Cameron, Julia, 155
Camus, Albert, 245, 246, 247, 263, 321, 329
Candide (Voltaire), 311
Carlsson, Arvid, 333
Carlyle, Thomas, 321
Cartesian biology, 306
Casanova, Ludovicus a, 305
Cassian, 292–93, 478
catecholamine, 332–33, 397
Catholicism, 132–33
CBT, see cognitive-behavioral therapy
Celexa (citalopram), 13, 114, 118, 157, 191, 192, 333, 445, 487
celiac disease, 139
Center for Disease Control, 493
Cervantes, Miguel de, 304
Changing Nature of Man, The (van den Berg), 407
Charles VI (the Foolish), King of France, 305
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 293–94
Chavez, Cesar, 392
Chekhov, Anton, 135
Chesterton, G. K., 252
childbirth, maternal depression after, 138, 174, 176, 457
childhood depression, 181–89
of adolescents, 187–89, 461
adult depression rates after, 187–88, 461
assessments of, 184, 188–89
earliest manifestations of, 181, 421, 459
parental depression and, 180–83, 459
parents involved in therapy for, 183
physical illness and, 182, 187, 188–89
sexual abuse and, 349–50, 355, 421
suicidality and, 184, 254, 257–58, 261, 264–65, 356, 461
treatment of, 183, 184–89, 460
U.S. incidence of, 25, 446
children:
assertion of power developed by, 350
of depressed parents, 82–83, 180–83, 337, 345, 346–47, 349–50, 351–52, 356–58, 359, 383
internalized homophobia in, 204
language development of, 418–19
maternal substance abuse and, 254
suicidality of, 184, 254, 257–58, 261, 264–65, 356, 460
see also childhood depression
China, People’s Republic of, toxic-ingestion suicides in, 255
Chinese herbal medicine, 137, 148, 229
choice:
moral responsibility of, 432–33
stress of modern freedom of, 407–9
cholesterol levels, 254
depression and, 138
cholinergic agonists, 116
Chow, David, 395
Christianity:
depression difficulties helped by faith in, 131–32
martyrdom in, 247
medieval condemnation of melancholia in, 292–95
Protestant morality and, 312–13
suicide prohibitions of, 132, 246–47, 304
Christiansen, RenÇ Birger, 213
Christie, Deborah, 185, 186, 188–89, 429
chromium, 138
Chrysippus of Cnidus, 288
Chua-Eoan, Howard, 461
Chung, Joyce, 348–49, 352–53
Churchill, Winston, 367
cigarettes, 218, 225, 230
cingulotomy, 164–65, 441
Cioran, E. M., 273
citalopram (Celexa; Cipromil), 13, 114, 118, 157, 191, 192, 333, 445
Civil Aeromedical Institute (CAMI), 491
classification, 319, 331
Clayton, Anita, 115, 116, 117
clean drugs, 118
Clinton, Bill, 374, 376, 377
clonidine, 161
Clozaril, 422, 423
club drugs, 232
cocaine:
controlled use of, 238
crack, 223, 230
crash after high of, 230
depressives as chronic abusers of, 218
dopamine system affected by, 217, 231, 469
ecstasy vs., 233
fetal neurological damage from, 254
as illegal substance, 224, 236
impact of, on anxiety vs. depression, 221
physical damage from long-term use of, 231, 346
tricyclic antidepressants and, 222
unregulated quality of, 238
withdrawal from, 222, 230
Cogentin, 422
cognition, 107, 413–15, 416
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), 107–9
alcoholic depression treated with, 228–29
brain metabolism affected by, 111
as learned optimism, 107
medication combined with, 104
negative thinking controlled in, 107–9, 351
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 312
collectivity, 404
Colt, George Howe, 243, 470
Columbia University, CBT-based alcoholism relapse prevention at, 228–29
commitments, capacity to make, 413
Community Health Services Block Grant, 376
community mental health clinics, 377–78, 384, 391, 392–93, 494
competition, 405
Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 21
concentration camp survivors:
CBT principle as strategy of, 109
suicide of, 281–82
conduct disorder, 182, 186, 202, 460
confession, religious, 131
Congress, U.S.:
“Decade of the Brain” declared by, 369
family mental illness concerns of, 376–77, 382–84
on health services for indigent, 375–78
insurance parity legislation in, 369, 371–74
Republican leadership in, 376
see also specific legislators
consciousness:
mechanistic model of, 306
suicidality and, 245, 254, 256–57
