Justin II, 236, 243–44, 254
Juvenal of Jerusalem, 76, 81–82, 151, 154, 190, 193, 205, 217, 218, 284–85
kenosis, 273–74
Lazarus, viii–ix, 6
Leo I (emperor), 236, 280, 285
Leo the Great, Pope, 7, 10, 24, 25, 37, 65, 76–78, 83–89, 170, 181, 184, 194, 200, 209, 236, 268, 282; Attila and, 223–25; Chalcedon and, 201, 204, 211, 215–16, 223; Jews and Christ’s death, 120; legacy, 225–26; murder of Proterius, 222–23; Second Ephesus, 195–96; Tome, 4–5, 6, 65, 77, 185–89, 207, 208, 211, 218
liberation theology, 274
Licinia Eudoxia, 115, 224, 282
Logos, viii, 43, 47, 52, 54, 58, 59, 61, 92, 137, 213, 273. See also Christology
Luke, Gospel of, 43, 44, 50
Luther, Martin, 41, 272
Macedonian heresy, 133
MacMullen, Ramsay, 63, 126
Mani and Manicheans, 48–49, 71, 123, 147, 181, 187, 241
Marcian (emperor), 24, 117, 199–205, 210, 216–21, 285–86
Marcion, 71, 187
Mark, Gospel of, 43, 44, 45, 50
Mark, Saint, the Apostle, 86, 91
Martin I, Pope, 229, 230
Martin of Tours, Saint, 123 martyrdom and martyrology, 31, 77, 126
Mary, xii, 10–11, 36, 61; Adoptionism, 47; assumption, 135; as Christotokos, 41–42, 61, 72, 136–37; Constantinople and, 99, 117; Ephesus and, 81, 150; Nestorian controversy, 133–63, 267, 286; One Nature belief and, 53, 59, 66, 272; Pulcheria and, 117, 121, 139–40, 160; as Theotokos, 41, 61, 66, 117, 133–35, 138–40, 142, 150, 156, 160–61, 187, 209, 210, 211; virgin birth, 44; visual art of, 135
Matthew, Gospel of, 43, 44, 50
Maurice (emperor), 236
Maximus (emperor), 224
Maximus of Antioch, 205, 214–15 Maximus the Confessor, 229, 230, 260–61, 285
Melkites, 71, 220
Memnon of Ephesus, 81, 150, 152, 154, 156, 157, 160, 285
Mennas, 260, 280
Miaphysites, xvii, 71, 72, 232
Milan, 79, 87, 120, 122, 123, 124, 279 monasticism, 94, 110, 231; Akoimetai, 242; anti-Nestorius, 138–39; archimandrites, 133, 181, 282; Constantinople and, 112, 138–39, 175; Egyptian, 94–95; as God’s warriors, 110–12, 136, 138, 151, 175, 188; White Monastery, 94, 286
Monophysites, xi, xii, xvii–xviii, 2, 12–13, 37, 68, 71, 72, 119, 209, 231, 248, 263, 271; acephali, 239; Aelia Eudocia and, 24, 113, 115, 121, 282; Alexandria and, 249, 287; Anastasius and, 279; Antioch violence and, 512, 243; Apollinarius and, 54; Basiliscus and, 280; Chalcedon and, 218; Chrysaphius and, 106; in Egypt, 14, 234, 248; Eutychianism, 70; green, as party color, 30, 66, 201, 202, 235, 241; Islam and, 16; Jacobite church and, 253; Jacobus Baradaeus and, 14; John of Ephesus and, 284; modern, xvii; persecution of, 56, 243–45, 254–256; Peter the Fuller and, 234, 236, 285; Peter the Iberian and, 285; power of, 241; Second Ephesus as putsch, 196; Severus and, 111, 247–48, 286; in Syria, 234; Theodora and, 249–52, 286; Thrice Holy hymn, 31, 272
Monotheletism, 37, 72, 229–30, 235, 259–61, 281, 285
Muhammad, 262
Nag Hammadi gospels, 92
Nestorian Church, 12–13, 16, 231, 245–46, 263–64, 267–68, 280
Nestorius, 10–11, 49, 57–58, 61, 65–68, 72, 127–28, 202; Archbishop of Constantinople, 41–42, 131–63; Council of Ephesus, 4, 36, 81, 169–70; Cyril and, 63, 131, 134, 140–50, 209, 281, 285; exile, 161–63; Nestorian ideas, 176–84, 187–92, 206–13, 239–40, 250, 277, 281–87
