41. Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 302–303. For Leo’s response to the Palestinian crisis, see Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 81–82, 91–95. Jan-Eric Steppa, John Rufus and the World Vision of Anti-Chalcedonian Culture (Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2002); Cornelia B. Horn, Asceticism and Christological Controversy In Fifth-Century Palestine (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2006); Brouria Bitton-Ashkelony and Aryeh Kofsky, The Monastic School of Gaza (Leiden: Brill, 2006); Sivan, Palestine in Late Antiquity.
42. Lang, “Holy Peter the Iberian.”
43. Evetts, Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria, 2:443–44.
44. Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 301.
45. Lang, “Holy Peter the Iberian.”
46. Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 301.
47. Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 301–303.
48. Alois Grillmeier, Christ in Christian Tradition, vol. 2, From the Council of Chalcedon (451) to Gregory the Great (590–604), part 4, The Church of Alexandria with Nubia and Ethiopia after 451 (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 1996), 7–35.
49. Lang, “Holy Peter the Iberian.”
50. “Some of the Alexandrians” is from Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 306–7, alt.; “they left him lying” is from Lang, “Holy Peter the Iberian.”
51. Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 306–7. For Leo’s response, see Grillmeier, Alexandria with Nubia and Ethiopia after 451, 10–12; Leo the Great, “Letters and Sermons,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 101; Wessel, Leo the Great, 323–44.
52. “Was eaten of worms” is from Charles, ed., The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu, 111.
53. Thomas Campbell, “St. Anatolius,” Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 1.
54. Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 312. Grillmeier, Alexandria with Nubia and Ethiopia after 451, 36–52.
55. Christopher Kelly, Attila the Hun (Oxford: Bodley Head, 2008).
56. “Was so impressed” is from Prosper of Aquitaine, quoted in J. H. Robinson, ed., Readings in European History (Boston: Ginn, 1905), 49–51.
57. Quoted in C. D. Gordon, ed., The Age of Attila (Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press, 1960), 52.
58. Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 304–5.
59. Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 379.
CHAPTER EIGHT: HOW THE CHURCH LOST HALF THE WORLD
1. Pauline Allen and Bronwen Neil, eds., Maximus the Confessor and his Companions (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2003); Demetrios Bathrellos, The Byzantine Christ (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2004); Melchisedec Toronen, Union and Distinction in the Thought of St. Maximus the Confessor (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2007); Andrew J. Ekonomou, Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007); Cyril Hovorun, Will, Action and Freedom (Leiden: Brill, 2008).
2. “Profane wrangling” is quoted from Stevenson, Creeds, Councils and Controversies, 341.
3. Frend, Rise of the Monophysite Movement; Johannes Oort and Johannes Roldanus, eds., Chalkedon: Geschichte und Aktualität (Leuven, Belgium: Peeters, 1997); Chadwick, Church in Ancient Society, 592–627; Stephen Mitchell, A History of the Later Roman Empire, A.D. 284–641 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2007).
4. Gray, Defense of Chalcedon in the East.
5. Lamin Sanneh, Disciples of All Nations (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2007).
6. Gray, Defense of Chalcedon in the East.
7. “While others he enlightened” is from Lang, “Holy Peter the Iberian.”
8. Grillmeier, Alexandria with Nubia and Ethiopia after 451, 37–45, 60–88; Aziz S. Atiya, ed., The Coptic Encyclopedia, 8 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1991).
9. Evetts, Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria, 2:445–46.
10. Evetts, Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria, 3:66.
11. Evetts, Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria, 3:121.
12. Grillmeier, Alexandria with Nubia and Ethiopia after 451, 263–389; Sir Laurence Kirwin, Studies on the History of Late Antique and Christian Nubia (Burlington, VT: Ashgate Variorum, 2002).
13. Gray, Defense of Chalcedon in the East.
14. “Being convicted of the heresy of the two natures” and “was proved to be a Nestorian” are from Smith, John Bishop of Ephesus, 78; John Chapman, “Monophysites and Monophysitism,” Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 10. Ernst Honigmann, Évêques et Évêchés Monophysites d’Asie Antérieure au VIe Siècle (Louvain, Belgium: L. Durbecq, 1951).
