Shots Fired in Terminal 2

by William Hazelgrove

  CHAPTER 11: THE FEEDING FRENZY

  1. Douglas Gentile, Media Violence and Children: A Complete Guide for Parents and Professionals (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003), p. 2–3.

  2. National Television Violence Study, 1998, cited in ibid., p. 3.

  3. Gentile, Media Violence and Children, p. 11.

  4. Ibid., p. 58 [italics added].

  CHAPTER 13: THE TEXAS TOWER SNIPER

  1. Gary M. Lavergne, A Sniper in the Tower: The Charles Whitman Murders (Austin: University of Texas Press 1997), pp. 18–19.

  2. Ibid., p. 5.

  3. Ibid., pp. 22–23.

  4. Ibid., pp. 93–94.

  5. Sarah Brash et al., eds., Mass Murderers (Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1993), p. 34.

  6. Saul Pett and Jules Loh, “Whitman's Losing Battle Against Hate, Cruelty,” Ottawa Citizen, August 15, 1966, p. 7.

  7. Pamela Colloff, “96 Minutes,” Texas Monthly, August 2006, https://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/96-minutes/ (accessed April 23, 2018).

  8. Garth Jones, “Beginning of an Era: The 1966 University of Texas Clock Tower Shooting,” NBC News, July 31, 2016, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/beginning-era-1966-university-texas-clock-tower-shooting-n620556 (accessed April 23, 2018).

  9. “Charles Whitman Sniper Coverage,” YouTube video, 1:54, posted by senortecolote, June 3, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oK72g7mfvA (accessed April 26, 2018).

  10. “KTBC UT Tower Shooting story during The Huntley-Brinkley Report | 8/1/1966,” YouTube video, 5:06, posted by KTBC FOX 7 Austin, August 8, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1Tty29I9m0 (accessed April 26, 2018), at 2:58–3:35.

  11. David Wolcott, Crime and Punishment in America (New York: Infobase, 2010), p. 218.

  12. Eva Frederick, “Experts Still Disagree on Role of Tower Shooter's Brain Tumor,” Daily Texan, July 30, 2016, http://www.dailytexanonline.com/2016/07/30/experts-still-disagree-on-role-of-tower-shooters-brain-tumor (accessed March 23, 2018).

  CHAPTER 15: CHICKEN NUGGETS: THE McDONALD'S SHOOTING

  1. Arthur S. Brisbane, “To Father of Mass Murderer, Son's Violence Is Inexplicable,” Washington Post, July 21, 1984, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/07/21/to-father-of-mass-murderer-sons-violence-is-inexplicable/377d77bd-97ff-4f22-b2a3-15c747f70ea3/?utm_term=.642238b630ad (accessed April 27, 2018).

  2. Sarah Brash et al., eds., Mass Murderers (Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1993), pp. 114–15.

  3. Ronald D. Brown, Dying on the Job: Murder and Mayhem in the American Workplace (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2013), p. 194.

  4. Brash et al., Mass Murderers, pp. 118–23.

  5. Ibid., pp. 126–27.

  6. Ibid.

  7. Jim Kavanagh, “Slaughter at McDonald's Changed How Police Operate,” CNN, July 24, 2009, http://edition.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/07/23/california.mcdonalds.massacre/index.html (accessed April 30, 2018).

  8. John E. Douglas and Mark Olshaker, The Anatomy of Motive (New York: Pocket Books, 2000), p. 296.

  CHAPTER 16: SHELL SHOCK

  1. Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell To Arms (New York: Scribner's, 1929), p. 32.

  2. Ryan Jaslow, “Soldiers’ Brain Damage Similar to Football Players’, Study of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Shows,” CBS News, May 16, 2012, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/soldiers-brain-damage-similar-to-football-players-study-of-chronic-traumatic-encephalopathy-shows/ (accessed May 3, 2018).

  3. Peter Leese, Shell Shock: Traumatic Neurosis and the British Soldiers of the First World War (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), p. 10.

  4. “Shell Shock,” Inside Out, BBC, March 3, 2004, http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/extra/series-1/shell_shocked.shtml (accessed May 3, 2018).

