland, 24

  Finsberg, Geoffrey, 165

  Fitzgerald, Garret: and Northern Ireland problem, 465, 468–74, 476; signs Anglo-Irish Agreement, 473

  Fletcher, Michael, 454

  Fletcher, Mrs (of Dartford), 46

  Fontainebleau: European Council meeting (1984), 546–8

  Foot, Michael: co-authors Guilty Men, 23; opposes entry into EC, 129; and Liberal alliance with Labour, 199; on Falklands dispute, 365; policies, 394; traduced in 1983 election campaign, 412; defence policy, 413; Mortimer declares to be Party leader, 414; Kinnock succeeds as Party leader, 448

  Ford, Gerald, 209

  Ford motor company, 498–9

  Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO): and Falklands conflict, 345–6, 362–3; and British membership of EC, 553

  Forsyth, Michael, 732

  Fowler, Sir Norman: as Health and Social Security Minister, 331; proposals on Health Service, 561, 579; describes hospitals in 1987 election campaign, 566; withdraws from 1990 leadership campaign, 719

  France: and agricultural claims, 292; opposes British EC budget contributions demands, 292; supports Britain in Falklands dispute, 347, 351; independent nuclear deterrent, 383; and sale of cheap food to Soviet Union, 388; and arms control, 414, 424; troops killed in Beirut, 427; sells power to UK, 438; Scargill seeks support in, 453; opposes confrontation with Gaddafi, 500; denies US flyover permission in attack on Libya, 501; axis with Germany in EC, 652, 663–4; assumes EC presidency, 663; federalist policy in EC, 664; concedes German interests, 685; opposition to German reunification, 689; involvement in First Gulf War, 699

  Frankfurt: Anglo-German summit, 681

  Franks, Oliver, Baron, 342

  Fraser, Sir Hugh, 172–3

  Fraser, Malcolm, 285, 288, 538

  Friedman, Milton, 642n

  Fry, Christopher, 31

  Fuel and Power, Ministry of, 91

  G7 see Group of Seven

  Gaddafi, Colonel Muammar: National Union of Miners seeks support from, 453; supports IRA, 462, 473; and US attacks on Libya, 500–1, 503

  Gaitskell, Hugh, 62, 83

  Galtieri, General Leopoldo, 341, 344, 349, 353, 356–7, 359, 372

  Gandhi, Indira, 337

  Gandhi, Rajiv, 488, 536, 540

  Gardiner, George, 732

  Garel-Jones, Tristan (later Baron), 709, 727, 730

  gas: prices increased, 277; privatized, 620, 622

  Gatehouse, Stella, 37

  GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs), 666–8

  Gaulle, Charles de, 82–3, 129

  GCHQ: industrial action, 323n

  Gdansk, Poland, 677–9

  General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, 638

  General Belgrano (Argentine cruiser), 368–9, 412

  general elections: (1935), 20–1; (1945), 36–40; (1950), 50–2; (1955), 59; (1959), 62, 67; (1964), 85–6, 87; (1966), 89; (1970), 103; (1974 February), 145–8; (1974 October), 151, 153–4, 159–61; (1979), 240–55; (1983), 243, 396–7, 401, 404, 408–16, 436; (1987), 243, 559–69

  General Electric Company (GEC), 492

  General Motors (GM), 497–9

  General Practitioners: budgets for, 584

  general strike (1926), 437

  Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 652, 675

  George V, King: Silver Jubilee, 16

  George VI, King: broadcasts, 18

  Georgia, 523

  Germany: and rise of Nazism, 20–5; and outbreak of war, 22; pact with Soviet Russia (1939), 24; invades Soviet Union, 26; and G7 meetings, 283–4; and British budget contributions to EC, 291–2; economic success, 299–300; and Polish situation, 388; and defence strategy, 396, 675, 681, 694; in EC, 433–5; prospective neutralism, 435, 673; opposes coal sanctions on South Africa, 540, 544; and EC monetary system, 554; fiscal policy, 629; and EMU, 649; axis with France in EC, 652, 663; supports Social Charter, 659; reunification, 664, 684–90; Bush administration sees as main partner, 670, 680; desire for federal Europe, 685

  Gibraltar: IRA terrorists shot dead, 477–8

  Gibson, Squadron Leader Guy, 26

  Gillies, Miss (headmistress), 27

  Gilmour, Ian, Baron: MT appoints Shadow Home Secretary, 178; replaced at Research Department, 181; as Shadow Defence Secretary, 191; and reduction of British EC budget contributions, 293; criticizes monetarism, 319; MT dismisses from Cabinet, 330–1

  Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry: and Britain’s EC budget contributions, 281–3, 292; at Tokyo G7 meeting, 285; and British arms supply from USA, 385

  Glamorgan, HMS, 379

  Glenholmes, Evelyn, 476

  global warming, 593

  Glover, Eleanor, Lady, 723

  Godber, Joe, 150

  Gollancz, Sir Victor, 23

  González, Felipe, 550, 669, 687

  Goodlad, Alastair, 713

  Goose Green, Falkland Islands, 375–6

  Gorbachev, Mikhail: and Soviet aid for NUM, 453; MT’s estimate of and relations with, 505–6, 509–22; deal with MT over embassies, 508; MT invites to Britain, 508–9; meets Reagan, 516–17, 674; succeeds to Sov
iet leadership, 516; arms control proposals, 517, 674; MT meets in Moscow, 519–21; Delors meets, 668–9; signs INF Treaty, 672–3; reforms, 673–4, 684, 691–2; revisits Britain (1987), 673, 681; on human rights, 674; announces Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, 675; proposes denuclearized Germany, 675; suspicion of Bush administration, 681; on German reunification, 685–7, 690; MT support, 691; relations with Yeltsin, 691–2; at CSCE summit (Paris 1990), 721, 723; MT writes to on resignation, 734

  Gorbachev, Raisa, 508–9, 516, 522, 681

  Gordievsky, Oleg, 516

  Gormley, Joe, 142, 323

  Gould, Bryan, 566

  Gouriet, John, 218

  Gow, Ian: as MT’s Parliamentary Private Secretary, 263; discusses Cabinet reshuffle with MT, 330; on dispute over Falklands policy, 348; and 1983 election strategy, 406–7; reservations on Northern Ireland settlement, 469, 474; resigns Treasury post, 474; killed by IRA, 481–2; funeral, 701; campaigns for MT in 1990 leadership election, 709

  grammar schools, 99–101, 109, 116, 269; in Northern Ireland, 464; see also education; schools

  Granada 500 (TV programme), 252, 410

  Grant, John, 45

  Grant-Maintained Schools Trust, 572

  grant-related expenditure assessments (GREAs), 596 & n

  Grantham: MT’s childhood in, 1–5, 10; religious life, 4–5, 8; cinema in, 10–11; character and history, 15; in Second World War, 18–19, 22, 24–6; by-election (1942), 27; in general election (1945), 36–8

  Gray, Hamish, 198

  Greater London Council (GLC): abolished, 417

  Greece: European subsidies, 549–50; opposes IGC at Milan, 553

  Green Party: success in 1989 European eletion, 658

  Greenham Common, Berkshire, 383

  Grenada, 425, 427–32, 698

  Griffiths, Brian: and economic policy, 187; and manifesto for 1987 election, 560–1; and grant-maintained schools, 571, 575; and education policy, 575–6; on Exchange Rate Mechanism, 634

  Griffiths Report (1983), 274n

  Gromyko, Andrei, 514, 516

  Group of Seven (G7): Tokyo meeting (1980), 283–5; Versailles meeting (1982), 376–7, 389; Williamsburg meeting (1983), 408, 414–15; Toronto meeting (1988), 652; Houston meeting (1990), 666

  Grunwick dispute, 6, 216–19, 221

  Guardian (newspaper), 111–12, 271, 276

  Guilty Men (by ‘Cato’), 23

  Gulf Embargo Surveillance unit, London, 713

  Gulf, the: and Iran-Iraq war, 297; first war (1990), 680, 697–8, 702; British troops and equipment in, 704–6; MT’s speech on in 1990 No Confidence Debate, 736

  Gummer, John: contributes to MT’s speeches, 410; as Party chairman, 421; and Brighton bomb, 459; Tebbit succeeds as Party chairman, 485; supports review of local government financing, 598; as Minister for Agriculture, 661; and MT’s standing in 1990 leadership contest, 726, 730, 732

  Gummer, Penny, 458

  Hague, Douglas, 157, 317

  Hague, The: European Council meeting (1986), 539

  Haig, Alexander: negotiates in Falklands dispute, 341, 343, 349, 351–4, 356–61, 364–5, 369, 376; proposals for settlement of Falklands dispute, 354–5, 363; on role of Ascension Island, 358–9; and British recovery of South Georgia, 361; and Peruvian peace initiatives in Falklands crisis, 369; and British military commitment in Falklands, 375; instructs Jeane Kirkpatrick to withdraw support for Britain in UN, 377; and Soviet threat, 387; and Western alliance, 388

