Jesus Wars
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27. “speaks of the birth and suffering” is from Nestorius’s second letter, at http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/cyril_against_nestorius_00_intro.htm.
28. Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 92.
29. Pusey, “Preface,” xxi–xxii.
30. “He who has seen me” is John 14:9; “I and my Father” is John 10:30. Quoted from Cyril’s Third Letter, in Percival, “Seven Ecumenical Councils,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 201–5. The passage about the ark is from P. E. Pusey, ed., Cyril of Alexandria: Scholia on the Incarnation of the Only-Begotten (Oxford: James Parker, 1881), 196.
31. Pusey, Cyril of Alexandria: Scholia, 194.
32. Frend, Rise of the Monophysite Movement, 125.
33. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 2:295–96.
34. “Mary, my friends,” is from Pusey, “Preface,” xxii.
35. “Cyril availed himself” is quoted from Evetts, Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria, 2:437; “For Arius and his followers,” is from Evetts, Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria, 2:433.
36. Pusey, “Preface,” xxi.
37. Pusey, “Preface,” lxvi; Wessel, Leo the Great, 209–57.
38. Percival, “Seven Ecumenical Councils,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 201–5, paraphrased.
39. For a detailed commentary on the anathemas, see Percival, “Seven Ecumenical Councils,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 206–18.
40. Millar, Greek Roman Empire.
41. Paraphrased from Pusey, “Preface,” lxix–lxxi.
42. For John’s caution, see Pusey, “Preface,” xlvii–xlviii, lxvii; For Celestine’s reactions, see Pusey, “Preface,” lxix
43. Millar, Greek Roman Empire, 235–48; Socrates, “Ecclesiastical History,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 172. John Chapman, “Council of Ephesus,” Catholic Encyclopedia (1909), vol. 5 at http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05491a.htm.
44. Stefan Karwiese, “The Church of Mary and the Temple of Hadrian Olympios” in Koester, Ephesos, Metropolis of Asia, 311–20; Vasiliki Limberis, “The Council of Ephesos” in Koester, Ephesos, Metropolis of Asia, 321–40.
45. For recent accounts of the council, see Wessel, Cyril of Alexandria, 138–90; McGuckin, St. Cyril of Alexandria: The Christological Controversy, 1–107. Leo Donald Davis, The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (Wilmington, DE: Glazier, 1983).
46. “The bishops are many” is from Evetts, Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria, 2:438. Janet A. Timbie, “Reading and Rereading Shenoute’s ‘I Am Amazed’,” in Goehring and Timbie, World of Early Egyptian Christianity.
47. Millar, Greek Roman Empire, 168–91; Pusey, “Preface,” lxxiii; Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 106. For the Egyptian view of Candidian, see Evetts, Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria, 2:438–39. “A great crowd” is from Socrates, “Ecclesiastical History,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 172.
48. Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 259–61; Pusey, “Preface,” lxxix; Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 113–16.
49. Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 350.
50. Wessel, Cyril of Alexandria.
51. Paraphrased from Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 135. For the proceedings of the council, see Percival, “Seven Ecumenical Councils,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 191–242.
52. “Is it not evident” is from Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 133.
53. This account is summarized from Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 135–40.
54. “Nor to receive” is quoted from Percival, “Seven Ecumenical Councils,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 237–39; Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 261; Chapman, “Council of Ephesus,” Catholic Encyclopedia.
55. Pusey, “Preface,” lxxx, lxxxi–lxxxiv; Percival, “Seven Ecumenical Councils,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 226–29; Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 261. For the unrest in Ephesus, see Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 266–68. For Ibas on the anathemas (“packed with every form of impiety”), see Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 2:296–97: this also contains Ibas’s remark about “no one dared to travel.” We still have several lengthy letters that Theodoret wrote on these affairs: Theodoret, “Letters,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 3:323–42; Clayton, Christology of Theodoret, 135–66.