  5. Taylor Downing, “How Shell-Shock Shaped the Battle of the Somme,” Telegraph, April 16, 2016, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/authors/how-shell-shock-shaped-the-battle-of-the-somme/ (accessed May 3, 2018).

  6. “Shell Shock,” Inside Out.

  CHAPTER 17: A SHORT HISTORY OF THE GUN

  1. Jeff Schogol, “Are New Recruits Secretly Given Saltpeter?” Stars and Stripes (blog), June 15, 2010, https://www.stripes.com/blogs-archive/the-rumor-doctor/the-rumor-doctor-1.104348/are-new-recruits-secretly-given-saltpeter-1.107251#.Wvn9uqSUtpg (accessed May 14, 2018).

  2. The Conestoga Company's Big-Bang Cannons, https://www.bigbangcannons.com/Home (accessed April 30, 2018).

  3. “Firearms,” History.com, 2018, https://www.history.com/topics/firearms (accessed May 5, 2018).

  4. Carl P. Russell, Guns on the Early Frontiers: A History of Firearms from Colonial Times through the Years of the Early Fur Trade (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1980), p. 93.

  5. Matthew Moss, “How the Colt Single Action Army Revolver Won the West,” Popular Mechanics, November 3, 2016, https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a23685/colt-single-action/ (accessed May 5, 2018).

  6. Bill O'Neal, Encyclopedia of Western Gunfighters (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), p. 4.

  7. Dan Haar, “Gun That Won the West: Two Claim Bragging Rights,” Hartford Courant, January 22, 2006, http://articles.courant.com/2006-01-22/business/0601210317_1_oliver-winchester-winchester-model-winchester-family (accessed May 5, 2018).

  8. William Hazelgrove, Al Capone and the 1933 World's Fair (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2017), p. 7.

  9. Osha Gray Davidson, Under Fire: The NRA and the Battle for Gun Control, rev. ed. (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1998), p. 4.

  10. “Slaughter in a School Yard,” Time, January 24, 2001, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,151105,00.html (accessed April 30, 2018).

  11. Wayne King, “Weapon Used by Deranged Man Is Easy to Buy,” New York Times, January 19, 1989, https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/19/us/weapon-used-by-deranged-man-is-easy-to-buy.html (accessed April 30, 2018).

  12. “Slaughter in a School Yard.”

  13. Jay Mathews, “Schoolyard Massacre Refuels Drive for Stricter Gun Control,” Washington Post, January 20, 1989, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/01/20/schoolyard-massacre-refuels-drive-for-stricter-gun-control/a309140e-7666-44d0-b684-30e5e43c5e21/?utm_term=.b8a65debc2e6 (accessed April 30, 2018).

  14. Ron Irwin, Mass Murders in America (Lulu, 2016), p. 81.

  15. William Booth, “Texas Killer Said to Have ‘Problem with Women,’” Washington Post, October 18, 1991, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/18/texas-killer-said-to-have-problem-with-women/0af79d27-5ed2-4a1a-afb2-f6a38e9c32c2/?utm_term=.ae9b72b8b2f5 (May 1, 2018).

  16. Don Terry, “Portrait of Texas Killer: Impatient and Troubled,” New York Times, October, 18, 1991, https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/18/us/portrait-of-texas-killer-impatient-and-troubled.html (accessed May 1, 2018).

  17. Booth, “Texas Killer Said to Have ‘Problem with Women.’”

  18. Kyle Blankenship, “25 Years Later: Memories of Luby's Shooting Fade but Don't Die,” Killeen Daily Herald, October 15, 2016, http://kdhnews.com/news/local/years-later-memories-of-luby-s-shooting-fade-but-don/article_c9b9b2b0-9357-11e6-ad69-abfb3fb48883.html (May 1, 2018).

  19. Jon Stokes, “The Assault Weapons Ban Didn't Work. A New One Won't, Either,” Los Angeles Times, March 1, 2018, http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-stokes-assault-weapon-ban-20180301-story.html (accessed May 5, 2018).

