7. Dorothy Sayers, Creed or Chaos (London: Methuen, 1947), 25–46.
8. Sayers, Creed or Chaos, 33.
9. Sayers, Creed or Chaos, 33–34.
10. Sayers, Creed or Chaos, 35.
Searchable Terms
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Acacius of Ariaratheia, 208
Acacius of Constantinople, 236, 237, 240, 279
Acacius of Mitylene, 155
Acts, Book of, 22, 44, 127
Adoptionism, 43–44, 47, 48, 69, 72, 272
Aelia Eudoxia, 100, 113, 116, 224, 279, 284 Aetius, Flavius, 105, 114, 223–24, 279
Africa, xii, 23, 57, 87–88, 97, 98, 105–6, 127, 172, 230, 238, 248, 251–3; bishops of, 23, 150, 243; modern-day, 93, 126–27; Monotheletism, 230, 261; paganism, 93; Tertullian, 49
Alexander (bishop), 76, 280
Alexandria, xii, xviii, 10, 15, 16–17, 78, 160, 175; anti-Chalcedonian factions, 236, 241; Benjamin, patriarch, 259, 260, 263, 264, 280–81; Chalcedon and, 15, 200, 216, 219, 239–40; Dioscuros, 286; Hypatia, 96; influence, 82, 169, 183; Jews in, 91, 92, 96; jurisdiction, 85, 97; Muslim rule, 265; One Nature Christology, 4, 10, 57–60, 91–92, 93, 241, 248, 249, 280, 285, 287; Origen and, 58; pagan persecution, 92–93; patriarchate, xix, 28, 76–77, 80, 91–97, 101, 233 (chart); Peter Mongus, 285; Proterius murdered, 222–23, 286; rivalries, 29, 52, 57–60, 75, 80–82, 97, 99, 141, 184; St. Mark and, 91, 216; schism between patriarchates, 249; Second Ephesus and, 187–94; Timothy the Weasel and, 237, 285, 287; turmoil after Chalcedon, 219–23; violence in, 93–94, 247
Ambrose of Milan, 120, 122, 123, 124, 279 Amida, xii, 245
Anabaptists, 273
Anastasius (emperor), 236, 242, 243, 247, 248, 279
Anastasius (presbyter), 133, 134, 138
Anastasius I, Pope, 84 anathema, 21, 32, 55, 134, 178, 261; The Twelve Anathemas, 148, 156, 239
Anatolius, 193, 200, 205, 216, 222–23, 280
Anglicanism, 276
Anicia Juliana, 242
Anselm, Saint, 29
Anthimus, 248, 252, 280
Antioch, xviii, 8, 16–17, 48, 59, 60–62, 78; anti-Chalcedonian factions, 241–42, 243; anti-Semitism, 121; Chalcedon and, 209, 216; Constantinople and, 75, 98; earthquake, 244, 257; Formula of Reunion, 160, 178; John, patriarch, 150, 152–53, 155, 157, 160, 170, 178, 284; John Chrysostom, 99–101; Monophysites and, 232, 234, 241, 244–45, 253, 285; patriarchate, xix, 80, 98; Paul the Jew, patriarch, 244–45; Persian invasion, 257; Peter the Fuller and, 285; rivalries, 29, 52, 57, 81, 141, 287; schismatics and, 124; schism in, 253; Severus and, 18, 75, 111, 227, 241, 244, 286; spiritual inheritance of Peter, 98, 216; Theodoret of Cyrrhus and, 179, 287; Two Nature Christology and, 4, 9, 10, 48, 52, 57, 75; violence of, 243
Anti-semitism. See Judaism
Antony, Saint, 94
Apollinarianism, 122–23, 134, 145, 146, 149, 156, 179, 181, 245, 268, 275, 277
Apollinarius of Laodicea, 7–8, 53–55, 59, 60, 67, 68, 69, 134
apostolic fathers, 45
Arcadius, 113, 118, 279, 286
Arianism, 35–36, 51–53, 68, 113, 122-23, 133, 270; Arian nations and peoples, 13, 18, 87, 172, 238, 240
Arius, 35–36, 51–53, 69, 134, 147, 156, 180, 268
ascetics, 110–11, 123, 153, 158, 237–38, 247
Aspar, 105, 116, 217, 280
Assyrian Church of the East, 131
Athanasian Creed, 5–6, 64, 277
Athanasius, 7, 35, 51, 53, 58, 59, 76, 77, 92, 94, 97, 146, 184, 217
Athaulf, 114 atonement, 7, 29
Atticus, 191
Attila the Hun, 107, 108, 115, 172–73, 200, 202, 223–24, 279, 284