56. Pusey, “Preface,” xxix.
57. Chapman, “Council of Ephesus,” Catholic Encyclopedia.
58. Evetts, Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexndria, 2:438–39; Pusey, “Preface,” lxxxv.
59. Evetts, Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexndria, 2:440; Pusey, “Preface,” lxxxvii–lxxxviii.
60. Quoted in Pusey, “Preface,” lxxxviii.
61. All quotes are from Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 272–73, paraphrased.
62. All quotes are from Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 273–77.
63. All quotes are from Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 277–78, paraphrased.
64. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 2:298; Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 262.
65. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 1:178–83.
66. Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 271–72; Pusey, “Preface,” lxxviii–lxxix.
67. Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 257.
68. All quotes are from Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 263–67. The letter is quoted at 266.
69. Paraphrased from Evetts, Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria, 2:441.
CHAPTER SIX: THE DEATH OF GOD
1. Chadwick, Church in Ancient Society, 515–91; Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 3 vols. (Liverpool: Liverpool Univ. Press, 2007).
2. For Eudocia, see Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 284; Socrates, “Ecclesiastical History,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 178; Holum, Theodosian Empresses. For Pulcheria’s exile, see Charles, Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu (London: Williams & Norgate, 1916), 106–8.
3. Ward-Perkins, Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization; Heather, Fall of the Roman Empire.
4. For social collapse as the result of official oppression, see Salvian, On the Government of God, 143–46. Wickham, Framing the Early Middle Ages; Wickham, Inheritance of Rome.
5. A. H. Merrills, ed., Vandals, Romans and Berbers (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004).
6. Kelly, Attila the Hun; Millar, Greek Roman Empire, 39–83.
7. Brian Croke, Count Marcellinus and His Chronicle (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2001).
8. Priscus, quoted in Brian Croke, “The Context and Date of Priscus,” Classical Philology 78, no. 4 (1983): 297–308.
9. Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 363, paraphrased.
10. Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 364.
11. Quoted from Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 339; Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 267; John Chapman, “Monophysites and Monophysitism,” Catholic Encyclopedia (1911), vol. 10, at http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10489b.htm; John Chapman, “Eutychianism.” Catholic Encyclopedia (1909), vol. 5, at http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05633a.htm.
12. Millar, Greek Roman Empire.
13. Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 336–41; Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 290.
14. Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 337–38. “all hypocrites ought to be extirpated!” is from Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 339. For Eutyches, see Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 1:23–30.
15. Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 3
36–37.
16. Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 352.
17. Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 336.
18. Clayton, Christology of Theodoret.
19. For Proclus, see Socrates, “Ecclesiastical History,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 175–76. For Edessa, see Robert Doran, Stewards of the Poor (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2006); and for the deep roots of Christianity in this area, see Judah B. Segal, Edessa ‘The Blessed City’ (Oxford: Clarendon, 1970); Steven K. Ross, Roman Edessa (London: Routledge, 2001).
20. Davis, First Seven Ecumenical Councils, 170–205.
21. “At last, and with difficulty” is from Theodoret, “Letters,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 3:346; Grillmeier, Apostolic Age to Chalcedon, 488–520.
22. Theodoret, “Dialogues,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 3:160–244; “God the Word” is from Theodoret, “Dialogues,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 160. Compare Clayton, Christology of Theodoret of Cyrus, 215–82.
23. Bright, Age of the Fathers, 2:427–30.
24. Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 12:32 (my emphasis).
25. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 1:24–30.
26. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 1:224.
27. Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 32–34.
28. “Prelates were openly seized” and “the assaults of hunger” are from Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 341; “Ephesus…is appointed” is from Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 345. For Flavian and the emperor, see Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 341–42.
29. Stephen J. Davis, The Early Coptic Papacy (Cairo: American Univ. in Cairo Press, 2005).
30. Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 351.
31. Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 32–38.
32. For the Tome, see Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 39–43; Henry Chadwick, The Early Church (London: Penguin, 1967), 201n.
33. The Tome is also quoted in Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 2:14–24.
34. Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 39.
35. Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 40.
36. For the Manichaean comparison, see Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 58. For Leo’s hard-line toward the Manichaeans, see Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 6–7; “crosses over into the mad view,” is from Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 92. Samuel N. C. Lieu, “Christianity and Manichaeism,” in Casiday and Norris, Cambridge History of Christianity, 279–94.
37. Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 340.
38. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, vol. 1; Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 268–69, 290.
39. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 1:144; Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 345–49.
40. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 2:156; “destroyed all Syria” is from the same page.
41. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, vol. 1.
42. Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 354.
43. All quotes are from Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 1:152–53.
44. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 1:155.
45. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 1:134, 141.
46. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 1:153–54.
47. All quotes are from Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 355–57.
48. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 2:156.
49. Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 361–62.
50. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 1:344.
51. Theodoret, “Letters,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 323–24.
52. Honigmann, “Juvenal of Jerusalem,” 209–79.
53. Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 55–57; Theodoret, “Letters,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 312–16, 323–24.
54. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 2:272–99.
55. Chapman, “Robber Council of Ephesus.”
56. See Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 52–58 for Leo’s response to the council. “Knowing they would suffer harm” is from Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 53; “The violence of the bishop of Alexandria” is from Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 54.
57. Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 70–71. For Leo and Pulcheria, see also 44, 64–65.
58. Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 71. Wessel, Leo the Great, 259–83.
59. Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 52–58.
CHAPTER SEVEN: CHALCEDON
1. Evagrius, “History of the Church, in Walford, History of the Church, 287–90; Holum, Theodosian Empresses; Millar, Greek Roman Empire.
2. Francis Schaefer, “Council of Chalcedon,” Catholic Encyclopedia (1908), vol. 3, at http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03555a.htm; Sellers, Council of Chalcedon; M. Whitby, “The Church Historians and Chalcedon,” in Greek and Roman Historiography in Late Antiquity, ed. Gabriele Marasco (Leiden: Brill, 2003).
3. Cameron, Circus Factions.
4. Charles, Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu, 108.
5. John Robert Martindale, The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1971) 2:295–96.
6. Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 64–71; Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 290–91; Wessel, Leo the Great, 259–83.
7. All quotes are from Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 291–93.
8. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, vol. 1; Price and Whitby, Chalcedon in Context; Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 290–301, 317–38.
9. Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 294.
10. Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 318. Compare Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 1:131.
11. “The adversary would” is from Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 72.
12. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 2:55.
13. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 2:111.
14. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 1:364.
15. Gray, Defense of Chalcedon in the East.
16. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 1:134–35.
17. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 2:149–51.
18. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 2:149–51.
19. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 2:117–63.
20. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 2:183–205.
21. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 2:198–200; Frend, Rise of the Monophysite Movement, 3.
22. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 2:182–99.
> 23. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 2:217–33.
24. Percival, “Seven Ecumenical Councils,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 263.
25. Percival, “Seven Ecumenical Councils,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 264.
26. Percival, “Seven Ecumenical Councils,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 264; compare Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 2:203–4.
27. Percival, “Seven Ecumenical Councils,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 264; compare Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 2:204; Kelly, Early Christian Creeds; John H. Leith, Creeds of the Churches, 3rd ed. (Atlanta: John Knox, 1982); Pelikan and Hotchkiss, Creeds and Confessions of Faith.
28. Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 72–73.
29. Schaff, Creeds of Christendom, 2:62–63.
30. Schaff, Creeds of Christendom, 2:62–63.
31. Grillmeier, Apostolic Age to Chalcedon, 543–58.
32. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 2:310–12.
33. Honigmann, “Juvenal of Jerusalem,” 209–79.
34. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 3:75–76; Percival, “Seven Ecumenical Councils,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 287–90.
35. Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 74–79; “the See of Alexandria may not lose” is from Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 79.
36. “Let him realize” is from Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 77; Wessel, Leo the Great, 323–44.
37. Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 3:111–20.
38. Charles, Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu, 108–9.
39. For the response to Chalcedon, see Grillmeier, Chalcedon from 451 to the Beginning of the Reign of Justinian.
40. “It was then that the apostasy” is from D. M. Lang, ed., “Biography of the Holy Peter the Iberian,” at http://www.angelfire.com/ga/Georgian/iber.html. See also Cornelia B. Horn and Robert R. Phenix Jr., John Rufus: The Lives of Peter the Iberian, Theodosius of Jerusalem, and the Monk Romanus (Leiden: Brill, 2008). For Leo and Juvenal, see Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 97–98.