  20. Jason Ryan, “Obama to Seek New Assault Weapons Ban,” ABC News, February 25, 2009, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=6960824&page=1 (accessed April 3, 2018).

  21. Meghan Keneally, “How 15 Democrats Helped Tank the 2013 Assault Weapons Ban,” ABC News, October 5, 2017, https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/15-democrats-helped-tank-2013-assault-weapons-ban/story?id=50275295 (accessed May 5, 2018).

  CHAPTER 18: RETURN TO TERMINAL 1

  1. Radley Balko, Overkill: The Rise of Paramilitary Raids in America (whitepaper; Washington, DC: Cato Institute, July 17, 2006), https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/balko_whitepaper_2006.pdf (accessed April
3, 2018), pp. 12.

  2. Sukanya Menon, “Mother Shot Dead by Police as They Raided Home to Arrest Her Son for Marijuana,” Meaww, January 20, 2018, https://meaww.com/read/news/mother-shot-dead-by-police-as-they-raided-home-to-arrest-her-son-for-marijuana (accessed May 3, 2018).

  3. Radley Balko, Rise of the Warrior Cop: The Militarization of America's Police Forces (New York: PublicAffairs, 2013), p. 258.

  4. Matt Apuzzo, “War Gear Flows to Police Departments,” New York Times, June 8, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/09/us/war-gear-flows-to-police-departments.html (accessed May 14, 2018).

  5. Christopher Ingraham, “American Gun Ownership Drops to Lowest in Nearly Forty Years,” Washington Post, June 29, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/06/29/american-gun-ownership-is-now-at-a-30-year-low/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.e56e0aea111b (accessed May 14, 2018).

  6. Kim Parker, Juliana Menasce Horowitz, et al., “America's Complex Relationship with Guns: 1. The Demographics of Gun Ownership,” Pew Research Group, Washington, DC, June 22, 2017, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2017/06/22/the-demographics-of-gun-ownership/ (accessed April 3, 2018).

  7. Dave Mosher and Skye Gould, “How Likely Is Gun Violence to Kill the Average American? The Odds May Surprise You,” Business Insider, February 15, 2018, http://www.businessinsider.com/mass-shooting-gun-statistics-2018-2 (accessed March 23, 2018).

  CHAPTER 19: COWBOYS AND INDIANS

  1. Charles Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, in The Works of Charles Dickens (repr., 1842; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 458.

  2. Garry Wills, “Spiking the Gun Myth: Review of Arming America: The Origins of a National Gun Culture, by Michael A. Bellesiles,” New York Times, September 10, 2000, https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/10/books/spiking-the-gun-myth.html (accessed May 14, 2018).

  3. “Frederick Jackson Turner's ‘Frontier Thesis,’” Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, http://oa.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/development-west/timeline-terms/frederick-jackson-turners-frontier-thesis-0 (accessed May 3, 2018).

  4. Jervis Anderson, Guns in American Life (New York: Random House, 1984), p. 23.

  5. William Hazelgrove, Forging a President: How the Wild West Created Teddy Roosevelt (Washington, DC: Regnery, 2017), p. 20.

  6. Anderson, Guns in American Life, p. 49.

  7. Ibid., p. 50.

  8. “Frederick Jackson Turner's ‘Frontier Thesis.’”

  9. Ibid.

  10. Michael R. Federspiel, Picturing Hemingway's Michigan (Detroit: Painted Turtle, 2010), p. 70.

  11. “Hemingway's Suicide Gun,” Garden and Gun, October 20, 2010, http://gardenandgun.com/articles/hemingways-suicide-gun/ (accessed May 14, 2018).

  12. Marc Fisher, “Bang: The Troubled Legacy of Toy Guns,” Washington Post, December 22, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/bang-the-troubled-legacy-of-toy-guns/2014/12/22/96494ea8-86f8-11e4-9534-f79a23c40e6c_story.html?utm_term=.ea524ad31bd9 (accessed May 14, 2018).