Augustine, Saint, 18, 39, 64, 90, 172, 185
Avars, 257–58
Babai the Great (Mar Babai), 246, 280
baptism: Epiphany and, 47; of Jesus, 45, 70, 72, 137, 273
Bardesanes, 179
Barsaumas, 188, 280
Basilides, 47, 70, 91
Basiliscus, 235–38, 280
Basil the Archimandrite, 133, 138–39
Bazaar of Heracleides (Nestorius), 141–42, 158–59, 163, 173–74, 182–83, 191–92, 225
Boniface I, Pope, 84
Bray, Vicar of, 82, 237
Callinicum, 120
Calvin, John, 272
Candidian, 152, 154, 155, 157, 183, 188, 281
Cappadocian Fathers, 55, 56, 283
Carthage, 79, 89, 172, 225, 235
Cecropius of Sebastopolis, 208
Celestine I, Pope, 77, 84, 86, 134, 147, 150, 156–57, 281
celibacy, 27–28, 110–11, 116–17, 119
Celidonius, 88
Cerinthus, 45, 46, 50, 55, 70
Chalcedon, Council of (451), xii, 6, 10, 12, 25, 36–37, 80, 90, 111, 200–216, 267, 270, 274, 285; aftermath, 26, 216–26, 229–31; Basiliscus’s encyclical, 236–37; Cyril of Alexandria and, 58, 206, 208–9, 211, 217; definition, x–xi, 58, 70, 206–14; Dioscuros deposed, 204–6, 281; enemies of, xvii, 231–35, 274; Formula of Reunion and, 160; goals, 204; Justinian and, 248–52; Justin II and, 243–44; language of, 64; minutes of, 207; Nestorianism and, 67, 137, 206, 207, 209–10, 211, 213; Pulcheria and, 202–3, 216, 285, 286; restoration of Eusebius, 282; restoration of Theodoret, Ibas, and Domnus, 214–15, 283, 287; schism in Antioch, 253; Theopaschitism and, 274; Theotokos issue, 209, 210, 211, 213; Tome and, 5, 65, 77, 207, 208, 211, 218
charismatic powers, 110–12, 158–59, 237–38. See also ascetics
Christianity, xi, xiv, 7–8, 15, 66, 77, 258; acceptance of Chalcedon, x–xi, 37, 58, 206–14; anti-Semitism, 120–21; apostolic churches, 78, 84; ascetics and, 110–11; atonement, theory of, 29; authority for belief in, 19–21; charismatic religious leaders and, 27–28; Christ’s identity and, 2; church as body of Christ, 20; church as parallel state mechanism, 28; as church-state alliance, 15–16, 82, 88, 106–10, 241; continuing battles, 270–78; councils and doctrine, xv, 22–25, 90, 129; death of Theodosius II and, 17; division of Christian world following Chalcedon, 11–13; execution of Priscillian, 123; followers of dissident churches, 14–15; general councils of, 35–37; God’s intervening in history, 269; the great schisms, 245–46; Greek replaces Latin, 89–90, 94, 253; heresies and, 43, 61, 67, 268–69, 278 (see also specific heresies); holiness as asceticism, 110–12; imagining other worlds, 17–19; imperial patronage and corruption, 109–10; imperial women and, 112–20; intolerance in, 26, 92–93, 119, 124; Islam and, 30–33; killing of heretics, 123; Marian devotion, 117, 135–36, 137, 138; Nicene, 171; patriarchates as monarchical, 76, 79; providential world view, 66, 127, 171, 174; schismatics, 124–25; as theocracy, 25; uniformity in, 21–25; visual arts, 11, 37, 114, 135; as the Way, 45
Christmas, 45, 46–47, 275
Christology, x, 4, 36, 37; Adoptionists, 43–44, 69; Apollinarianism, 53–55, 69; Arianism, 51–53, 69; Basilides and, 70; Cerinthus and, 70; Chalcedonian, x–xi, 37, 58, 70, 206–14; Christ’s identity, 42–68; councils and doctrine, 24, 50; Docetism, 48–49, 55, 70; Dorothy Sayers and, 277; Ebionites, 43, 70; Eutychianism, 70; First Constantinople and, 261–62; Gnosticism, 70–71; heresies and, 43, 61, 67; homoousios and homoiousios, 51, 53, 54, 58, 63; key theological terms, 55–57; Logos-anthropos or Logos-sarx, 52, 54, 60, 73; Monotheletism, 37, 72, 229–30, 235, 259–61, 285; Nestorianism, 12–13, 16, 67, 72, 134–63; questions today, 276–77; Sabellianism, 49, 53, 72; Tome of Leo and, 5, 185–87; Twelve Anathemas, 148, 156, 165–67; Valentinus and, 73