15. Procopius, History of the Wars, I, xxiv, trans. H. B. Dewing (New York: Macmillan, 1914), 219–30.
16. For the response to Chalcedon, see Grillmeier, Chalcedon from 451 to the Beginning of the Reign of Justinian.
17. The Encyclical is quoted from Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 340–48; Charles, Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu, 111–14. For Basiliscus and his background, see Priscus quoted in R. C. Blockley, ed., The Fragmentary Classicizing Historians of the Later Roman Empire (Liverpool: Cairns, 1983), 2:361–69; and Malchus, quoted in 417–19.
18. “Not designedly but of necessity” is from Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 349.
19. Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 345.
20. For Daniel the Stylite, see Norman H. Baynes, ed., Three Byzantine Saints (Oxford: Blackwell, 1948): the quotes are from 52–59. Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 346–48.
21. Yitzhak Hen, Roman Barbarians (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007); Peter S. Wells, Barbarians to Angels (New York: Norton, 2008). Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 397–98.
22. Quoted from Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 350–54.
23. “Caught by the artful composition” is from Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 367. For the success of the Henoticon, see Gray, Defense of Chalcedon in the East, 29–31. For the correspondence of Peter Mongus with Acacius of Constantinople, see Frederick C. Conybeare, “Anecdota Monophysitarum,” American Journal of Theology 9, no. 4 (1905): 719–40.
24. Cornelius Clifford, “Acacius,” in Catholic Encyclopedia (1907), vol. 1, at http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01457d.htm.
25. Gelasius is quoted from J. H. Robinson, ed., Readings in European History (Boston: Ginn, 1905), 72–73. Richards, Popes and the Papacy.
26. “Promoters of change” is quoted from Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 367. For Anastasius’s reign, see Charles, Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu, 121–32; A. D. Lee, “The Eastern Empire,” in Cameron, Ward-Perkins, and Whitby, Cambridge Ancient History, 34–62; Grillmeier, Christ in Christian Tradition, vol. 2, From the Council of Chalcedon (451) to Gregory the Great (590–604), part 2, The Church of Constantinople in the Sixth Century (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 1995).
27. “Raised up royalty and priesthood” is from Evetts, Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria, 2:449; “For a long time,” is paraphrased from Witakowski, Pseudo-Dionysius of Tell-Mahre, 13–14; Grillmeier, Constantinople in the Sixth Century; Honigmann, Évêques et Évêchés Monophysites d’Asie Antérieure au VIe Siècle.
28. “Another emperor for Rome!” is from Witakowski, Pseudo-Dionysius of Tell-Mahre, 9; Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 386; Charles, Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu, 126–28.
29. Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 367.
30. Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 367.
&n
bsp; 31. “Rushed into the city” is from Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 371. Roberta C. Chesnut, Three Monophysite Christologies (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1976); Sebastian Brock, M. A. Mathai Remban, et al., Philoxenus of Mabbug (Kottayam, India: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute, 1989); A. A. Vaschalde, Three Letters of Philoxenus Bishop of Mabbôgh (485–519) (Rome: Tip. della R. Accademia dei Lincei, 1902) at http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/philoxenus_three_02_part1.htm.
32. Witakowski, Pseudo-Dionysius of Tell-Mahre; Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 390–391; Charles, Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu, 135–36.
33. Witakowski, Pseudo-Dionysius of Tell-Mahre, 22–24.
34. Witakowski, Pseudo-Dionysius of Tell-Mahre, 35–36. See also Harvey, Asceticism and Society.
35. Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, 3.
36. Stephen Gero, Bar·sauma of Nisibis and Persian Christianity in the Fifth Century (Louvain: Peeters, 1981); G. J. Reinink, Syriac Christianity under Late Sasanian and Early Islamic Rule (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2005); Adam H. Becker, Fear of God and the Beginning of Wisdom (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 2006); Sebastian Brock, Fire from Heaven (Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2006).