  13. A Christmas Story, directed by Bob Clark (Los Angeles, CA: Warner Bros., 1983).

  CHAPTER 21: A SHORT HISTORY OF THE NRA

  1. “A Brief History of the NRA,” National Rifle Association, https://home.nra.org/about-the-nra/ (accessed May 5, 2018).

  2. Lily Rothman, “The Original Reason the NRA Was Founded,” Time, November 17, 2015, http://time.com/4106381/nra-1871-history/ (accessed May 14, 2018).

  3. Nicholas J. Johnson, David B. Kopel, George A. Mocsary, and Michael P. O'Shea, Firearms Law and the Second Amendment: Regulation, Rights, and Policy (New York: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 2012), p. 531.

  4. Robert Singh, “Gun Control,” Governing America: The Politics of a Divided Democracy, ed. Robert Singh (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 370.

  5. Richard M. Skinner, More Than Money: Interest Group Action in Congressional Elections (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007), p. 144.

  6. Cydney Hargis, “No, the NRA Is Not Actually the United States’ ‘Oldest Civil Rights Organization,’” Media Matters for America, April 28, 2017, https://www.mediamatters.org/blog/2017/04/28/no-nra-not-actually-united-states-oldest-civil-rights-organization/216186 (accessed May 14, 2018).

  7. David Knowles, “NRA Spent $15 Million to Oust President Obama from Office in 2012, and Donated Overwhelmingly to Republican Candidates,” New York Daily News, February 4, 2013, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/nra-spent-15-million-defeat-obama-2012-article-1.1254996 (accessed May 14, 2018).

  8. Joel Roberts, “Assault Weapons Ban Expires,” CBS News, September 13, 2004, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/assault-weapon-ban-expires/ (accessed May 14, 2018).

  9. Eric Lichtblau and Motoko Rich, “NRA Envisions ‘a Good Guy With a Gun’ in Every School,” New York Times, December 21, 2012, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/22/us/nra-calls-for-armed-guards-at-schools.html (accessed May 14, 2018).

  10. Jay Nordlinger, “Chuck and Clint and Guns, &c.,” National Review, September 13, 2017, https://www.nationalreview.com/2017/09/charlton-heston-clint-eastwood-guns-and-more-jay-nordlingers-impromptus-september-13/ (accessed May 14, 2018).

  11. “NRA to File Suit Against San Francisco Gun Ban,” Fox News, November 13, 2005, http://www.foxnews.com/story/2005/11/13/nra-to-file-suit-against-san-francisco-gun-ban.html (accessed May 14, 2018).

  12. “NRA to Settle Suit Over Katrina Gun Seizures,” NBC News, October 8, 2008, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27087738/ns/us_news-life/t/nra-settle-suit-over-katrina-gun-seizures/#.WvpMEaSUvDc (accessed May 14, 2018).

  13. Azam Ahmed, “NRA Sues Chicago, 3 Suburbs to Repeal Their Firearms Bans,” Chicago Tribune, June 28, 2008, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-06-28/news/0806270541_1_gun-ban-gun-control-activists-second-amendment-foundation (accessed May 14, 2018).

  14. Tom Precious, “Appeals Court Upholds SAFE Act but Rules Against Seven-Bullet Limit,” Buffalo News, October 19, 2015, http://buffalonews.com/2015/10/19/appeals-court-upholds-safe-act-but-rules-against-seven-bullet-limit/ (accessed May 14, 2018).

  15. Dan Nephin, “NRA Sues Lancaster over Gun Law,” Lancaster Online, December 15, 2015, https://lancasteronline.com/news/local/nra-sues-lancaster-over-gun-law/article_8b9ef60c-b780-11e4-90a5-b7ac691de4fc.html (accessed May 14, 2018).

  16. Jay Weaver, “Man Accused of Fort Lauderdale Mass Shooting has Mental Illness but Can Stand Trial,” Miami Herald, March 15, 2017, http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/article138704713.html (accessed May 14, 2018).