  Hailsham, Quintin McGarel Hogg, Baron: as MP for Oxford, 36; proposed as Party leader, 84; on race relations, 93; as Lord Chancellor, 123; congratulates MT on election as leader, 177

  Hamilton, Archie, 479–80, 702

  Hammond, Eric, 450

  Hanna, Vincent, 567

  Hanover: European Council meetings (1986), 478; (1988), 640, 652–3

  Hanrahan, Brian, 367

  Harding, Miss (history teacher), 14

  Hare, John, 56–9

  Harlech, William David Ormsby Gore, 5th Baron, 286

  Harris, Air Marshal Sir Arthur (‘Bomber’), 26

  Harris, Kenneth, 35

  Harris, Ralph, 157

  Harris, Robin, 560–1

  Harrods (store): IRA bomb, 471

  Harry Ramsden’s Fish and Chip Shop, Leeds, 413

  Hastings, Stephen, 367

  Haughey, Charles: discusses Northern Ireland with MT, 465–7, 469, 479; opposes Anglo-Irish Agreement, 476–7; speech in USA on British policy in Northern Ireland, 478; and Patrick Ryan case, 481; and Irish presidency of EC, 664

  Havel, Václav, 684, 693

  Havers, Michael (later Baron): and Falklands War, 350, 368; and miners’ strike (1984–5), 442, 455

  Hawke, Bob, 536, 540, 542

  Hayek, Friedrich A., 645; The Road to Serfdom, 40–2

  Hayhoe, Barney, 217

  Heald, Sir Lionel, 74

  Healey, Denis (later Baron): downplays inflation rate, 159; quarterly budgets, 164, 195; MT mocks in Commons, 165, 169; as Chancellor, 178, 187; criticizes MT’s views on immigration, 223; attacks Conservative advertising campaign, 226; attacks Howe, 261; on Falklands dispute, 365; defence policy, 413; in 1983 election campaign, 415; accuses MT of relishing Falklands slaughter, 415

  health: Conservative reforms, 561, 578–80

  Health and Security, Department of, 274

  Heath, (Sir) Edward: abstains in Scotland and Wales Bill debate, 19; as Bexley Heath candidate, 49–50; and MT’s adoption as candidate for Finchley, 66; enthusiasm for British entry into Europe, 82, 88–9, 125, 129, 132, 200, 202; opposes Douglas-Home’s leadership, 87; wins leadership contest, 87–9; qualities and character, 88, 162; election defeat (1966), 89; Shadow Cabinet, 91–3; relations with Powell, 93–4; educational policy, 101–2; general election victory (1970), 103–4; appoints MT Education Secretary, 104, 113; consults MT on education, 116; premiership, 119–26; and release of Leila Khalid, 122; economic strategy, 123, 126, 128, 132–3; and 1972 miners’ strike, 136; and industrial relations, 138, 141–3, 145; prices and incomes policy, 139–40, 185; announces three-day week, 143; strategic failure, 144–5; calls 1974 general election, 145; loses office in February 1974 election, 147–50; favours coalition government, 148–9, 160, 202; in Opposition, 150–2; and mortgage rates, 153, 159; and MT’s housing policy, 154–5; and October 1974 election, 154, 160–2; approves Keith Joseph’s research unit, 156; reaction to Keith Joseph’s policy proposals, 157–9; leadership questioned and challenged, 162–4, 166, 168, 170–2; and MT’s standing for Party leadership, 166, 169; declines MT’s offer of Shadow Cabinet post, 175–7; warns against Party shift to right, 183; at 1975 Blackpool Conference, 190; favours Scottish devolution, 196–7; on Labour’s pay policy, 228–9; and 1979 election campaign, 250; attacks MT at 1981 Conference, 332–3; and Falkland Islands, 340; on European elections (1989), 658; loses three general elections, 708

  Heffer, Eric, 1

  Helms, Jesse, 336

  Helsinki Final Act (1975), 687 & n, 688

  Helsinki Summit (1975), 204–7

  Henderson, Sir Nicholas (Nico), 346, 349, 352, 362–3, 371

  Hermes, HMS, 344, 360, 375

  Heseltine, Michael (later Baron): Heath appoints to Shadow Cabinet, 150; MT appoints Shadow Industry Secretary, 178; Biffen replaces at Industry, 195; criticizes trade unions, 233; in 1979 election campaign, 245; dislikes dual key control of Cruise missiles, 395; in 1983 election campaign, 413; and despatch of troops to Lebanon, 426; and Grenada affair, 428–9; as Environment Secretary, 484; and Westland affair, 485–96; as Defence Secretary, 486; resigns from Cabinet, 494; meets Gorbachevs, 509; and local government financing, 595–6; announces abandonment of community charge, 610; challenges MT in 1990 leadership election, 708–9, 713–19, 721, 724–7, 731, 733, 736; defeated in 1990 leadership election, 737