New Testament: anagogical interpretation, 144; Christ pantokrator vs. human Jesus, 19; contradictions, 273; divine authority in, 9, 10; dominance of four Gospels, 50; as historical document, 10, 60, 143; identity of Christ and, 42–50, 143–45, 146, 185–86; Paul’s epistles, 44; synoptic Gospels, 43; virginal conception and birth, 44, 50; words of Christ, 9 Nicea, Councils of: First (325), 18, 19, 23, 35, 50–53, 56, 76, 78, 90, 97, 187, 189, 207–8, 280; Second (787), 37, 90
Nicene Creed, 36, 51–52, 53, 210
Nisibis, 246
Novatians, 125, 133
O’Brien, Flann, 41
Old Testament: anagogical interpretation, 144–45; intolerance and, 125–26
One Nature Christology, ix, xi, xii, xix, 9–10, 37, 42–68; Alexandria and, 4, 10, 57–60, 91–92, 93, 241, 248, 249, 280, 285, 287; Apollinarius and, 7–8, 54, 67, 68, 69, 275; Athanasius and, 51; attack on Flavian and, 2, 36; Christmas and, 275; continuing battles of, 272; Council of Nicea and, 51–53; Cyril and, 140–50; death of Theodosius II and, 199; Dioscuros and, 280; Docetists and, 48–49, 70; domination by, 269–70; Egyptian Christianity and, 234, 248; Eutyches and, 174–202, 211, 232, 275; factions among, 232; Gnostics and, 70–71; hypostatic union, 58, 142, 143, 148, 251; Manicheans and, 48–49; Marian devotion and, 10–11; meaning of Christ’s death and, 7–8; Miaphysites and, xvii, 71, 72, 232; paganism and, 93, 126, 269; persecutions in Antioch, 244–45; Sabellianism and, 72; Second Ephesus and, 196; Severus and, 247; survival today, 275; Theodosius II and, 175, 281; worldview and, 6
Orestes, 95–96, 126, 152
Origen, 58, 100, 250, 268
Orthodox/Catholic church, xiv, xviii–xix, 4, 12–13, 276, 287; blue, as party color, 30, 66, 201, 202, 230, 235; Chalcedon and, 15, 70, 268; enemies of, 231–35; Galla Placidia and, 114, 115; Justinian and, 284; Justin II and, 243–45; Marian devotion and, 11; mia physis and, 59; pope, xix, 18; restricting admission to Eucharist, 21
ousia, 56, 58, 62, 64, 174, 176
paganism, 10, 26, 27, 28, 60, 84, 91, 92–93, 111, 119, 124, 126–27, 284; Mother Goddess, 135; revival, 122; Two Nature belief and, 136, 140, 269
Pagels, Elaine, 19
Palestinian Christianity, 12, 67, 151, 218, 285. See also Jerusalem
parabolani, 94–95, 183
Patrick, Saint, 18, 90
Paul, Saint, 14, 48, 77, 126, 273 Paul of Samosata, 8, 47, 50, 53, 60, 72, 137, 147, 273, 275
Pentecost, 149
Persian Empire, 16, 107, 120, 128, 246, 256–58, 262
Peter, Bishop of Alexandria, 79
Peter, gospel of, 46
Peter, Saint, the Apostle, 77, 98
Peter Mongus, 232, 233, 239, 240, 247, 249, 285
Peter the Fuller, 234, 236, 285
Peter the Iberian, 218–19, 232, 247, 253, 285
Philippians, Epistle to, 48, 273
Philo, 92
Philoxenus of Hierapolis, 243
physis, 56, 57, 59, 174 plague, 26, 127, 252, 258
Plato, 54
Priscillian, 123
Priscus, 173
Proclus of Cyzicus, 110, 133, 138, 160, 178, 286
Procopius, 251
prosopon, 56, 61, 134, 161, 179, 214
Proterius, 220, 221–22, 233, 286
Providence and providential interpretations of history, 26–27, 31–32, 66, 127–28, 171, 174, 201, 225, 244, 252, 263–64, 269
Pseudo-Clementines, 84–85
Pulcheria, 24, 26, 113, 116–21, 125, 132, 133, 138–40, 160, 170, 175–76, 195–96, 210, 217, 220, 282, 286, 287; Chalcedon and, 202–3, 216, 285; Marcian and, 117, 199, 285, 286; Marian devotion and, 117, 121, 139–40, 160
Q gospel, 44, 45
Quartodecimans, 133
Radical Reformation, 273
Rahner, Karl, 267 redemption, xii, 6–8
Resurrection, 46, 57
Revelation, Book of, 44