  CHAPTER 23: COLUMBINE

  1. Dave Cullen, Columbine (New York: Grand Central, 2009), p. 357.

  2. Ibid., p. 310.

  3. Ibid., p. 158.

  4. Ibid., p. 335.

  5. Ibid., p. 141.

  6. Ibid., p. 52.

  7. Ibid., p. 53.

  8. Ibid., p. 163.

  9. Ibid., p. 59.

  10. Ibid., p. 60.

  11. Ibid., p. 66.

  12. Ibid., p. 112.

  13. Ibid., p. 195.

  14. Michael W. Chapman, “Flashback—Charlton Heston: ‘From My Cold, Dead Hands!’” CNS News, January 14, 2013, https://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/flashback-charlton-heston-my-cold-dead-hands (accessed May 15, 2018).

  15. Cullen, Columbine, p. 342.

  16. Ibid., p. 165.

  17. Ibid., p. 167.

  18. Ibid., p. 204.

  19. Ibid., p. 261.

  20. John D. Sutter, “Columbine Massacre Changed School Security,” CNN, April 20, 2009, http://www.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/04/20/columbine.school.safety/ (accessed May 15, 2018).

  21. “Columbine Student Jailed for Alleged Threat Not a Danger, Lawyer Says,” CNN, October 22, 1999, http://www.cnn.com/US/9910/22/columbine.threat.02/ (accessed May 15, 2018).

  22. Caroline Mimbs Nyce, “Dress Codes After Columbine,” Atlantic, April 7, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/notes/2016/04/dress-codes-after-columbine/477375/ (accessed May 15, 2018).

  23. “Cleaned-Up Columbine Reopens Monday; Decision on Fate of Library Remains,” Fox News, January 26, 2001,
http://www.foxnews.com/story/2001/01/26/cleaned-up-columbine-reopens-monday-decision-on-fate-library-remains.html (accessed May 15, 2018).

  24. Ryan Parker, “Colorado Gun Background Check System Tops Out as Checks Still Pour In,” Denver Post, December 26, 2012, https://www.denverpost.com/2012/12/26/colorado-gun-background-check-system-tops-out-as-checks-still-pour-in/ (accessed May 15, 2018).

  25. Cullen, Columbine, p. 321.

  26. Jeremy Rogalski and Tina Macias, “Suspected Santa Fe HS Shooter Violated District Trench Coat Policy,” KHOU, May 24, 2018, https://www.khou.com/article/news/investigations/suspected-santa-fe-hs-shooter-violated-district-trnch-coat-policy/285-557195480 (accessed May 29, 2018).

  CHAPTER 24: ESCAPE FROM FLL

  1. Kyra Gurney, “Hero Shields Mother of Two from Fort Lauderdale Airport Shooter,” Miami Herald, January 8, 2017, http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article125275384.html (accessed May 15, 2018).

  CHAPTER 25: TAXI DRIVER

  1. Del Quentin Wilber, Rawhide Down: The Near Assassination of Ronald Reagan (New York: Henry Holt, 2011), p. 50.

  2. Ibid., p. 60.

  3. Jennifer Rosenberg, “Reagan Assassination Attempt,” ThoughtCo, April 11, 2018, https://www.thoughtco.com/reagan-assassination-attempt-1779413 (accessed May 15, 2018).

  4. Wilber, Rawhide Down, p. 90.

  5. Ibid., p. 154.

  6. Amanda Douville, “The Attempted Assassination of Ronald Reagan,” Daily News, March 30, 2018, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/attempted-assassination-ronald-reagan-gallery-1.2728503 (accessed May 15, 2018).

  7. Michelle Hackman, “Ex-Reagan Press Secretary James Brady Dies at 73,” Wall Street Journal, August 4, 2014, https://www.wsj.com/articles/ex-reagan-press-secretary-james-brady-dies-1407176076 (accessed May 15, 2018).

  8. Adam Howard, “John Lennon's Death 35 Years Ago Also Sparked a Gun Control Debate,” MSNBC, December 8, 2015, http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/john-lennons-death-35-years-ago-also-sparked-gun-control-debate (accessed May 15, 2018).

  9. Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, H.R. 1025, 103rd Cong. (1993–1994), https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-103hr1025rh/pdf/BILLS-103hr1025rh.pdf (accessed May 4, 2018).