Chrysaphius, 106, 170, 175, 181, 182, 202, 281
City of God, The (Augustine), 39, 90
Clement of Alexandria, 84–85, 91
Consecration of Nestorius, 131
Constans II, 229, 236, 259, 260, 281
Constantine, 13, 78, 82, 87, 116, 123, 269
&n
bsp; Constantine IV, 236
Constantinople, 1, 4, 16–17, 36, 62, 90; Acacius, 236, 237, 240, 279; Apollinarianism in, 134; Arianism condemned, 122, 133; barbarian invasions, 258; as capital, 80; Chalcedon and, 215–16, 237, 240, 242, 248–49; civil unrest, 99; clerical rivalries, 110; domination of Ephesus, 81; earthquake, 173–74, 206; Eutyches and, 170, 175–202; Fifth General Council, 251; Green and Blue factions in, 235; imperial family, 217; imperial women, 112–20, 242; Jewish persecutions, 121; John Chrysostom, 100–101, 113, 284, 287; John Scholasticus, 254; Justin II and, 244; monasticism and, 112, 138–39, 175, 242; Monophysites and, 236, 241; Muslim siege, 262; Nestorius and controversy, 41–42, 62, 133, 138, 158–61, 285; as New Rome, 79–80, 87, 116, 215; patriarchate, xix, 25, 88, 98–99; plague, 252; Proclus of Cyzicus and, 133, 138, 160, 286; riot over Trisagion, 31; rivalries, 75, 97, 98, 99, 141, 147; Second Ephesus and, 193; street gangs in, 29–30; Syrian Christianity and, 75; violence and Severus, 247; Virgin Mary and, 99, 117, 160
Constantinople, Councils of: First (381), 35–36, 55, 69, 80, 90, 123, 149, 261, 287; Second (553), 37, 90, 274, 284; Third (680–81), 37, 90, 261, 262
Constantius III, 283 crucifixion, 45–46, 263, 271
Crusades, xii, 223
Cyriacus, 267–68
Cyril of Alexandria, xvii, 24, 25, 36, 64, 66, 76, 91, 93, 95–97, 101, 126, 160, 170, 174, 178, 179, 184, 220, 241, 250, 264, 281-86; Chalcedon and, 58, 206, 208–9, 211, 217; First Ephesus and, 151–57; hypostatic union and, 58, 134, 142, 143, 148, 251; Nestorius and, 63, 131, 134, 140–50, 209, 281; supporters of, 154, 160, 178, 250, 251; Twelve Anathemas, 148, 156, 165–67, 239
Cyrrhus, 193, 287
Cyrus of Alexandria, 259–61
Cyrus the Spitter, 245
Dalmatius, 158, 159, 170, 175
Damasus I, Pope, 55, 79, 84, 85, 281
Daniel the Stylite, 237–38
Diodore, 60, 61, 100, 178, 284, 286
Dioscuros of Alexandria, 36–37, 66, 76, 86, 169, 170, 179–85, 200, 208, 216, 220, 241, 264, 268, 271, 280, 281, 285, 286; Chalcedon and, 204–6; Second Ephesus and, 187–94, 280, 281
Docetists, 48–49, 55, 70, 71, 144, 263, 272
Domnus of Antioch, 170, 178–80, 192, 194, 214–15, 282
Donne, John, 271, 272
Dorylaeum, 193 dualism, 272
Dyophysitism, 67, 196–97
earthquakes, 26, 127, 158, 173–74, 206, 244, 257
Eastern Empire: anti-Chalcedonian dominance in, 17, 217, 231–32; Aspar and, 105, 116, 217, 280; Attila the Hun and, 172–73, 200–201; Christian authority in, 109, 112; Constantinople as capital, 80; decline of imperial power, 258–59; earthquake, 173; emperors, 104, 113, 116, 217, 225, 236 (chart), 259; Greek language of, 89, 90; imperial women, and church, 113–15, 224; judicial system and clerical courts, 108; Leo the Great and, 217; Monophysites in power, 16, 115, 193; Persian invasion, 256–58; Pulcheria’s influence, 24, 118; theological crisis in, 231