37. Adrian Fortescue, The Lesser Eastern Churches (London: Catholic Truth Society, 1913); Donald Attwater, The Christian Churches of the East 2 vols. (Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing, 1947–1948).
38. Grillmeier, Constantinople in the Sixth Century.
39. “one of the great figures” is from Frend, Rise of the Monophysite Movement, 201. Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 372–74. For Severus, see Iain R. Torrance, Christology after Chalcedon (Norwich, UK: Canterbury, 1988); E. W. Brooks, ed., A Collection of Letters of Severus of Antioch 2 vols. (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 1985–2003); Allen and Hayward, Severus of Antioch; You-hanna Nessim Youssef, ed., The Arabic Life of Severus of Antioch Attributed to Athanasius of Antioch (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2004). For Gaza, see Brouria Bitton-Ashkelony and Aryeh Kofsky, eds., Christian Gaza in Late Antiquity (Leiden: Brill, 2004).
40. Frend, Rise of the Monophysite Movement, 62. For the Chalcedonian counterattack on Severus, see Patrick T. R. Gray, ed., Leontius of Jerusalem (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2006).
41. Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 389. For Justin and Severus, see Charles, Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu, 133–34. Lucas van Rompay “Society and Community in the Christian East,” in Maas, Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian, 239–66.
42. Frend, Rise of the Monophysite Movement, 72–74.
43. “From that time forward” is from Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 395. Averil Cameron, “Justin I and Justinian,” in Cameron, Ward-Perkins, and Whitby, Cambridge Ancient History, 63–84; T. R. Gray “The Legacy of Chalcedon,” in Maas, Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian, 215–38. For the disastrous effects of Justinian’s policies, see James J. O’Donnell, The Ruin of the Roman Empire (London: Ecco, 2008).
44. For the growing sense of crisis in the 530s, see Gray, Leontius of Jerusalem. Grillmeier, Alexandria with Nubia and Ethiopia after 451, 53–59.
45. Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 394.
46. Gray, “Legacy of Chalcedon.”
47. Claire Sotinel, “Emperors and Popes in the Sixth Century,” in Maas, Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian, 267–90.
48. Richard Price, ed., The Acts of the Council of Constantinople of 553, 2 vols. (Liverpool: Liverpool Univ. Press, 2009). Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 419–23. Percival, “Seven Ecumenical Councils,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 297–324. For Justinian’s last years, see Charles, Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu, 148–150.
49. Frend, Rise of the Monophysite Movement.
50. Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 409–12; Witakowski, Pseudo-Dionysius of Tell-Mahre, 87. Peregrine Hordern, “Mediterranean Plague in the Age of Justinian,” in Maas, Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian, 134–60; William Rosen, Justinian’s Flea (New York: Viking, 2007); Lester K. Little, ed., Plague and the End of Antiquity (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007).
51. Harvey, Asceticism and Society. Honigmann, Évêques et Évêchés Monophysites d’Asie Antérieure au VIe Siècle, 168–77.
52. Jean-Baptiste Chabot, “Syriac Language and Literature,” in Catholic Encyclopedia (1912), vol. 14, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14408a.htm; Samuel H. Moffett, A History of Christianity in Asia, 2nd rev. ed. (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1998); Ignatius Aphram I. Barsoum, The Scattered Pearls, rev. ed. (Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2003); Grillmeier, Alexandria with Nubia and Ethiopia after 451, 60–88.
53. Nina G. Garsoïan, Church and Culture in Early Medieval Armenia (Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1999); Nina G. Garsoïan, Thomas F. Mathews, and Robert W. Thomson, eds., East of Byzantium (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, Center for Byzantine Studies, Trustees for Harvard University, 1982).
54. Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 426–30; and 436 for Justin’s insanity.