see also self-consciousness
corporate marketplace, medications promoted in, 394–97
cortical functions, 48
hypothalamic function and, 448
see also brain function
corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), 57, 59, 231
cortisol levels:
circadian patterns in, 56, 58
long-term effects of protracted increase of, 58–60
maternal separation and, 113, 452
right-brain activation vs., 418
serotonin levels vs., 57, 59
Cosgrove, Reese, 164
cowardice, 179
Cowper, William, 309, 310–11
crack addiction, 223, 230
Crack-Up, The (Fitzgerald), 144
CRF (corticotropin releasing factor), 57, 59, 231
Crohn’s disease, 344
Crow, Timothy, 415–16, 417, 418–19, 496–97
Cullen, William, 483
Cumaean Sibyl (mythical character), 270–71
Cutbush, Edward, 483
cutting (self-mutilation), 71, 151–52, 421, 422–24, 427
cyproheptadine, 116
D
Dakar, Senegal, mental health facilities in, 165–66
D’Amato, Brian, 115
Daniel, Book of, 292
Daniel Deronda (Eliot), 437–38
Danquah, Meri, 195–96, 445
Danziger, Sandra, 488
darkness, depression metaphors of, 287, 298–99, 310
Darwinian Psychiatry (McGuire and Troisi), 401–2
date-rape drug (roofies), 234
Davidson, Richard J., 416–19
Day for Night: Recognizing Teenage Depression, 461
death penalty, 442
debridement, 422
Deffand, Marquise du, 311
deinstitutionalization, 380, 392
delirium tremens, 228
delta sleep, 65
delusions, 291, 297, 303, 304–6, 319, 327, 421
dementia, elderly, 190–91, 192–93
Demerol, 231
demographic factors, see populations
demoralization, long-term, 351
dental health, psychiatric medication effects on, 421–22
Depakote, 83, 93, 121, 161
De praestigiis daemonum (Wier), 297
depressants, opiates as, 232
depression:
acceleration of recurrences of, 56–57, 60, 449
addictive weakness enabled by, 242
agitated, 48, 123, 220, 229, 290
alternative therapies for, 135–72
anaclitic, 183
animal studies on, 113–14, 348
anxiety in conjunction with, 65–66, 229, 239–40, 323–24, 405
atypical, 48, 114
author’s experience of, 18–19, 29–30, 39–55, 60–62, 63–73, 77–80, 81, 83–92, 98–99
beneficial self-assessments triggered by, 410
biochemical aspects of, 20–22; see also brain chemistry; neurotransmitters
body temperature and, 56, 113, 452
breakdowns and, 17, 39–99
celebrity openness about, 365
cholesterol levels and, 138
circadian rhythms in, 54, 60, 145
compound risk factors for, 182–83
continual struggles against, 61–62, 440–41
diagnosis of, 19–20, 27, 335–36, 447, 461
disease model of, 397–400
diversity of, 302
economic costs of, 371
emergence process after, 61, 64, 66–67, 434–35
endogenous vs. reactive, 62–63, 330, 450
evolutionary views of, 401–20
fatalities caused by, 25, 37, 447; see also suicide
gender roles and, 175, 458
genetic predisposition to, 48, 56, 65, 230, 327, 450
genius associated with, 285, 288–89, 299, 300–301, 316
grief vs., 16, 79, 124, 299, 323, 324, 412, 435
health insurance coverage of, 361, 369–75, 376, 377
historical attitudes on, 285–334, 479, 480, 481, 482, 483, 484–85
homosexuality and, 202–8, 463
hospital treatment of, 75, 120, 165–66, 190, 309, 317–21, 370–71, 378–82, 385–89, 391, 392–93, 423, 424, 425, 427–28
increases in rates of, 31–32
independence of suicidality from, 243–44, 249, 470
male/female ratios of, 173, 175, 177–78, 180, 457
manic-depressive disorder and, 25, 48, 92–98, 106, 118, 125–29, 148, 248, 252, 255, 319, 373, 394
as medical concern, 362
and “melancholy,” 445
metaphoric descriptions of, 18–19, 27–29
mild vs. major, 16–19, 20, 399, 445
modern-day stresses and, 406–9
moral profundity developed from, 38, 438–43
multiple physiological systems at root of, 397
onset of, 77–78, 90, 95, 187–88, 458, 461
parental, 82–83, 180–83, 337, 338, 342, 345–47, 349–52, 356–359, 383
personal character within, 428–34, 441–42
political issues connected with, 201, 361–400, 408–9
postpartum experiences of, 138, 174, 457
poverty and, 37–38, 335–60, 376–78, 488
precursor episodes in, 44, 77–78, 83–85
prevention of, 361
productive life changes engendered in, 410, 435, 437–39