Roman Empire: anti-Monophysite repression, 254–56; barbarian influence, 105–6; barbarian invasions, 87, 104–5, 115, 171–72, 217, 238, 257; battles, 87, 122, 223; bishops in, 23; Britain lost, 171; Christian, xiv, xvii, 13, 14, 50, 79, 126; church-state alliance, 106–10, 122–28, 241; clerical power, 123–24; collapse of, xiv, 25, 107, 122, 171; culture of honor and family, 29; decline, 86–90; Eastern and Western, 104, 105, 238; Eastern churches of, 193; emperor as sovereign, 104; eunuchs, power of, 106; finances, 107; imperial family, 101, 103; imperial women and Christianity, 112–20; judicial system, 108–9; military, fourth century, 104–5; as mil
itary-ecclesiastical-courtier complex, 103; Monotheletism and, 37, 72; Nicene orthodoxy in, 113, 122; patriarchates, xix; Persian threat, 256–58; providential world views, 31; taxation, 108. See also Eastern Empire; specific emperors
Rome, city of, 85–90; sack of, 77, 87, 115, 217, 225, 282
Rome, see of, 16–18, 78, 86–90; Chalcedonian settlement and, 223–26, 250–51; Gelasian doctrine, 240; Greek replaces Latin, 89, 188; imperial raid on Lateran Palace, 229–30, 261; jurisdiction, 85–86, 88–89; Justin II and, 244; papacy, 75–90, 261, 281, 283; rivalry with Constantinople, 147, 215; spiritual inheritance, 77, 83–86, 147. See also specific popes
Rubenstein, Richard, 19
Sabellianism, 49, 53, 56, 72 salvation, xii, 8, 55
Salvian, 108
Satan, 125, 205, 206, 219, 242
Sayers, Dorothy, 276–77
Schaff, Philip, 55, 213
schism and schismatics, 124, 133
Scholia on the Incarnation (Cyril), 144
Seleucia-Ctesiphon, 79, 246
Sergius, 259
Severus of Antioch, 18, 75, 111, 227, 241, 244, 247–48, 252, 260, 268, 271, 286
Sheldon, Charles, 9
Shenoute, Aba, 18, 94, 151, 286
Simeon Stylites, 110, 111
Simon Magus, 181
Siricius, Pope, 84, 85, 123
Sixtus III, Pope, 84
Socrates (historian), 137–38
Sophronius, 260, 261
soul: in Athanasian Creed, 5–6; Formula of Reunion and, 160; identity of Christ and, 55, 58, 61, 63, 69, 143, 211; psyche, 54; psyche alogos, 213; psyche logikes, 213
Sozomen, 103, 118
Spain, 26, 85, 88, 113, 119, 248. See also Priscillian; Visigoths
Stephanos, bishop of Cyprus, 254–55
Stephen of Ephesus, 190
Synod of the Oak (403), 100, 113
Syrian Christianity, 12, 14, 26, 75, 188, 253; Chalcedon and, 234, 244; Docetism
Syrian Christianity (continued) and, 48; Jacobite church, 253, 264;
Monophysites and, 234, 257; Nestorius and, 132, 264; Severus and, 111; Western Syriac churches, 246–47. See also Antioch; Edessa
taxation, 108, 182
Tertullian, 49
theater and theatrical performance, 66–67, 95–96, 220–21
Theodora, 25, 249–52, 280, 284, 286
Theodore of Mopsuestia, 60–62, 100, 132, 141, 178, 250, 286
Theodoret of Cyrrhus, 61, 124, 156, 160, 179, 188, 192, 194, 207, 214, 250, 287
Theodosius I, 35, 78–79, 104, 113, 120, 122–24, 149, 199, 287; dynasty, 114
Theodosius II, 17, 24, 104, 106, 115, 116, 118–19, 148–49, 150, 152, 158, 170, 282, 286, 287; anti-Semitism, 120–21; death, 199; One Nature Christology, 175, 281; support of Eutyches, 182–83, 188
Theodosius of Alexandria, 252–53, 287
Theopaschitism, 274
Theophanes, 267–68, 278
Theophilus of Alexandria, 76, 92, 100, 101, 113, 170, 184, 284, 287
Theotokos. See Mary
Thessalonica, 124
Thomas, gospel of, 19, 44
Three Chapters controversy, 37, 250 Tiberius II, 236, 256