  Heysel Football Stadium riot (1985), 481 & n

  Hibbert Journal, 15

  Higgins, Terence, 120, 142

  Hillary, Richard: The Last Enemy, 25

&
nbsp; Hiroshima, 41–2

  history: teaching of, 573–4

  Hitler, Adolf, 20–2, 24–7

  Hodgkin, Dorothy, 31–2

  homosexuality, 96–8

  Honda motor company, 498

  Honecker, Erich, 683

  Hong Kong: Chinese claims and policy on, 390–2, 524–9; currency crisis, 526–7

  hooliganism see riots

  Hornsby-Smith, Pat, 49–50, 75, 78

  Hoskyns, John: devises ‘Stepping Stones’ operation, 231; and public expenditure, 278, 320–1; and union reform, 305; and MT’s 1982 Cabinet reshuffle, 332; succeeded by Ferdinand Mount, 402

  Houghton, Douglas, 81

  housing: MT appointed to Ministry, 89; rents, 139, 576–7; and Conservative 1974 defeat, 149; MT’s policy on, 151–5, 160, 576; and rates, 162; council and private, 417, 577, 614; high-rise council estates, 558; sale of council properties, 558; in Conservative 1987 election manifesto, 561, 569; Ridley’s reforms, 576–8; for young unmarried mothers, 589; and working labour market, 613–14; private ownership, 614–15; private rented, 614; and mortgage tax relief, 617; prices, 639

  Housing Act (1988), 614

  Housing Action Trusts (HATs), 577–8

  Houston, Texas: NASA Space Center, 98–9; G7 meeting (1990), 666

  Howard, Michael, 485, 660, 726, 729

  Howe, Derek, 239

  Howe, Elspeth, Lady, 459, 661

  Howe, Sir Geoffrey (later Baron): on British sovereignty in EC, 131; in Cabinet to oversee prices and incomes, 140; opposes Heath, 151; and Keith Joseph’s economic policy proposals, 158; in leadership election, 172; MT appoints Shadow Chancellor, 178; Economic Reconstruction Group, 184, 220; hostility to trade unions, 186; and MT’s economic policy, 187–8; co-drafts The Right Approach, 193; and trade union reform, 220–1, 304; on collective bargaining, 229; and election manifesto (1979), 240, 242; on incomes policy, 242; in 1979 election campaign, 246; as Chancellor, 261, 616, 627; supports public expenditure cuts, 276–7, 318, 329; economic strategy, 316–17, 321–2, 329; budgets: (1979), 271; (1980), 277; (1981), 321–2, 329; economic discussions in Cabinet, 328; replies to Heath’s attack at 1981 Conference, 333; excluded from Cabinet sub-committee on Falklands, 349; examines long-term public expenditure, 401; prepares election manifesto (1983), 404, 406; in 1983 election campaign, 407, 411; and costing of Labour’s 1983 manifesto promises, 413; Europeanism, 420; as Foreign Secretary, 420, 483; and despatch of troops to Lebanon, 426; and Grenada affair, 428–9; and US actions in Lebanon, 431; and Brighton bomb, 459; supports Three-Judge courts in Northern Ireland, 476; and Westland affair, 490; and US air attack on Libya, 500; suggests inviting Chernenko to Britain, 508; meets Gorbachevs, 509–10; on future of Hong Kong, 526; visits Peking, 528; meets P.W. Botha at Chequers, 535; reluctance to join ‘eminent persons’ on South Africa, 538; visit to South Africa, 539; attends Fontainebleau European Council (1984), 546, 548; and EC Single Market, 551; favours IGC at Milan meeting, 553; in ‘A-Team’ for 1987 election, 559; favours joining ERM, 631–2, 637, 641–3, 648, 658; alliance with Lawson against MT, 637, 642–3; political ambitions, 643; praises Lawson as Chancellor, 648; as potential Party leader, 660; removed as Foreign Secretary, 660–1; as Deputy Prime Minister, 662; on prospect of single currency, 711–12; deteriorating relations with MT, 712, 718; resigns, 712–13, 716; resignation speech in Commons, 716–19

 

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