Eastern Orthodox Church: deification, 7; dissidents from, 13; Epiphany, 47; split over icons and images, 37; Thrice Holy hymn, 206
Ebionites, 43, 48, 70, 136, 207, 275
Edessa, 109, 146, 156, 178, 192, 193, 246, 250, 252. See also Ibas of Edessa
Egyptian Christianity, 13–14, 26, 66, 94, 95; Chalcedon and, 207–8, 219–23, 264; Copts, xi, xvii, 14, 92, 94, 219–22, 232, 239, 241, 259, 264, 281, 286; Cyrus as patriarch, 259, 263; Gnostics and, 47, 91; Islam and, 14, 233, 263; Marian devotion and, 11; monasticism of, 94–95, 119, 152, 286; Monophysites and One Nature dissidents, 12, 219, 232, 234, 239, 246–47, 248; Nestorian controversy and, 146–47; Nestorius in Egypt, 162-63; Nicene orthodoxy in, 97; revolt of Mennas, 260. See also Alexandria
Ephesus, 17, 81, 150, 153, 156, 175, 237
Ephesus, First Council of (431), 4, 6, 24, 36, 63, 81, 86, 90, 149, 150–57, 178, 187, 281, 283, 284, 287; Nestorius deposed, 154, 155, 285; rejection of doctrines, 245; Twelve Anathemas, 156, 165–67, 189
Ephesus, Second Council of (449), 1, 25, 36, 90, 127, 169, 182-3, 187–88, 202, 214, 280-85, 287; beating of Flavian, 191–92, 282; Eusebius deposed, 193, 282; as Gangster Synod, 1, 4, 18, 36, 169, 187–94, 195
Epiphanius, 136
Epiphany, 47
Ethiopia, 47, 97, 173, 234
Eucharist, ix, xii, 20–21; Docetist heresy and, 48; doctrine and Cyril of Alexandria, 59; religious violence and, xiii, 245, 255; Two Nature belief and, 136
Eudocia (Aelia Eudocia), 24, 113, 115, 118, 121, 170, 217, 282
Eunomius, 180
Euphemia, 203–4, 212
European Christianity, xiv, 15–17, 26, 33, 83, 105; as Chalcedonian, 265
Eusebius of Dorylaeum, 133, 137, 176, 181, 182, 189, 193, 196, 204, 208, 282
Eutyches, 157, 174–202, 206, 209, 211, 239, 247, 251, 267, 272, 275, 281, 282
Eutychianism, 232, 277
Evagrius, 136, 161–62, 242, 249
Fifth General Council, 251
Flaccilla, 113
Flavian of Antioch, 243
Flavian of Constantinople, 1, 2, 36, 151, 175–77, 181–85, 188–92, 195, 201, 216, 225, 268, 282; beating of, 191–92, 204, 280, 282; funeral, 202
Florentius of Sardis, 181, 208
Formula of Reunion, 160, 178 free will, 61
Frend, W. H. C., xviii, 145, 247
Gaiseric, 115, 172, 200–201, 224, 225, 238, 282
Galatians, Paul’s Letter to the, 44 Galla Placidia, 24, 113, 114–15, 116, 196, 283
Gamaliel, 127
Gaul, 88, 108, 171, 200, 223, 238
Gelasius, Pope, 240
Gibbon, Edward, xii, 26, 53
Gnostics, 45, 70–71, 73, 91, 92, 118, 179–81; pleroma, 136; revival, 270
God: as cosmic ruler, 3, 19; Jesus as, ix; Marcionites and, 71; Mind of (nous), 54, 70; providential world views and, 26, 31, 66, 127, 171, 174. See also Jesus Wars; Logos; One Nature Christology
grace, 61
Greek language, 18, 42, 63, 86, 89–90, 94
Gregory of Nazianzus, 7, 129
Gregory of Nyssa, 62
Hail Mary prayer, 135
Henoticon, 239, 241, 247, 260, 279, 288
Heraclius, 229, 236, 257–59, 262, 283
Herodias, 101
Hilarius, Pope, 77, 84, 192, 225–26, 283
Hilary of Arles, 88
History of the Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria, The, 220, 232, 263–64
Holy Spirit, 190, 283; anointing of Jesus, 47; councils and, 22, 23; divinity of, 35, 36; Jesus and, 185, 186; Trinity and, 36. See also Logos
Home Synod, 181, 185
honor, concept of, 28–33
Honorius (emperor), 113
Honorius, Pope, 259, 261