protective withdrawal of, 406
reaction of family and friends to, 62–63, 69–70, 94, 162, 238–39, 383, 411–12, 423, 437, 438
realistic judgment in, 432, 433, 435
recurrence rates of, 56–57, 60, 80
in resolution of dominance conflicts, 404–6
seasonal incidents of, 137, 140, 186, 208–9
sleep pattern disruption in, 144, 145–46, 220–21, 455, 466
somatic illness and, 25, 446
of specific populations, see populations
statistics on, 12–13, 25–26, 352–53, 446, 447
stigmatization of, 285, 292–95, 362, 363–66, 370, 373, 383–84
substance abuse and, see alcoholism; substance abuse
suicide and, see suicide
survival strategies in, 81–83, 86–87, 98–99, 443
symptoms of, 48, 335–36
trauma-based types of, 62–63, 140–41, 158–59
treatment of, see treatment; specific modes of treatment
triggers of, 62, 63, 450
ubiquity of, 14, 25, 26, 446
vulnerability to other diseases increased by, 374
Depression and Related Affective Disorders Association (DRADA), 159
Descartes, René, 306, 315–16
desipramine, 383
De Wester, Jeffrey, 446
Dewey, John, 328
dexamphetamine, 92
Dexedrine, 62, 116, 119, 235
diabetes, 22, 59, 362
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), 20, 25, 243
Dickens, Charles, 321, 485
Dickinson, Emily, 52, 271, 438, 448, 498
diet, 138–39, 290, 291, 327, 454
Diouf, Mareme, 166–67, 168, 169, 170
disability status, 367–68
Discourse of Melancholike Diseases (Du Laurens), 298–99
Ditropan, 422
divine madness, 288, 295–96
Domenici, Pete, 369, 372, 373, 375–76, 377
domestic abuse, 177, 178–79, 355–56, 428–29
dominance behavior:
animal serotonin levels and, 113–14
depression utilized in conflicts of, 404–6
Dominican culture, 194–95
Donne, John, 247
dopamine, 113, 114, 117, 118
early research on, 332, 333
ECT enhancement of, 123
sleep effects on, 145
substance abuse effects on, 217, 218, 219, 231, 233, 467, 469
dopamine-enhancing drugs, 116, 117
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 268, 440
Downey, Jennifer, 203–5, 463
downward drift hypothesis, 353
DRADA (Depression and Related Affective Disorders Association), 159
drop-in centers, 391–92
drugs:
legal vs. illegal, 235–36
over-the-counter, 398
see also antidepressant medications; pharmaceutical industry; substance abuse; specific drugs
Dryden, John, 310
dry mouth, gingivitis caused by, 422
DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual), 20, 25, 243
Du Laurens, Andreas, 298, 303, 479, 480
Durkheim, Émile, 249–50, 252, 472
Dworkin, Ronald, 278
dyslexia, 40
E
East Asian culture, 200
eating disorders, 175, 176, 313, 435
Ecclesiastes, Book of, 315
Eccleston, Donald, 487
ecstasy (E) (MDMA), 222, 232–34, 235
ECT, see electroconvulsive therapy
Edgson, Vicki, 139
Effexor/Efexor(venlafaxine), 76, 78, 86, 87, 114, 118, 119, 235, 334, 447
Einheitspsychose, 319
Einstein, Albert, 132
Elavil, 114
elderly:
circulatory deficiencies of, 307
depression among, 189–93, 259, 307, 461–62
suicides of, 258–59, 270
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 101, 120–23
brain metabolic effects of, 123
brief-pulse square-wave stimulus vs. sine-wave stimulus in, 121
effectiveness of, 62, 75, 120, 122–23, 163, 397, 453–54
for elderly, 190
emotional distance after, 82
experience of, 75–76, 121
magnetic therapy vs., 139
memory loss from, 76, 82, 122, 123, 423
rapid action of, 120, 122
resistance toward, 122, 123, 163
social stigmatization and, 122, 123, 367
suicidal impulses curtailed by, 252
unilateral vs. bilateral, 121, 454
“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” (Gray), 312
Eli Lilly, 334, 395
Eliot, George, 437–38
Eliot, T. S., 225, 270–71
EMDR (eye movement des
ensitization and reprocessing) therapy, 137, 140–41, 144, 158, 394, 454
emergency room treatment, 83–85, 381
emotion:
animal experiences of, 402–3
brain asymmetry and, 418, 419
in limbic system, 414–15
mood vs., 403
range of, 412–14
sensations as triggers of, 402
emotional repression, therapeutic recovery from, 36–37, 350–51
Emotions Anonymous, 240
Empedocles, 286
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