Timotheus, 241
Timothy Aelurus (Timothy the Weasel), 221–23, 232, 236, 237, 285, 287
Timothy II Salofakiolos, 233, 287
Tome of Leo. See Leo the Great, Pope
Torquemada, 26
transubstantiation, 59
Trinity, 35, 49, 51, 52, 56, 69, 274, 280
Trisagion (Thrice Holy), 31, 205–6, 234, 242, 272
Twelve Anathemas, 148, 156, 165–67, 192–93, 239
Two Nature Christology, ix–x, xix, 6–7, 18, 42–68, 250, 282; Adoptionism, 69; Antioch and, 4, 9, 179; Babai the Great and, 246, 280; Cerinthus and, 45, 46, 50, 55, 70; Chalcedon, 70, 213–14; continuing battles of, 272; Diodore and, 60; Dyophysitism, 67; Flavian and, 2; Formula of Reunion and, 160; kenotic approach, 273–74; Leo’s Tome and, 185–87; living Christ and, 10–11; Nestorius and, 68, 136, 143–44, 180; paganism and, 136, 140, 269; Paul of Samosata, 8; Pulcheria and, 199; Theodore of Mopsuestia and, 60–62; Theodoret and, 61. See also Chalcedon, Council of (451); Nestorius
Two Swords theory, 240
Unitarianism, 270
Valentinian III, 104, 114, 115, 199, 224, 242, 279, 282, 283, 284, 288
Valentinus, 73, 91, 179, 180, 181
Valerian, 256
Vandals, 87, 172–73, 238. See also Gaiseric vendetta and blood feud, 28–30, 62
Vigilius, Pope, 37, 250–51
Visigoths, 87, 114, 240
violence, causes of, 25–30. See also vendetta and blood feud
Warburton, William, xviii
Weber, Max, 27
Zeno, 106, 121, 236, 238–39, 246, 280, 288; Henoticon of, 239, 241
Zoroastrianism, 246, 256–57
Zosimus, Pope, 84, 253
About the Author
PHILIP JENKINS is the author of The Lost History of Christianity and has a joint appointment as the Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of the Humanities in history and religious studies at Penn State University and as Distinguished Senior Fellow at the Institute for Studies of Religion at Baylor University. He has published articles and op-ed pieces in The Wall Street Journal, The New Republic, The Atlantic Monthly, The Washington Post, and The Boston Globe and has been a guest on top national radio shows across the country.
Visit www.AuthorTracker.com for exclusive information on your favorite HarperCollins author.
Credits
Cover design: LeVan Fisher Design
Cover photo © Chris Hellier/CORBIS
Copyright
JESUS WARS: How Four Patriarchs, Three Queens, and Two Emperors Decided What Christians Would Believe for the Next 1,500 Years. Copyright © 2010 by Philip Jenkins. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, down-loaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.
EPub Edition © January 2010 ISBN: 978-0-06-198141-8
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
About the Publisher
Australia
HarperCollins Publishers (Australia) Pty. Ltd.
25 Ryde Road (PO Box 321)
Pymble, NSW 2073, Australia
http://www.harpercollinsebooks.com.au
Canada
HarperCollins Publishers Ltd.
55 Avenue Road, Suite 2900
Toronto, ON, M5R, 3L2, Canada
http://www.harpercollinsebooks.ca
New Zealand
HarperCollinsPublishers (New Zealand) Limited
P.O. Box 1
Auckland, New Zealand
http://www.harpercollins.co.nz
United Kingdom
HarperCollins Publishers Ltd.
77-85 Fulham Palace Road
London, W6 8JB, UK
http://www.harpercollinsebooks.co.uk
United States
HarperCollins Publishers Inc.
10 East 53rd Street
New York, NY 10022
http://www.harpercollinsebooks.com
>
Jesus Wars Page 35