Hypatia, 96
Hypatius (abbot), 133
hypostasis and hypostatic union, 56, 58, 62, 64, 134, 142, 143, 148, 159, 214, 251
Ibas of Edessa, 146, 156, 160, 178, 192, 194, 214, 246, 250, 283
Ignatius of Antioch, ix, 43–45, 48, 98
Incarnation, 2, 6–7, 45, 49, 54, 57, 61, 142, 174, 179, 181, 286. See also Christology
Innocent I, Pope, 77, 84–86, 101
Inquisition, xii, 26, 194
Irenaeus, 46, 152, 178, 180, 192, 283
Isabella of Spain, 119
Isaurians, 106, 173
Islam, vii, 11, 14, 16–17, 30–33, 233, 262–63; Christian schism and, xiv, 16–17, 263; Jesus in the Quran, 263
Jacobite church, 253, 264, 283
Jacobus Baradaeus, 14, 252–53, 283
Jerusalem, xii, 151, 154, 170, 181, 217, 218, 237; apostles and, 12, 22; Juvenal and, 76, 81–82, 284; Monophysites and, xii, 237; patriarchate, xix, 81–82, 215; Persian invasion, 257–58, 262; Sophronius as patriarch, 260
Jesus: baptism, 45, 47, 70, 72, 137, 273; birth, 47; Godhood achieved at a specific moment, xi, 8, 44, 45–46, 57, 70, 72, 137, 273; historical, 275; identity, vii–xv, 2, 3–4, 6, 8–9, 19, 35, 41, 42–68, 91–92, 273; Imitation of Christ, 8–9; Lazarus and, viii–ix; as the living Christ, 10
–11; meaning of death, 7–8; omniscience of, 57; as prophet or messiah, 43; in the Quran, 263; as redeemer, 19; simplicity of language, 63–64; virgin birth, 44, 50; weeping, ix, 6, 52. See also Christology
Jesus Wars, xii, 3–6, 245; Acacian schism, 240; Alexandria vs. Antioch, 57–62; anti-Anastasius insurgency, 242; Antioch violence, 243; Basiliscus’s coup, 235–38; causes of hatred, 125–28; Chalcedon and, 200–216; Chalcedon aftermath, 218–26, 230–31; Chalcedon’s enemies, 231–37, 239–42; concepts of authority and politics, 31–32; Constantinople uprising, 235; councils and violence, 25–27; crusade against “Antiochism,” 178; declaring, fifth century, 57–68; Eucharist and terror, xiii, 245, 255; Eutyches and, 174–202; execution of Priscillian, 123; extremism and honor, 28–29; fanaticism and, 122; First Ephesus and, 150–57; God’s interventions in history, 269; great schisms, 245–46; Heraclius and Monotheletism, 259–61; imperial raid on Lateran Palace, 229–30, 261; Justin II and end of Acacian schism, 243–44; Mennas and, 260; monks as warriors, 110–12, 136, 138, 151, 175, 188–89; Monophysite empire, 235–44; monopoly of violence, 27–30; Nestorius and, 131–63; patriarchates, rising and falling, 76–82; persecutions of clergy, 122–23; schismatics attacked, 125; slogans and stereotypes, 62–68. See also Christology
John, Epistles of, 48
John, Gospel of, 19, 44, 45, 50, 92; Christ’s nature, vii–viii, 42–43; Logos, viii, 45, 52, 137
John, Saint, the Evangelist, 81, 150
John Chrysostom, Saint, 81, 99–101, 113, 116, 120, 138, 141, 142, 170, 279, 284, 286, 287
John I of Alexandria, 233, 241
John of Antioch, 150, 152–53, 155, 157, 160, 170, 178, 284
John of Ephesus, 126, 234, 254, 283, 284 John of Nikiu, 199, 201–2, 217, 264
John Scholasticus, 254
John the Baptist, 45, 101
Judaism, vii, 11, 48–49, 125, 136, 159, 269; Alexandria and, 91, 92, 96; in Antioch, 60; anti-Semitism, 26, 120–21, 124, 207; followers of Jesus, 43, 50, 70, 136; Jesus as a Jew, 10
Julian the Apostate, 122
Justa Grata Honoria, 115, 116, 223, 284
Justin I, 236, 284
Justinian, 37, 236, 248–52, 257, 284
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