55. Smith, John Bishop of Ephesus, 4–5.
56. Smith, John Bishop of Ephesus, 18–19.
57. Smith, John Bishop of Ephesus, 19–20.
58. Smith, John Bishop of Ephesus, 72–73.
59. Geoffrey Greatrex, “Byzantium and the East in the Sixth Century,” in Maas, Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian, 477–509; Peter M. Edwell, Between Rome and Persia (London: Routledge, 2008); Zeev Rubin, “Persia and the Sasanian Monarchy,” in Jonathan Shepard, ed., The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c.500-1492 (New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2009), 130–55; also R. W. Thompson, “Armenia,” in Shepard, Cambridge History, 156–72.
60. Michael Whitby, The Emperor Maurice and His Historian (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1988). Evagrius, “History of the Church,” in Walford, History of the Church, 433–44.
61. Greatrex, “Byzantium and the East,” in Maas, Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian.
62. Frederick C. Conybeare, “Antiochus Strategos: The Capture of Jerusalem by the Persians in 614 A.D.,” English Historical Review 25 (1910): 502–17, at 507.
63. Evetts, Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria, 2:484–89; David M. Olster, Roman Defeat, Christian Response, and the Literary Construction of the Jew (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1994).
64. John F. Haldon, Byzantium in the Seventh Century (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1990); Webster and Brown, Transformation of the Roman World; Geoffrey Regan, First Crusader (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001); Walter E. Kaegi, Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003).
65. Peter Sarris, “The Eastern Empire from Constantine to Heraclius,” in Cyril Mango, ed., The Oxford History of Byzantium (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2002), 19–59; Judith Herrin, Byzantium (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 2008).
66. Andrew Louth, “The Emergence of Byzantine Orthodoxy,” in Noble and Smith, Cambridge History of Christianity, vol. 3, Early Medieval Christianities, c.600–c.1100, 46–64; See the section on “The Church” in Elizabeth Jeffreys, John Haldon, and Robin Cormack, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009), 571–630.
67. “A countless number” is from Evetts, Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria, 2:491.
68. Cyril Hovorun, Will, Action and Freedom (Leiden: Brill, 2008); Peter Llewellyn, Rome in the Dark Ages (New York: Praeger, 1971).
69. Evetts, Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria, 2:491–92.
70. Evetts, Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria, 2:491–92.
71. Percival, “Seven Ecumenical Councils,” in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 325–54.
72. Fred Donner, “The Background t
o Islam,” in Maas, Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian, 510–34; Walter E. Kaegi, Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992).
73. Jenkins, Lost History of Christianity.
74. Jenkins, Lost History of Christianity. Quran 4:157–58.
75. Evetts, Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria, 2:492–98; Charles, Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu, 178–201.
76. “The Lord abandoned” is from Evetts, Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria, 2:492–93; “Heraclius the emperor of the Chalcedonians” is from Charles, Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu, 198.
77. The account of “John the Chalcedonian” is from Charles, Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu, 201; also, “accepted the detestable doctrine.” For Benjamin, see Evetts, Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria, 2:487–518.
78. Reinink, Syriac Christianity. 79. Sidney H. Griffith, “Christians under Muslim rule,” in Noble and Smith, Cambridge History of Christianity, vol. 3, Early Medieval Christianities, c.600–c.1100, 197–212; William Dalrymple, From the Holy Mountain (New York: Henry Holt, 1997).
CHAPTER NINE: WHAT WAS SAVED
1. John Moschus, De Vitis Patrum, chapter 26, at http://www.vitae-patrum.org.uk/page142.html.
2. John Hayward, ed., John Donne: A Selection of His Poetry (London: Penguin, 1950), 174–75.
3. Thomas N. Finger, A Contemporary Anabaptist Theology (Downers Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity, 2004), 365–420.
4. C. Stephen Evans, ed., Exploring Kenotic Christology (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2006).
5. Quoted from Ronald Goetz, “The Suffering God,” Christian Century, April 16, 1986, 385; John Bowden, “Christology,” in John Bowden, ed., Encyclopedia of Christianity (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2005). Gerald O’Collins, Christology (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1995).
6. Ben Quash and Michael Ward, eds., Heresies and How to Avoid Them (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2007).
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